Energy Reports 11 (2024) 3117–3134

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Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Research paper

Robust type 2 fuzzy logic control microgrid-connected photovoltaic system

with battery energy storage through multi-functional voltage source
inverter using direct power control
Bouziane Maroua a, *, Zarour Laid a, Habib Benbouhenni b, Mehazzem Fateh c,
Naamane Debdouche a, Ilhami Colak b
a
Laboratory of Electrical Constantine LEC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Brothers Mentouri University, Ain El-bey, Constantine, 25000, Algeria
b
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul 34481742, Turkey
c
Univ Antilles, LARGE Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Energies (EA 4539), Pointe-à-Pitre F-97100, France

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, we deal with control performance and power quality improvement of a microgrid-connected
Fuzzy logic control photovoltaic system (PVS) with battery energy storage, against varying solar irradiance, temperature, and
Photovoltaic system nonlinear, and load conditions. The novelty of this research is the use of a new strategy called type 2 fuzzy logic
Battery energy storage system
controller (T2FLC) to improve the power quality of the PV system under different conditions. The comparative
Maximum power point tracking
Direct power control
study involved two versions of fuzzy logic controllers: type 1 fuzzy logic controller (T1FLC) and T2FL. On the DC
Renewable energy systems side, the microgrid system includes a PVS and battery storage, while the AC side is composed of a multi-
functional two-level voltage source inverter associated with a shunt active power filter that supplies power to
a nonlinear load and is connected to the grid. On the AC side, the system is controlled using a direct power
control strategy associated with the space vector modulation technique, in addition to the proposed technique.
The fuzzy logic controller is employed to extract maximum power from solar panels and ensure optimal power
management of the battery storage. It also controls the DC link voltage loop, the active/reactive power loops of
the grid, the compensation of harmonic currents in the network, and the injection of extracted active power into
the grid or the nonlinear load with high quality. The proposed solution is validated through simulation using
MATLAB software. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique offers superior performance
in terms of accurate tracking and optimization, reactive power compensation, total harmonic distortion elimi­
nation due to non-linear loads, and resilience against variations in irradiance and non-linear load, as compared to
a proportional-integral controller.

consumption (Oskoueiet, 2022).

Traditionally, solar and wind energy (WE) are considered among the
1. Introduction most prominent RESs that have been relied upon as a suitable solution to
overcome global warming and the increasing demand for EE (Gasmi
The increasing need for energy, as well as the pollution caused by the et al., 2023a). As is known, in recent years there has been a huge demand
use of fossil fuels, make the research field of integration of renewable for EE as a result of massive economic and population growth, which has
energy sources(RES) into the utility power grid more attractive. How­ led to the insane exploitation of traditional resources. This excessive
ever, the massive integration of RES generates several degradations to exploitation of traditional energy sources has led to the spread of toxic
electrical energy (EE) systems. Moreover, the intermittent and irregular gases and environmental pollution (Kadi et al., 2023). Therefore, it has
generation of RES adds more constraints (Muhtadi et al., 2021). Thus, become necessary to think about other solutions to obtain EE. Also, the
distributed sources, including restoration and storage systems, are shortage of traditional sources and their high prices in the market led to
required to ensure the proper functioning of the power grid. For that, the a significant increase in the costs of producing and consuming EE (Achar
EE systems need to be controlled by intelligent management strategies to et al., 2024). The rise in energy production costs directly affects the
ensure their stability and maintain the efficiency of renewable energy

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Maroua).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.02.047
Received 20 November 2023; Received in revised form 21 February 2024; Accepted 24 February 2024
Available online 3 March 2024
2352-4847/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/).
B. Maroua et al. Energy Reports 11 (2024) 3117–3134

Nomenclature P&O Perturb and Observe

SMC Sliding mode control
RESs Renewable energy sources BC Backstepping control
ESS Energy storage systems FLC Fuzzy logic control
PV Photovoltaic system SAPF Shunt active power filtre
MPPT Maximum power point tracking T1FLC Type 1 fuzzy logic control
MP Maximum power T2FLC Type 2 fuzzy logic control
Ps Active power FL Fuzzy logic
VOC voltage open circuit MF Membership functions
PPF Passive power filters LB Lithium-ion battery
SRF Synchronous reference frame THD Total harmonic distortion
DPC Direct power control I&C Incremental Conductance
PWM Pulse width modulation PLL Phase-locked loop
SVM Space vector modulation EE Electrical energy
MFSVI Multifunctional voltage source inverter

