370 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS yy" V ‘Apply real load w © Fig. 14 Ww Apply virtual unit couple moment to point A @ Apply real load w Fig. 915, 9.7 Method of Virtual Work: Beams and Frames ‘The method of virtual work can also be applied to deflection problems involving beams and frames. Since strains due to bending are the primary cause of beam or frame deflections, we will discuss their effects first. Deflections due to shear, axial and torsional loadings, and temperature will be considered in Sec. 9.8, ‘The principle of virtual work, or more exactly, the method of virtual force, ‘may be formulated for beam and frame deflections by considering the beam shown iin Fig. 9-14, Here the displacement of point Ais to be determined. ‘To compute a virtual unit load acting in the direction of A is placed on the beam at A, and the internal virtual moment m is determined by the method of sections at an arbitrary location x from the left support, Fig, 9-14a, When the real loads act on the beam, Fig. 9-14, point A is displaced . Provided these loads cause linear elastic material response, then from Eq, 8-2, the element dy deforms or rotates dd = (M/EN) dx.* Here M is the internal ‘moment at x caused by the real loads. Consequently, the external virtual work done by the unit load is 1 - A. and the internal virtual work done by the ‘moment mis m dé = m(M/ET) dx. Summing the effects on all the elements dx along the beam requires an integration, and therefore Eq.9-13 becomes (9-22) where 1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame in the direction of & ‘m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused by the external virtual unit load. A = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam or frame. ‘M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expr and caused by the real loads. E = modulus of elasticity of the material T= moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the neutral axis. Ina similar manner, if the tangent rotation or slope angle @ at a point A on the beam’s elastic curve is to be determined, Fig. 9-15, a unit couple moment is first applied at the point, and the corresponding internal moments my have to be determined. Since the work of the unit couple is 1-4, then das a function of x Yel 1-68 EL (9-23) ‘Recall that ifthe material is strained beyond its elastic limit, the principle of virtual work can sill be applied, although inthis case a nonlinear or plastic analysis must be use.9.7 METHOD OF VIRTUAL Work: BEAMS AND FRAMES ‘Apply virtual unit load @ Apply ral loads o Fig. 9-16 When applying Eqs. 9-22 and 9-23, itis important to realize that the definite integrals on the right side actually represent the amount of virtual strain energy that is stored in the beam. If concentrated forces or couple ‘moments act on the beam or the distributed load is discontinuous, a single integration cannot be performed across the bcam’s entire length. Instead, pparate x coordinates will have to be chosen within regions that have no discontinuity of loading. Also, it is not necessary that each x have the same origin; however, the x selected for determining the real moment M in a particular region must be the same x as that selected for determining the virtual moment m or m, within the same region, For example, consider the beam shown in Fig, 9-16. In order to determine the displacement of D, four regions of the beam must be considered, and therefore four integrals having the form f (mM /E1) dx must be evaluated. We can use x) to determine the strain energy in region AB, x9 for region BC, x, for region DE, and x, for region DC. In any case, each x coordinate should be selected so that both M and m (or m,) can be easily formulated. Integration Using Tables. When the structure is subjected to a relatively simple loading, and yet the solution for a displacement require: several integrations, a tabular method may be used to perform these integrations. To do so the moment diagrams for cach member are drawn first for both the real and virtual loadings. By matching these diagrams for m and M with those given in the table on the inside front cover, the integral [mM dx can be determined from the appropriate formula. Examples 9.8 and 9.10 illustrate the application of this method. 