PRACT DESEARCHT J WUSTLING De STUDENTJEssoNn1 REAR H— + A process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of claims or conclusions about the topic. + Requires inquiry or investigation about the topic by asking questions that will engage someone in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, appreciating or creating to enable to discover about the many things about the research topic. + Central to research is a way of discovering new knowledge and applying it in various ways (seeing relationships of ideas, events and situations. + It puts you in a context where problems exist. + You have to collect facts or information, study such data and come up with a solution to the logically or systematically and work collaboratively with others. ———(MPORTANCE OF RESEARCH |. A tool for building knowledge and efficient learning + Research is not just required for students and academics but for all professionals. + It is crucial to finding a possible solution to the problem that everyone encounters such as a cure for diseases as well as how to prevent them. 2. Means to under stand various issues * Television shows and movies 00ze with research 3. An aid to business success + They invest in Research and Development 4. A way to prove lies and to support truths + Relationship of husband and wife about truthfulness/ honesty 5. Means to find, gauge and seize opportunities SSS PURPOSE OF RESEARCH \. To learn how to work independently. 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically. 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something. 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking skills or strategies. HOTS - inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating. 5. To improve your reading and writing skills. 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination of strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor's lone viewpoint or spoon-feeding. ——=——=CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH |. Accuracy - Must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographica entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledge 2. Ti Must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society. 3 cord Topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affectingthe lives of people in a community. 4. Clarity - Must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language. 5, Systematic - Must take place in an organized or orderly manner ———="THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH . * Discuss intellectual property frankly. No to plagiarism + Be conscious of multiple roles-voluntary - APA's Ethics Code says psychologists should avoid relationships that could reasonably impair their professional performance or could exploit or harm others. - It also notes that many kinds of multiple relationships aren't unethical-as long as they're not reasonably expected to have adverse effects. + Follow informed-consent rules + Respect confidentiality and privacy. ———="THE QESEARCH PROCESS |. Initiate - What do | really need to find out? 2. Locate - How do | find the information? 3, Select - What information is relevant? 4. Organize - How can | use this information? 5, Present - How can | communicate my research? 6. Asses - What did | learn from this process?=== QUALITATIVE RESEARCH == + Type of research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data. + Studies that investigate the quality of relationship, activities, situations or materials. + It is an interpretative naturalistic approach to the world. + The major limitation of this model is its reductionist nature + It reduces human experience to just a few concepts under investigation which are defined in advance by the researcher rather than the experience of the respondents. + Qualitative research involves the subjective nature of naturalistic inquiry, which sometimes causes concerns about the nature of the conclusion of the study. + Most naturalistic studies utilize a small group of people as subjects. This makes the findings from such naturalistic methods questionable as opposed to those of quantitative research studies. + The natural setting is the direct source of data, and the reseorcher is the key instrument. + Data are collected in the form of words or pictures, through interview transcripts, field notes, photos, audio recording, videotapes, diaries, personal comments, memos and records. + Researchers are concerned with process as well as product. They also tend to analyze their data inductively + Major concern is to know how people make sense out of their lives. Steps in Qualitative Research Methods in Qualitative Research |. Identification of the phenomenon to be |. Interview (Individual, Focus groups) studied 2. Observation (Individual, Groups, Location) 2. Identification of the participants in the 3. Document Analysis (Content Analysis) study 3. Data collection Qualitative Data Analysis 4. Data analysis |. Obtain descriptive information about the 5. Interpretation and conclusions topic. 2. Analyze the data and develop codes or Data Analysis in Qualitative Research categories from the qualitative responses. 3. Formulate themes by groupings of codes > theme 4. Check other research findings and responses triangulate 5. Obtain useful information in dealing with educational problems. Qualitative responsesQualitative Data Analysis Software Qualitative Data Analysis Softwares * webQDA + Focuss On * Provides content searching tools + CAQDAS + Dedoose + Provides coding tools + F4analyse + ATLAS.ti + Provides linking ability + HyperResearch + Annotations + Provides tools for mapping or networking = Nvivo + MAXQDA + Tools for query and writing and annotation + Raven's Eye + Datagrav * Quirkos + Qiqqa * QDA Miner ———=—=(QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 2 + It is used to answer questions on relationships within measurable variables with an intention to explain, predict and control a phenomena + Utilizes numeral method of measuring or ascertaining the variable. It uses and objective method of measuring the variable and data are treated using statistical tools. + Quantitative method with data collection based on a hypothesis or theory. It is followed with application of descriptive or inferential statistics. + Surveys and observations are some examples. + They are widely used with statistical association «Polit and Beck (2004)- Defined quantitative research as "the traditional positivist scientific method" which refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures to acquire information. In their book “Nursing Research Principles and Methods", they explain that