economic growth of countries and the daily life of communities, as the causing unwanted disturbances in the generation of EE, which requires
EE consumption bill becomes very expensive, which is undesirable. thinking about practical solutions and creating energy systems that have
Solar energy and WE are two solutions that exist in nature throughout high flexibility, great efficiency, and effectiveness in generating EE
the year, as they are inexpensive and their use does not negatively affect continuously and permanently despite the circumstances. On the other
the environment (Gasmi et al., 2022). On the contrary, the use of these hand, the quality of power and current is considered one of the most
sources contributes greatly to protecting the environment and reducing prominent challenges in energy systems such as the PV system, as the
the phenomenon of global warming. In WE, turbines are used to convert quality of power and current plays an important criterion in highlighting
WE into mechanical energy, where the size of the turbine plays a role in the efficiency of the energy system and even its final cost. Therefore, it is
the amount of energy gained from the wind (Gasmi et al., 2023b). In necessary to pay attention to both power quality and current to avoid
addition to turbines, generators are used to generate EE, where the unwanted problems. As is known, low current quality causes poor
mechanical energy gained from the wind is converted into EE. There­ operation of electrical appliances, which leads to damage and thus in­
fore, the energy gained from wind is largely related to both wind speed creases periodic maintenance and costs, which is a negative thing. To
and turbine dimensions (Gasmi et al., 2023c). This technology is in overcome the problem of the increasing demand for EE and supply
continuous and permanent development, as this development appears in isolated villages and cities, a microgrid or small network must be used,
the emergence of a new technology for power generation under the as the microgrid is considered an effective solution and of great
name of multi-rotor wind turbines (Yahdou et al., 2024). The latter has importance in the economic and environmental fields (Saha et al.,
been studied in several scientific works (Benbouhenni et al., 2024a, 2023). A microgrid is a decentralized collection of loads and electricity
2024b, 2022a), where the pros and cons were mentioned. sources that operate normally, connected, and synchronized with the
Similar to WE, solar energy is considered one of the most prominent traditional large-scale synchronized grid (Saeed et al., 2021). This
energies used throughout the world because it is easy to obtain, easy to network can separate from the interconnected network and operate
use, non-polluting to the environment, and inexpensive (Lu et al., 2018). independently in “island mode” as technical or economic conditions
Using this energy to generate EE requires the use of photovoltaic (PV) dictate. In the work (He et al., 2024), the author studied microgrids in
cells in the form of arrays, as a large number of panels are used for this terms of enhancing the efficiency and performance of battery energy
purpose (Fathabadi, 2019). To meet the demand for EE from solar en­ storage systems (BESSs) with a particular focus on WE integration. In
ergy, large-area solar panel farms are used, which requires areas of land, this work, a metaheuristic algorithm was proposed to improve the per­
which is a very negative matter that increases costs. A comparison be­ formance of this mini-network in various disturbances. This proposed
tween solar energy and WE in terms of the energy generated. Using one energy system was conducted with a set of simulations across various
giant turbine can supply a city with EE, unlike solar energy, which re­ conditions, with the results compared with traditional systems and some
quires the use of a large number of PV panels to supply an entire city works. Simulation results demonstrate the extent of economic and
with energy. In this paper, attention will be paid to solar energy in operational benefits associated with right-sized BESSs within microgrid
generating EE due to the simplicity of the system, low costs, ease of contexts, where battery life is enhanced and the development of more
control, little maintenance, and high performance (Lu et al., 2018; sustainable energy systems is promoted. A hybrid microgrid was pro­
Fathabadi, 2019). posed in the work (Shezan et al., 2023), where two different sources
Nowadays, microgrids attract great attention in the case of RES were used to generate EE. Both solar energy and WE were used as the
integration into the grid. They are local electrical networks designed to main sources in this microgrid, where both heuristic and deterministic
provide an uninterruptible and reliable power quality supply to a limited optimization algorithms and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) were used to
number of users with optimal cost management (Oskoueiet, 2022). control and increase durability. Different strategies were used to find out
These microgrids combine multiple RESs, nonlinear loads, filtering de­ the best control strategy for the microgrid. This proposed islanded
vices, compensation systems, energy storage systems (ESSs), and hybrid microgrid system was implemented in a MATLAB environment
communication systems (Alsharif et al., 2021). The use of power elec­ using different conditions to study the behavior of the different strate­
tronics devices in microgrid design is the main cause of harmonics and gies used. According to the work done in (Phan-Van et al., 2023),
reactive power (Qs) disturbances. Moreover, the proliferation of microgrids are becoming increasingly popular, mainly due to the need
nonlinear loads and their generalization in the power grid tends to for a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system, as the
degrade the quality of energy by injecting harmonic currents (Eroğlu design of such networks is considered a major challenge due to the
et al., 2021). Due to the randomness of both solar and WE, which leads stochastic property of RESs. To overcome this randomness, ESSs such as
to fluctuation in the generation of EE, which negatively affects the battery and hydrogen storage systems are installed to cope with the
electrical network. In addition, bad weather contributes greatly to intermittent nature of energy sources. In this work, the author