371372 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS ee iekcn cnn ‘The following procedure may be used to determine the displacement andior the slope at a point on the elastic curve of a beam or frame using the method of virtual work. Virtual Moments m or m * Place a unit load on the beam or frame at the point and in the direction of the desired displacement. * If the slope is to be determined, place a unit couple moment at the point. ‘* Establish appropriate x coordinates that are valid within regions of the beam or frame where there is no discontinuity of real or virtual load. ‘© With the virtual load in place, and all the real loads removed from the beam or frame, calculate the internal moment m or my as a function of cach x coordinate. ‘© Assume m or mp acts in the conventional positive direction as indicated in Fig, 41. Real Moments ‘© Using the same x coordinates as those established for m or mo, determine the internal moments M caused only by the real loads. * Since m or my was assumed to act in the conventional positive direction, itis important that positive M acts in this same direction. ‘This is necessary since positive or negative internal work depends ‘upon the directional sense of load (defined by +m or mg) and displacement (defined by =M dr/EN). Virtual-Work Equation © Apply the equation of virtual work to determine the desired displacement A or rotation @. It is important to retain the algebraic sign of each integral calculated within its specified region. ‘ If the algebraic sum of all the integrals for the entire beam or frame is positive, A or 0 isin the same direction as the virtual unit load or unit couple moment, respectively. If a negative value results, the direction of A or 0 is opposite to that of the unit load or unit couple moment.9.7 METHOD OF VIRTUAL Work: BEAMS AND FRAMES 373 Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in Fig. 9-174. Take E = 200 GPa, J = 500(10°) mm ARN SOLUTION Virtual Moment m. ‘The vertical displacement of point Bis obtained. by placing a virtual unit load of 1 kN at B, Fig. 9-17b. By inspection there are no discontinuities of loading on the beam for both the real and virtual loads. Thus, a single x coordinate can be used to determine the virtual strain energy. This coordinate will be selected with its origin at B, since then the reactions at A do not have to be determined in order to find the internal moments m and M. Using the method of i sections, the internal moment m is formulated as shown in Fig. 9-17b. virtual load * Real Moment M. Using the same x coordinate, the internal moment © ‘Mis formulated as shown in Fig. 9-17c. Virtual-Work Equation. The vertical displacement of B is thus 12kN/m “mM [(—1x)(-6x2) de 1KN- Ag [oes ff a x, 15(10*) kN?-m* LKN* Ag. ET or v Zs ae 15(10°) kN-m? real oad ® “~ 200(10°) kN/m?(500(10°) mm*)(10- m*/mm*) © = 0.150m = 150mm Ans. Fig. 9-17374 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS Determine the slope @ at point B of the steel beam shown in Fig, 9-18a. Take E = 200 GPa, J = 60(10°) mm‘. Fig. 9-18, SOLUTION Virtual Moment m. The slope at B is determined by placing a virtual unit couple moment of 1 kN-m at B, Fig. 9-18, Here two x coordinates must be selected in order to determine the total virtual strain energy in the beam. Coordinate x; accounts for the strain energy within segment AB and coordinate x. accounts for that in segment BC, The internal moments my within each of these segments are computed using the method of sections as shown in Fig, 9-186. SSS 5 | ) mao be] Ses| § an virtual load )9.7 METHOD OF VIRTUAL Work: BEAMS AND FRAMES 375 [-~sm—|—» © Real Moments M. Using the same coordinates x, and x, the internal moments M are computed as shown in Fig. 9-I8c. Virtual-Work Equation. The slope at B is thus given by moM poses ) CEL = 112.5 kN-m? EL ‘We can also evaluate the integrals { mpM dx graphically, using the table given on the inside front cover of the book. To do so itis first necessary to draw the moment diagrams for the beams in Figs. 9-185 and 9-18c. These are shown in Figs. 9-18d and 9-18e, respectively. Since there is no moment m for 0 = x < Sm, we use only the shaded rectangular and trapezoidal areas to evaluate the integral. Finding these shapes in the appropriate row and column of the table, we have . I I-36 + x) dey EL Op @ 10 [ mM dx = }mgM, + ML = (1-15 — 30)5. =112.5 kN?