the research method utilizes deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world. It is systematic since the researcher progresses logically through series of steps according to specified plan of action. + Quantitative researchers gather empirical evidence that is within the realm of the senses. + The method used in the analysis of data is usually statistical in nature. Thus, the resulting information is usually measurable + Can explain only a small fraction of the human experience (Behavioral impulses and varying personal experience in a restricted manner).JESSON 2 REBAR STUDS: + Research studies happen in any field of knowledge - Anthropology - Business - Communication - Education - Engineering - Law - Nursing Scientific - measurable and observable facts (Hard sciences or STEM). Natural Sciences - includes Biology, Physics and Chemistry Naturalistic approach - people-oriented - Data collected in this case, represent personal views, attitudes, thoughts emotions and other subjective traits of people in a natural setting. - Collecting data is done in family, homes, playground, work places or schools. - In these places, people's personal traits or qualities naturally surface in the way they manage themselves or interact with one another. - The naturalistic approach focuses on discovering the real concept or meaning behind people's lifestyles and social relations =—=—=Sort ScieNcES + Anthropology, Business, Education, Economics, Law, Politics and all subjects focused on helping Professions such as Nursing, Counseling, Physical Ther opy and the like * Social researches used unstructured interviews and participant observations + From social researcher's viewpoint these data from the naturalistic approach of research serves as the basis for determining universal social values to define ethical or unethical behavior that society ought to know + In the field of Humanities, man’s social life is also subjected to research studies, however, researchers in this area give emphasis not to man’s social life but to study of meanings, significance and visualization of human experiences in the fields of Fine Arts and Literature, Music, Drama, Dance, and other artistically inclined subjects. ====Hard Sciences vs Sort Sciences " Soft sciences such as marketing man's thoughts and feelings still take center stage in any research studies. The purpose is to increase man's understanding the truths in line with markets and marketing activities, moking him more intelligent in arriving at decisions about these aspects of his life. Applied and basic research are useful to these areas. =—===QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH A qualitative or quantitative research is not exclusive to hard or soft sciences. These two researches method can go together in a research approach. Any form of knowledge, factual or opinionated and any statistical or verbal expression of thisknowledge are deduced from human experience that by nature is subjective. \. Literature and Art Criticism - where the researchers used well-chosen language and appropriate organizational pattern depend greatly on their interpretative and reflective thinking in evaluating the object of their study critically. 2. Philosophical Research - focus is on knowledge and principles of being and on the manner of human being and how he conducts himself on earth. 3. Historical Research - investigation centers on events and ideas that took place in man's life at a particular period.=="r="CHARACTERISTICS 1, Human understanding and interpretation Data analysis results show an individual's mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world. Through their worldviews, you come to know what kind of human being he or she is, including his or her values, beliefs, likes, and dislikes. 2. Active, powerful, and Ferceful A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of a qualitative research. AS you go through the research process, you find the need to amend or rephrase interview questions and consider varied ways of getting answers, like shifting from mere speculating to traveling to places for data gathering. You are not fixated to a certain plan. Rather, you are inclined to discover your qualitative research design as your study gradually unfolds or reveals itself in accordance with your research objectives. 3, Multiple research appreaches and metheds It allows you to approach or plan your study in varied ways. You are free to combine this with quantitative research and use all gathered data and analysis techniques. Being a multi-method research, a qualitative study applies to all research types: descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, case study, etc. 4, Specificity te generalization Specific ideas in a qualitative research are directed to a general understanding of something, It follows an inductive or scientific method of thinking, where you start thinking of particular or specific concept that will eventually lead you to more complex ideas such as generalizations or conclusions. 5. Contextualization It involves all variables, factors, or conditions affecting the study. Your goal here is to understand human behavior. It is crucial for you to examine the context or situation of an individual's life—the who, what, why, how, and other circumstances—affecting his or her way of life 6. Diversified data in real-life situations A qualitative researcher prefers collecting data in a natural setting like observing people as they live and work, analyzing photographs or videos as they genuinely appear to people, and looking at classrooms unchanged or adjusted to people's intentional observations. 7. Abounds with werds and visuals Words, words, and more words come in big quantity in this kind of research. Data gathering through interviews or library reading, as well as the presentation of data analysis results, is done verbally, In some cases, it resorts to quoting some respondents’ answers. Presenting people's world views through visual presentation (e., pictures, videos, drawings, and graphs) are significantly used in a qualitative research. 8. Internal analysis Examine the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individual (i.e., emotional, mental, spiritual characteristics). You study people's perception or views about your topic, not the effects of their physical existence on your study. In case of objects (eg., booksand artworks) that are subjected to a qualitative research, the investigation centers on underlying theories or principles that govern these materials and their usefulness to people. "Types te — se Case Study Usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation. Seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also delve into relationships of people related to the case under study. Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis are used in a case study Ethnography Falling in the field of anthropology, ethnography is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. A porticular group reveals the nature or characteristics of their own culture through the world perceptions of the cultural group's members. Phenomenclogy The study of how people find their experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, etc. Other people will likewise understand the meanings attached to their experiences. Those engaged in assisting people to manage their own lives properly often do this qualitative kind of research. Content and Discourse Analysis Requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.) used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating. A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis. In studying the content or structures of the material, you need a question or a set of questions to guide you in your analysis. Historical Analysis Central to this method is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events 10 the present time. The results of your content analysis will help you specify phenomenological changes in unchanged aspects of society through the years. Grounded Theory Takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation on your subjects, you will happen to find a theory that applies to your current study. Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are the data gathering techniques for this type of qualitative research === ADVANTAGES OR STRENGTHS |. Adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which means that those involve in the research understand things based on what they find meaningful 2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their natural setting3. An instrument for positive societal changes 4. Engenders respect for people's individuality as it demands the researcher's careful and attentive stand toward people's world views. 5. Away of understanding and interpreting social interactions. 6. Increases the researcher's interest in the study as it includes the researcher's experience or background knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual data 7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something DISADVANTAGES OR \WEAKNESSES |. It involves a lot of researcher's subjectivity in data analysis 2. It is hard to know the validity or reliobility of the data. 3. Its open-ended questions yield "data overload" that requires long-time analysis. 4. It is time-consuming. 5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher's views or interpretations. 3 Types of Qualitative Field Research Methods Research Sources |. Direct Observation |. Pressing Issues 2, Participant Observation 2. Wide reading 3. Qualitative Interviews 3. Social Networking 4. Replication 5. Lecture, Talks and Seminars 6. Gray AreasUsually short and concise Guidelines in Choosing a It should have the following characteristics: Research Topic - Should summarize the main idea of the paper | Interest in the subject matter - Should be a concise statement of the topic 2. Availability of information - Should include major variables of the research study 3. Timeliness and relevance of the - Should be self-explanatory topic - Should describe or imply the participants of the study 4. Limitations on the subject 5. Personal Resources == ESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED |. Controversial topics - These are topics that depend greatly on the writer's opinion, which may tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts cannot support topics like these. 2. Highly technical subjects - For a beginner, researching on topics that require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult task. 3, Hard-to-investigate subjects - A subject is hard to investigate if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are not up-to- date. 4. Too broad subjects - Topics that are too broad will prevent you from giving a concentrated or an in-depth analysis of the subject matter of the paper. The remedy to this is to narrow or limit the topic to a smaller one 6. Vague subjects - Choosing topics lke these will prevent you from having a clear focus on your paper. For instance, titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., as in "Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino" or "Several People's Comments on the RH Law," are vague enough to decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS |. Mass media communication - press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.) 2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications 3. Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, The Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc. 4. General periodicals such as Readers' Digest, Women's Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc. 5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects 6. Work experience - clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on- the-job training) experience, fieldwork, etc Research Problems can be based on the FF. characteristics |. It conveys a feeling of discomfort or difficulty . Displays a gap between theory and practice Utilizes a procedure requiring technologically advanced equipment . Involves the experience of any kind of individual Shows some kind of pattern or trend . Makes use of literature reviews, continuous readings and past studies. a eee | ee LRUAYNJEsson 5 “PEAR ATY! Ces | FAS Spend time getting background knowledge about the problem. Read to discover theories or principles to support your study Research questions depend on your background knowledge about the topic Research questions aim at investigating specific aspects of the research problem. Research questions play a crucial part in the entire research work. They lay the foundation for the research study ===GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS | Establish a clear relation between the research questions and the problem or topic. 