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conducted a comparative study and evaluation of eight different microgrid. Also, the author focused in this work on the cost of grid en­
methods for improving the size of the microgrid based on hydrogen ergy consumption and the cost of battery degradation as objectives with
storage, to reduce the cost of the microgrid and ensure the ability to the battery condition and the use of RESs as constraints for the optimi­
regulate the flow of energy within the system. MATLAB was used to zation model, as this work was completed under fixed and variable grid
implement the microgrid and accomplish this comparison. Numerical tariff conditions to achieve effective performance in energy manage­
simulation results prove that under the above-mentioned problem ment with optimal use of energy sources. Renewable, grid, and battery
framework, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm out­ in the system for 24 hours. Also, the system parameters of the microgrid
performs the rest, as this algorithm can produce an optimized microgrid were examined in the time horizon using the optimal values of the
with a 25.3% lower annual system cost compared to the rest of the al­ proposed model. The proposed smart energy management system model
gorithms. The author believes in the work (Zarate-Perez et al., 2023) in a 2.5 MW PV/WE/power storage microgrid system was tested in the
that the use of a hybrid microgrid in residential areas contributes to the MATLAB 2020 simulation platform and the experimental setup of a
successful deployment of RESs such as PV energy and WE, thus over­ 1-kilowatt connected microgrid network with solar PV energy and a
coming global warming and the spread of toxic gases. The use of a battery. The results obtained demonstrated the performance of the
hybrid system in generating EE contributes to enhancing the reliability proposed energy system. In the case of using the smart strategy. How­
and efficiency of the system and the intermittent nature of these sources. ever, in this work, the problem of power and current quality was not
In this work, the author studied and evaluated the reliability of a hybrid addressed seriously, which made the work incomplete.
PV-wind microgrid through simulation, where data were collected from Microgrid-connected PV system with battery storage topology is
the residence every 10 seconds, and the values were averaged on an composed of DC and AC parts. The DC side consists of a boost DC/DC
hourly basis and exported for computer processing. Solar radiation, converter to extract maximum power from the PV system using a
wind speed, and temperature data were also used. The modeling process maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, and a bidirectional
included defining the PV panel, wind turbine, BESS, management DC/DC converter to manage the charging/discharging operations of
strategy, and energy independence. The results indicate that when PV battery storage. The AC side consists of a DC/AC converter in series with
and WE systems operate independently, they are unable to reduce res­ a filtering device connected to varying nonlinear loads, to assure power
idential energy deficits continuously. However, the PV/Wind/BESS conversion and improve power quality respectively.
configuration greatly improves system operation and proves to be suf­ Several MPPT techniques are available in the literature, such as:
ficient to meet the required load in most hours. With this configuration, Conventional algorithms: Perturb and Observe (P&O) (Elgendy
only 42.5% of the total PV/WE used by residents needs to be sent et al., 2012), Incremental Conductance (I&C) (Sheikh Ahmadi et al.,
through BESS. Furthermore, the BESS capacity is reduced by 50% when 2022), and the voltage open circuit (VOC) (Nadeem, 2020). Those
the systems are used separately. The public grid supplies power only techniques do not present enough robustness against rapidly varying
when the BESS capacity is insufficient to cover the load. Therefore, the climatic environmental parameters, and generate oscillations around
optimal size of the BESS plays a crucial role in system continuity, the optimum value (Pande et al., 2021).
reducing initial installation costs, regulating microgrid parameters, and Nonlinear controls: sliding mode control (SMC) (Ouchen et al., 2016)
contributing to reducing power deficit. Hence, verifying the basic design and backstepping control (BC) (Arsalan et al., 2018), which are highly