+m* This is the same value as that determined in Eq. 1. Thus, =1125 kN? +m? 200(10°) kN/m?[ 60(10°) mm ](10" mt /mm*) 65 = ~0.00938 rad Ans. (LKN+m) +85 The negative sign indicates 0p is opposite to the direction of the virtual couple moment shown in Fig, 9-185. mg (&N-m) (a) MGN-m) @376 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS Determine the displacement at D of the steel beam in Fig. 9-194. Take E = 29(10°) ksi, = 800 in’ SOLUTION Virtual Moments m. The beam is subjected to a virtual unit load at Das shown in Fig. 9-19b. By inspection, three coordinates, such as x1, Xz, and x3, must be used to cover all the regions of the beam. Notice that these coordinates cover regions where no discontinuities in either real or virtual load occur. The internal moments m have been computed in Fig. 9-196 using the method of sections. 1k | = re im =—0.75%, So ors 15k9.7 METHOD OF VIRTUAL Work: BEAMS AND FRAMES 377 ok 80 kt | wk k M, soktt =p a= —<—s Real Moments M. The reactions on the beam are computed first; then, using the same x coordinates as those used for m, the internal moments M are determined as shown in Fig. 9-19e. Virtual-Work Equation. Applying the equation of virtual work to the beam using the data in Figs. 9-19b and 9-19c, we have L mM. bdo = fF - IO de ie x9 — 15)(Tx2) dra ~ dy EL 4 PE 9-T5x5)(80 = 15) des ET ‘hp = 2 — 3500 _ 2750 _ _6250k- ft 2 EL EI EL EL or a 6250 k- ft°(12)3in? ft? ‘P * "29(10") k/in?(800 in’) = -0.466 in. Ans. ‘The negative sign indicates the displacement is upward, opposite to the downward unit load, Fig. 9-196. Also note that m, did not actually have to be calculated since M, — 0.378 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame shown, in Fig. 9-20a. Take E = 29(10*) ksi and J = 600 in‘ for both members. i, a ton @ Fig. 9-20, SOLUTION Virtual Moments m. For convenience, the coordinates x, and x in Fig. 9-20a will be used. A horizontal unit load is applied at C, Fig. 9-20b, Why? The support reactions and internal virtual moments, are computed as shown. fn a 7 i Bit ea Ne eel x | Use 1k vimana o9.7 METHOD OF VIRTUAL Work: BEAMS AND FRAMES 379 Real Mo! ments M. Ina similar manner the support reactions and real moments are computed as shown in Fig. 9-20c. Virtual-Work Equation. Using the data in Figs 9-20b and 9-206, we have 1-Ag = 2x) aes (25x) 25x22 EI = 13.6656.7 kf - EL mits = f Pasnlater = aan a) If desired, the integrals mM /dx can also be evaluated graphically using the frame in table on the inside front cover. The moment diagrams for the Figs 9-20b and 9-20c are shown in Figs 9-20d and 9-20e, respectively. Thus, using the formulas for similar shapes in the table yields This is Ao, I mM dx = $(10200)(10) + 410)(200\(8) = 8333.3 + 9333.3 = 13 666.7 K+ the same as that calculated in Eq. 1. Thus 13.666:7 kf [29(10°) k/in?((12)?in?/A) ] [600 in (H/(12)*in) | = 0.113 ft = 1.36 in, Ans. rad tok 108 @ 200k-ft on ©380 CHAPTER 9 DEFLECTIONS USING ENERGY METHODS Determine the tangential rotation at point C of the frame shown in Fig. 9-21a, Take E = 200 GPa, J = 15(10°) mm ~ a a eM me ™ virtual load © SOLUTION Virtual Moments m . The coordinates x, and x2 shown in Fig. 9-21a will be used. A unit couple moment is applied at C and the internal ‘moments ms are calculated, Fig. 9-21b. Real Moments M. In a similar manner, the real moments M are calculated as shown in Fig. 9-21. Virtual-Work Equation. Using the data in Figs. 9-21b and 9-21c, we have — fim PED(-25m)dn | (77S) des r0e= f ae f ay vf ET 9g — 12S 15 _ 2625 kN real load CE” EL EL or 26.25 KN+m? 200(10°) kN/m?[ 15(10°) mm* ](10- m*/mm*) = 0.00875 rad Ans.