2. Base your research questions on your RRL 3. Formulate research questions that can arouse your curiosity 4, State your research questions in such a way that they include all dependent and independent variables referred to by the theories, principles, or concepts underlying your research work 5. Have a main problem of the research 6. No question answerable by ‘yes’ or ‘no’ 7. Be guided by SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound) Commen Types of Survey Questions |. Close-ended questions 5. Multiple choice questions 2. Rating scale questions _ 6. Rank order questions 3. Likert-type scales 7. Dichotomous questions 4. Semantic dif ferential 8. Open-ended questions Descriptive Questions - describes conditions that are happening or characteristics that exist - Answering relies a great deal on the observational skills of the researcher - It is hoped to discover something that has never been described before Observational- relational questions - examines the question of whether two or more variables affect or don't affect each other under a given ! set of circumstances Casual: Cost and effect - attempts to determine if changing one variable in a known and or contained habitat has a measurable effect on another variable or set of variables within that same area or habitat. Writing the general preblem in a qualitative study Creswell and Clark (20/4) criteria in writing the purpese statement - Should be single and not compound statement - Clearly express the purpose of the study - Include the central phenomenon - Use qualitative words - Should state the research site The general question is followed by an enumeration of specific problems. Types of Research Questions accerding te Creswell and Clark \. Central Questions - general questions 2, Sub-questions - subdivide the central question Guidelines in Formulating research questions - Creswell and Clark |. The questions should begin with words such as ‘how’ or what" 2. The reader should be informed of the information that will be discovered, generated,explored, identified or described in the study 3. The question ‘what happened’ should be asked to help craft the description 4, The question ‘what was the meaning to people of what happened?’ should be asked to understand the results. 5. The question ‘what happened over time! should be asked to explore the process Creswell and Clark (2014) scripts as guide in designing qualitative central and sub-questions Central question script a. "What is the meaning of/ what does it mean to (central phenomenon)" b. How would (participants) describe (central phenomenon)? Sub-question script a. "What (aspect) does (participant) engage in as a (central phenomenon)"JESSON 6 Rebtel 6 ~ UR pRAATIAR An analysis od man's written or spoken knowledge of the world. In analysis, you interpret the ideas and merge your thinking with the author's ideas. ———URPOSES |. To obtain background knowledge of one's research 2. To relate study to the current conditions or situations of the world 3. To introduce the capacity of the research work to introduce new knowledge 4. To expand, prove or disprove the findings of previous research studies 5. To increase one's understanding of the underlying theories, principles or concepts of your research 6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study 7. To highlight the significance of one's work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of one's work 8. To avoid repeating previous research studies 9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic “=—=STVLES OR APPROACHES Traditional RRL “Conceptual Review - Analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some national or world issues Critical Review - Focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and results of their application to situations. State-of-the-Art Review - Makes the researcher deal with the latest research studies on the subject Expert Review - Encourages a well-known expert To do the RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm or belief on him/her Scoping Review - Prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of project making about community development, government policies and health services Systematic RRL |. Have a clear understanding of the research questions. Serving as the compass to drect research activities, the research questions tell what to collect and where to obtain those data to be collected 2. Plan the manner of obtaining the data 3. Do the literature search using keywords 4. Using certain standard, determine which sources of knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your decision 10 take some data 5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research study. Use a checklist or a certain set of criteria in assessing the ways researchers conduct their studies to arrive ata certain conclusion 6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data. a Purpose Have a thorough and clear | To meet a certain objective based understanding of the field on a specific research question Comprehensive, wide picture Restricted focus Review design Indefinite plan, permits Viewable process and creative and exploratory plan paper trail Choices of studies | Purposeful selection by Prepared standards for the reviewer studies selection Nature of studies | Inquiry-based techniques Wide and thorough involving several studies search for all studies Summary Narrative Graphical and short summary answers NTH IZ1NG Summarizing and synthesizing are both strategies used in reading and research. They are important skills, as they help learners make sense of what they are reading. Pulls tegether information in order to highlight important points. Combines and contrasts information from different sources How to synthesize |. Read relevant material 2. Make brief notes using key points. It makes it easier to compare and contrast relevant information. 3. Identify common ideas 4. Cite (reference) all the authors you have used Scope AND [IMITATIONS oe Scope and delimitation are two elements of a research paper. The scope identifies what topic the researcher intends to cover. + Scope refers to the depth at which the research area will be explored. Facts and theories about the sub ject are included in this area. Delimitations define what factors the researcher consciously controls for and why they have been eliminated from the study. * Delimitation parameters or characteristics that limit the scope and outline the boundaries of the study. These parameters include sample, size, time and geographic area. + The researcher is free to decide which research tools and methodologies to use. ———=Quoeunes NWR |. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study2. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed 3. The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to which the date belong 4, The population or universe from which the respondents were selected. This must be large enough to make generalizations significant. 