parameters of the microgrid and BESS is essential to determine the dependent on initial conditions and are restricted to local search for the
optimal capacity of the system and ensure model reliability. In the work maximum power point (MPP) (Martin and Vazquez, 2015).
(Marańda et al., 2023), the author argues that the PV system and utility Intelligent artificial algorithms: neural networks (Villegas-Mier
grid can be maintained by focusing on the high energy independence of et al., 2021), neuro-fuzzy technique (Alice Hepzibahet and Premkumar,
microgrids, as this can be addressed by looking for any opportunities to 2020), fuzzy logic control (FLC) (Ali et al., 2021). Those techniques offer
increase local energy consumption, especially when legal regulations the advantage of being robust and efficient because they do not require
reduce the benefits of Excess energy production. As is known, mini-grids exact knowledge of the mathematical model of the system. Moreover,
that combine PV systems, electric storage, and heat pumps largely fail to those algorithms are characterized by good behavior in transitional re­
independently meet local energy needs in winter periods and create an gimes (Hua et al., 2021).
overload on the energy grid. To locally get rid of surplus PV energy, In the work (Walid et al., 2023), the author used the MPPT strategy
home heating with hot water can be used, as this is considered a less based on third-order SMC control to improve the characteristics of the
expensive method to improve the energy independence of residential PV system. This proposed strategy is different from the traditional
microgrids. Therefore, the author presented a study different from strategy in terms of principle, simplicity, robustness, performance, cost,
existing works in terms of using PV energy to heat hot water in different and ease of implementation. Using this strategy in the PV system led to
configurations. The author presented a parametric analysis focusing on improving the characteristics of the power system in terms of power and
increasing domestic consumption, minimizing interference with the current quality, reference tracking, and response time. Also, in terms of
utility network, and optimal adaptation of net accounting rules. In the durability and performance compared to the traditional strategy, this is
completed study, the author studied a residential-type microgrid in a confirmed by the simulation results completed in various tests. It is
Central European climate, where simulated data (energy consumption noted that this proposed strategy has negatives despite satisfactory
profiles) and recorded data (solar radiation) were used for this purpose. performance, as this negative is represented by the presence of ripples at
Also, simulations rely on small grid proportions and provide results the energy and current levels, which are negative. In the work (Djilali
beyond the reach of individual experiments and conclusions that apply et al., 2024), the author improved the P&O algorithm using intelligent
to similar cases, regardless of absolute size. The results presented are strategies to control a hybrid power system. The latter relies heavily on
satisfactory and indicate the importance of studying the microgrid in the use of the PV system in generating EE, as BSSs were used to store
generating EE and using it in residential neighborhoods. In the work excess energy and use it at critical times. The studied energy system is
(Babu et al., 2023), the author developed smart energy management in characterized by simplicity, low cost, outstanding performance, and
microgrids using prediction-based multi-objective optimization using a great durability. Diesel has been relied upon to generate EE in difficult
genetic algorithm, where an ESS was embedded in the microgrid to weather conditions and when the battery is empty as a suitable solution.
utilize the stored energy at critical times. The proposed model that was This studied energy system was implemented in the MATLAB environ­
developed incorporates the expected values of solar PV system and WE ment using several different tests, such as deception. The graphical and
generation obtained using the long-term short-term memory grid for the numerical results show the superiority of the proposed strategy over the
next 24 hours and provides the optimal values of the battery and grid traditional strategy in terms of improving the characteristics of the
capacities to cope with the energy deficit to meet the demand in the studied energy system. In this work, the author only paid attention to the

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management of the power system, where a modified algorithm was overcome by using effective filtering methods (El-Habrouk et al., 2000).
proposed, and did not care about the quality aspect of both power and As it is known, the passive power filters (PPFs) are not yet sufficient,
current. Also, in the studied system, the filter was not used alongside the owing to their big size and resonance phenomenon (Alghamdi et al.,
studied system to increase the power quality, which is a negative matter. 2022). Active power filtering proves to be an adequate and effective
In work (Debdouche et al., 2023a), the author used the integral BC solution (Lee et al., 2021). In the literature, there are several strategies
technique to control and improve the characteristics of the for the regulation and control of SAPFs; such as P-Q (Ayachi Amor et al.,
microgrid-connected PV system. The proposed strategy is characterized 2021), and synchronous reference frame (SRF) (Cheng and Nian, 2016),
by high performance and great durability. This proposed strategy was among these strategies researchers have focused on direct power control
used to improve the characteristics of the MPPT technique of PV systems (DPC) due to its characteristics which it is based on the direct control of
in terms of durability, dynamic response, and power quality. Also, this (Pg) and (Qg) and does not necessitate internal current control loops,
strategy has been used to improve the properties of the active filter. good dynamic and performance (Lee et al., 2021). The disadvantages of
Therefore, the energy system studied is integrated, as energy is gener­ the conventional DPC strategy can be reduced by using the DPC strategy
ated and its quality is improved at the same time, which makes it of great based on the SVM strategy (Ouchen et al., 2021). Moreover, an MFVSI
importance in the economic field. In this work, the author used the can not only be an interface to connect PV systems with battery storage
phase-locked loop (PLL) strategy to estimate powers, which makes the into the grid, but can achieve the power generation of RESs, and can also
studied system characterized by high stability and great durability. This solve power quality problems. In addition, these functionalities are
proposed system was studied in the MATLAB environment, where organized in an optimal way to control both Pg and Qg exchanged with
different tests were used for this purpose. The results obtained show the the grid and the nonlinear load (Dashtaki et al., 2021). In the work
superiority of the proposed strategy over the traditional strategy and the (Debdouche et al., 2024), the author used the predictive DPC technique
importance of using the filter in improving the quality of power and with the PLL technique of three-level neutral point clamped
current. Despite this distinguished performance, there are drawbacks, inverter-based SAPF for power quality improvement. The proposed
namely the complexity, difficulty of completion, and the presence of a strategy is complex, difficult to implement, and expensive compared to
significant number of gains, which make adjusting the dynamic response the traditional strategy. Also, a proportional-integral (PI) controller was
difficult. Also, the presence of a significant number of gains makes it used to regulate the DC link voltage. The MATLAB environment was
difficult to use smart strategies in determining these values. Another used to implement this studied energy system using several tests,
work was discussed in (Debdouche et al., 2023b), where the simplified comparing the results with the traditional strategy and some existing
super-twisting algorithm was used as a suitable solution to control the works. From observing the numerical and graphical results, the pro­
PV system and the three-level multifunctional voltage source inverter posed strategy provided satisfactory results in terms of power quality
(MVSI). The studied energy system generates energy and improves its and the value of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current compared to
quality at the same time using the proposed control. The latter is char­ the traditional strategy and some existing works. Another work dealt
acterized by simplicity, few gains, ease of implementation, and great with improving power quality (Deffaf et al., 2023a), where SAPF was
durability. Also, the proposed strategy does not need a mathematical used for this purpose. In this work, the author used a three-level voltage
model of the studied system, which makes it very suitable for reducing source inverter to achieve SAPF, and the synergetic control strategy was
the complexity of the system and thus its cost. This proposed strategy proposed as a suitable solution to control this filter. This strategy is
was used with the PLL strategy, as it was used to control the DC link characterized by simplicity, few gains, ease of implementation, fast
voltage. This energy system was studied under different working con­ dynamic response, and high durability. Also, using this strategy does not
ditions using the MATLAB environment, where the numerical and require knowing the exact mathematical model of the system, which
graphical results showed the extent of the quality of power and current makes it a suitable solution. Also, the PLL strategy was used in this work
in the case of using the proposed control compared to the traditional to estimate the capabilities, which increases the robustness and stability
strategy. Other work on microgrids was done in (Debdouche et al., of the system, which is a positive thing. This proposed strategy was used
2023c), where the genetic algorithm-super-twisting technique was used to control DC bus voltage, which is a positive thing that helps improve
as a suitable solution for control. In this work, both the PV system and power quality significantly, as the MATLAB environment was used to
active filter were used. This proposed strategy was used to improve the implement this studied power system. The graphical and numerical re­
characteristics of the MPPT technique of the PV system, and the sults show the superiority of using the proposed strategy over the
resulting strategy is characterized by high performance and great traditional strategy in terms of power quality, reference tracking,
durability. Also, the proposed strategy was used to control the DC link response time, THD value of current, and overshoot. Despite this high
voltage and to operate the filter, where the powers were controlled. To performance, the problem of energy and current ripples remains, which
generate the necessary operating pulses for the filter, the strategy space is undesirable. In work (Deffaf et al., 2023b), a fractional-order syner­
vector modulation (SVM) was used. The author used the PLL strategy to getic controller is proposed for a three-level T-type inverter using a
estimate power, which makes the studied system highly robust and SAPF. This proposed work aims to improve power quality and reduce the
stable. Therefore, the energy system studied is somewhat complex and value of THD of current in cases of distorted or unbalanced source
somewhat expensive. voltages. The proposed strategy is a combination of fractional calculus
In microgrid design, it is well known that the integration of various and synergetic control, as it is characterized by high performance and
types of RES creates varying (Qg) and active power (Pg) profiles in the great durability compared to traditional strategies such as SMC, BC, and
grid, that may challenge the stability and control of the system (Muhtadi synergetic control. Also, it has a small number of gains, which makes it
et al., 2021). Hence, the ESS plays an important role in stabilizing the easy to adjust and does not require knowledge of the mathematical
voltage and frequency of the microgrid, and smoothing power inter­ model of the studied system. The proposed strategy was used in
mittency (Mahidin et al., 2021). The battery technologies field is conjunction with the PLL technique on a self-tuning filter to enhance the
growing and making a real advance. The Lithium-ion battery (LB) has SAPF’s ability to compensate for current harmonics and reactive power
replaced the lead-acid one. It is considered the best ESS choice currently in all situations involving non-linear loads and source voltage variations.
available. ESS control and management contribute significantly to The proposed control was implemented and verified using MATLAB, and
enhancing the microgrid system reliability and power quality, the obtained results were compared with the results of conventional
improving the DC voltage profile, and correcting the power factor. control under different operating conditions. The results indicate that
Moreover, ESS acts as a regulator between statistical RES generation and the proposed strategy outperforms conventional control in terms of
varying nonlinear load demand (Al-Saadi et al., 2021). Harmonic tracking DC voltage and reducing total harmonic distortion of current.
pollution generated by the integration of RES into the grid can be However, it is noted that ripples remain present despite the outstanding