5. The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years during which data were gathered.JESSON 7 Design is a word which means a pian or something that is conceptualized by the mind. Serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research study. ~——="Wres Case Study - Used to describe a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence - Methods of collecting data for this qualitative research design are interview, observation, and questionnaire. - One advantage of case study is its capacity to deal with a lot of factors to determine the unique characteristics of the entity. Grounded theory - Researchers collect rich data on a topic of interest and develop theories J inductively ‘Ethnography - Researchers immerse themselves in groups or organizations to understand their cultures “Action Research - Researchers and participants collaboratively link theory to practice to drive social change. Phenomenological Research - Researchers investigate a phenomencn or event by describing and interpreting participants' lived experiences Narrative Research - Collecting and analyzing the accounts people tell to describe experiences and of fer interpretation (OBSERVATION Systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. Observation of a field setting involves: prolonged engagement in a setting or social situation Way to gather data by watching people, events or noting physical characteristics in their natural setting. Can be overt (subjects know they are being observed) or covert (do not know they are being watching) "E1 WPES Participant Observation - Researchers becomes a participant in the culture or context being observed - Requires researcher to be accepted as part of culture being a observed in order for success Direct Observation - Researchers strive to be as unobtrusive as possible so as not to bias the observations; more detached. Technology can be useful (video, audio recording) Indirect Observation - Results of ana interaction, process or behavior are observed———qNTERVIEW t "Conducting intensive individual inter views with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation" Formats ‘Structured Interviews - consists of pre-determined questions that all interviewees answer in the same order. Data analysis tends to be more straightforward Unstructured Interviews - least reliable since there are no questions prepared prior to the interview. Data collection is conducted in an informal manner. Can be associated with a high level of bias and comparison of answers Semi-structed Interviews - contain components of both. Interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues. === SAMPLING Your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study - sample has a known probability of being selected Simple Random Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Very different from Stratified sampling In cluster sampling one should Divide the population into groups (clusters) Obtain a simple random sample of so many clusters from all possible clusters Obtain data on every sampling unit in each of the randomly selected clusters Each cluster should be heterogenous More complicated than stratified sampling Systematic Sampling Multistage Sampling (in which some methods are combined in stages) Non-probability sampling ~ based on human choice rather than random selection. Statistical theory can't explain how they might behave and potential sources o bias are rampantJESSON 8 ~QUALAFAFIVE ANALYSIS" PROCESSES {NVOLVED Getting te know the data Is done by re-reading the text The recording should be played and listened to several times Impressions should be written down. These impressions may be utilized in another line. Its purpose is to asses the quality of the data before the analysis Focusing in the analysis Focus by question or topic, time period or event to identify consistencies and differences Focus by case individual or group Ceding Process of categorizing the data to reduce the data into smaller groupings so that they are manageable Predefined codes - codes that are formulated by the researcher based on his or her knowledge through the reviewed literatures Emergent codes - codes that become apparent as one reviews the data Entering and organizing data A file for each interview, observation site or focus group should be created Within each file, the data should be organized by question, time intervals or topic (depending ‘on which method makes the most sense) Cleaning the data Process of checking data for errors. The dirty data when not eliminated can negatively influence the results o' study common Spot checking Eye-balling Logic check Identifying meaningful patterns and themes Content analysis - coding the data for certain words or content by going through all the texts and labeling the words, phrases and section of the text, or devising a matrix to group for categories of the texts. Thematic analysis - process of analyzing the data by grouping them according to themes. Themes either evolve directly from the research questions or naturally emerge from the resulting data Interpreting the data Themes and patterns explain the findings ———(NTERPRETING PATTERN & [HEMES Infer is the short term for inference Inference - using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion A pattern is the repeated or regular way in which something happens or is done. Theme a word or expression taken from the data. Steps oF Thematic Analysis |. Familiarization with the data - getting to know the data 2 Coding process of categorizing the data. a way of indexing or categorizing the text toestablish a framework of thematic ideas about it 3. Generating themes - could be taken from the gathered data or based on the questions 4, Reviewing themes - Defining and naming themes 5. Writing Interpreting your findings is seeing whether the finding confirms or does not confirm the findings of previous studies in your literature review. Your findings may also offer novel insights or information. Relate your findings to previous studies and indicate where your findings are aligned and where they are not aligned. Offer possible explanations as to why your findings corroborated or contradicted the findings of previous studies. ====CONCLUSION==* u Inferential or interpretative thinking that derives its validity, truthfulness or reasonableness from your sensory experience. Touching, seeing, hearing, tasting and smelling things around you lead to a particular conclusion about each of those experiences. The results of our sensory experience are factual data to support the truthfulness of your conclusions Any conclusion drawn or deduced from facts of statements resulting from logical thinking or generalization is the one included in the conclusion of your research paper