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performance, which is a negative. used the strategy of fuzzy super-twisting algorithms to control the active
In the field of control, the FLC technique is considered one of the and reactive power of a wind system. The proposed strategy is a simple,
most prominent control strategies that can be relied upon to improve the uncomplicated strategy that does not use the mathematical model of the
characteristics of energy systems. This strategy was proposed by scien­ studied system, which makes it not affected if the system parameters
tist Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 and has been used in several systems (Ben­ change, which is a positive thing. The problem with using the FLC
bouhenni and Bizon, 2021). However, the traditional FLC technique or strategy lies in choosing the number of rules to use to obtain good re­
type-1 FLC (T1FLC) controller is one of the most popular intelligent sults, or the relationship of these rules to the system’s robustness and
structures successfully developed in many applications (Mittal et al., performance. The proposed strategy was implemented in the MATLAB
2020; Naamane et al., 2023a). The T1FLCs are based on human expe­ environment, where graphical and numerical results demonstrate the
rience and knowledge since they do not require a mathematical model of effectiveness of using the fuzzy super-twisting algorithms in improving
the system to be controlled. Also, T1FLCs sets are certain and unable to the characteristics of the studied energy system, especially in the dura­
function successfully when higher levels of uncertainties disturbances, bility test compared to the traditional strategy. The disadvantage of this
and parameter variations in the system (Balta et al., 2023). In (Ben­ proposed strategy is the high number of gains, which makes its spread
bouhenni, 2019a), the author uses the FLC technique to improve the limited in the field of control. Another work on the FLC technique was
properties of the strategy SVM technique of a two-level inverter to proposed in the work (Mehedi et al., 2020), where this strategy was
reduce the value of THD of current. The use of the FLC technique led to applied to control a multi-phase synchronous motor based on the SVM
an increase in the robustness and performance of the SVM strategy technique. In this work, the FLC technique was used to control the tor­
compared to the traditional strategy, and this is confirmed by the que and flux of the machine, where estimation of both flux and torque is
simulation results obtained. These results are the same results obtained used, which makes the strategy slightly affected if the machine param­
in the work (Benbouhenni, 2018a), which proves the high performance eters change, which is negative. In general, the proposed strategy is
of using the FLC technique as a solution. In the work (Benbouhenni, simple, easy to implement, robust, and inexpensive. The MATLAB
2019b), the author lists the characteristics and advantages of the FLC environment was used to implement this proposed strategy and compare
technique while mentioning its advantages and disadvantages. Also, the it with the proposed strategy. Simulation results show that the use of the
FLC technique has been used to improve the properties of an existing FLC technique led to a significant improvement in the value of both
inverter in a WE system. The simulated results in various tests provide torque and flux ripples compared to the traditional strategy. In the
effective performance of the FLC strategy in improving the character­ robustness test, it is noted that this strategy is affected by the use of
istics of the studied system. In the work (Benbouhenni, 2018b), the estimation of both torque and flux, which is negative. In the work
author used the FLC technique to improve the characteristics of the (Benbouhenni, 2017), the author used the FLC strategy to overcome the
direct torque control of the induction motor. In this work, the author shortcomings of the pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy and
used the FLC technique to control the rotational speed, as using this improve the power quality and THD of the current value of a WE system.
strategy leads to obtaining a reference value for torque. This reference In this work, the FLC strategy was used to compensate for the use of the
value is used to obtain the torque error. The resulting control is simple, hysteresis comparator to generate the pulses necessary to operate the
uncomplicated, and easy to accomplish. Also, using the FLC technique inverter. Accordingly, the proposed strategy is simple, uncomplicated,
does not require knowledge of the mathematical model of the machine, easy to implement, and highly robust. The negative of this proposed
which is a positive thing that facilitates obtaining good results in the strategy lies in the presence of a significant number of gains in the FLC
event of a malfunction in the machine. This proposed strategy was strategy itself, as there is no mathematical rule that facilitates its use.
implemented in the MATLAB environment using several different tests, Despite these drawbacks, the results obtained using the MATLAB envi­
where the simulation results showed that using the FLC technique ronment show the high performance of the proposed strategy in
significantly improves the characteristics of the control system in terms improving the value of THD of current and even in power quality.
of the value of ripples and THD of current. In the work (Benbouhenni Through these aforementioned works on the FLC strategy and through
et al., 2020), the author used the FLC technique to improve the char­ the results obtained, it is noted that this strategy has various negatives,
acteristics of the SMC strategy used to control a wind system. In this as one of the most prominent negatives mentioned is the presence of a
work, the author used the FLC technique to compensate for the sign(u) of significant number of gains, which hinders the control of the dynamic
the SMC technique and increase the robustness and performance of the response. Also, the strategy’s reliance on experience in determining the
strategy in the event of a system malfunction. This proposed strategy number of rules is considered one of the most prominent challenges due
was implemented in the MATLAB environment using several different to the lack of a mathematical rule that determines how to choose these
tests. The simulation results showed that the use of the FLC technique rules. Using this control strategy requires the use of a large amount of
led to a significant improvement in the characteristics of the SMC memory, which causes the system to become heavy and slow.
strategy, and this is demonstrated by the graphical and numerical results To overcome these problems, the author of the work (Benbouhenni
obtained compared to the traditional strategy. In the robustness test, it is et al., 2024c) used a combination of the FLC and fractional calculus
noted that the proposed strategy was affected by changing the system strategies for this purpose. This proposed strategy is characterized by
parameters, which is an undesirable matter that leads to a reduction in simplicity, ease of implementation, and a significant number of gains,
the quality of power and current. Also, to raise the values of both THD of and does not use a mathematical model of the system, which makes it
current and overshoot. In the work (Benbouhenni, 2019a), the author highly robust compared to traditional strategies. Fractional-order fuzzy
used the FLC technique to overcome the problems of the second-order control is a different strategy to FLC, as it is implemented in a MATLAB
SMC strategy for a wind system. This proposed strategy relies heavily environment using different tests. Simulation results show the superi­
on experience in determining the number of rules, as 49 rules were used ority of the proposed strategy over the traditional strategy in terms of
in the FLC technique to increase the robustness and performance of the improving the characteristics of the studied energy system. Another
second-order SMC strategy. The proposed strategy is characterized by a solution was proposed to overcome the problems of the FLC strategy in
significant number of gains, which makes it difficult to adjust. The (Verma et al., 2020a), where the proposed strategy was type 2 FLC
MATLAB environment was used to implement this proposed strategy, (T2FLC), which is an extension of the T1FLC strategy. The T2FLC
comparing the results with the traditional strategy in different cases, technique structure has received intense attention in the last two de­
where the numerical and graphical results show the superiority of the cades and T2FL sets are used for modeling uncertainty and imprecision
proposed strategy in terms of power quality and THD of current. These in a better way while enhancing the performance and also robust to
results obtained are almost the same as the results obtained in the work sudden changes in external variations (Al-Mahturi et al., 2023). In the
(Benbouhenni, 2019b). In the work (Benbouhenni, 2021a), the author T1FLC technique, some uncertainties may appear in determining rules

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Fig. 1. Architecture of the proposed microgrid.

and membership functions (MF). Furthermore, MF in the T1FLC tech­ • A T2FLC technique is proposed to overcome degradations generated
nique does not have uncertainties. T2FLC technique has illimitable type by RES integration. A T2FLC technique is developed to achieve the
1 MF between 0 and 1. The T2FLC technique can reduce the negative following tasks:
effects of uncertainties. Thus, the T2FLC strategy can be a more effective • PV-MPPT system optimization
tool than the T1FLC technique for researchers (Rezk and Harrag, 2021). • Storage battery bidirectional buck-boost control
This work is devoted to the study of a PV solar generator connected • MFVSI based on DPC-SVM strategy control.
through a DC/DC boost converter, an LB with a bidirectional DC/DC
converter to manage the charging/discharging operations, a three-phase The proposed T2FLC technique microgrid controllers are developed
voltage source inverter MFVSI which is connected to the utility grid in the next sections. The control and quality energy performances are
through an inductor filter and nonlinear load and participating in the presented and compared with the T1FLC technique using MATLAB
improvement of the quality of energy at the common PCC coupling point software. The obtained simulation results demonstrate the efficiency
owing to the functionalities of active filtering voltage source inverter and robustness of T2FLC against the T1FLC technique. Therefore, our
MFVSI. A DPC technique associated with the SVM technique based on major contributions to this study are listed as follows:
the T2FLC strategy is composed of three loops: the DC bus voltage
control loop, the grid active and reactive power control loops, and the • PV system + SAPF control and increase its durability.
synchronization algorithm loop. These loopsare developed to control the • Design of T2FLC strategy and T1FLC technique that ensure the
voltage and current control loops of the MPPT technique which the in­ extracting of the MPPT technique from the PV system.
puts of this algorithm are the variation of PV voltage and current and its • Design of T2FLC technique and T1FLC strategy that ensure LB stor­
output is the variation of the duty cycle to optimize the energy extracted age energy sub-system management.
from the PV generator and inject it into the load and/or grid. The same • The development of the T2FLC controller-based DPC-SVM strategy
techniques are also used for the DC bus voltage control loop to reduce ensures the MVSI control and the THD value in grid current
capacitor fluctuation voltages of the DC bus and maintain it at its desired minimization.
value, as well as to maintain a constant DC link under varying insolation • Enhance power quality and tracking performance, while ensuring
and load conditions. Furthermore, to generate the optimal reference stability and robustness against varying conditions.
voltage on the DC bus. In addition, is also used to control both active and • Minimization of the overshoot and steady-state error of both active
reactive power control loops to achieve the compensation of the reactive and reactive powers.
energy and the elimination of harmonic currents present on the network • A numerical comparison was conducted to determine the efficiency
and from non-linear loads. and performance of the proposed techniques compared to the
In the presented work, the context of the proposed study consists of traditional control under varying conditions.
to use of the T2FLC strategy to control and enhance the power quality of • Increasing the durability and performance of the microgrid.
microgrid-connected PV systems with battery storage. In addition, this • Improving the characteristics of the MPPT strategy of boost
work is improved and compared with some existing and used works with converter.
similar objectives (Balta et al., 2023; Naamane et al., 2023b; Debdouche
et al., 2023d). The rest of this paper is organized in such a way. Section II describes
the microgrid system parts modeling: PV panel, DC-DC boost converter

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(DC-DC-BC), LB, bidirectional buck-boost converter, SAPF. In Section 2.1.2. PV array model
III, we present the first FLC theory, followed by its application for MPPT- The PV system is considered one of the most prominent clean energy
PV optimization, battery storage control, and MVSI control. Section VI systems that protect the environment from pollution, as the sun’s energy
illustrates the presentation and discussion of the simulation results ob­ is converted into electrical current. In these energy systems, reliance is
tained from the comparative study of the proposed control strategies. placed on the use of a PV cell to generate energy, as thousands of cells
Finally, the main findings of the proposed study are provided in the must be used in the form of panels in order to generate the necessary
conclusion. energy. Therefore, it is necessary to know the mathematical form of this
energy system, as the mathematical model of this system in the work
2. The microgrid system parts modeling (Walid et al., 2023) has been studied in detail.
From the PV array represented by the circuit in Fig. 1, it can be
This work is devoted to the study of the microgrid system connected modeled by the following equation (Fathiet and Parian, 2021):
to the PV system. The solar generator is connected through a DC-DC-BC, [ ( ( ( ) )) ]
q Ns
an LB with a bidirectional DC/DC converter to manage the charging/ Ipv = Np iph − Np io exp Vpv + Rs ipv − 1
Ns KγT Np
discharging operations, and a three-phase MFVSI inverter that is ⎛ ( ) ⎞
coupled to the utility grid power at the PCC coupling point through an Ns
v + Np Rs ipv (2)
⎜ pv ⎟
inductor filter, all feed a nonlinear load. In addition, it contributes to − Np ⎜ ) ⎟
⎝ ( ⎠
improving the power quality at the coupling point by the MVSI. The Ns
R
Np sh
latter is controlled by the DPC technique associated with the SVM
strategy. This strategy is based on intelligent and robust techniques
namely: T1FLC technique and T2FLC strategy. These techniques are where, iph is the photonic current,io is the diode reverse saturation cur­
developed to regulate the voltage and current control loops of the MPPT rent, γ is the quality factor, Ns and Np represents the number of PV panels
technique. The same techniques are also used for the DC bus voltage connected in series and parallel, q = 1, 602 × 10− 19 C is the electron
control and both Pg and Qg control loops of the grid power source. The charge, and K = 3, 807 × 1023 J/K is the Boltzmann’s constant, Rs (Ω)is
following sections describe each part of the proposed structure illus­ the series resistance, and Rsh (Ω)is the parallel resistance.
trated in Fig. 1. The photonic current iph and the diode saturation current io are given
From Fig. 1, it can be said that the proposed microgrid is simple, by the following equation:
inexpensive, easy to control, and has distinctive performance with high ⎧
⎪ G ( ( ))
durability as a result of using intelligent control that does not depend on ⎪
⎪ Iph = G
⎪ iph,ref + μisc T − Tref
⎨
the mathematical model of the system under study. This studied energy
ref
( )3 ( ( )) (3)
system generates EE from the sun’s energy and at the same time im­ ⎪
⎪
⎪ T qEG 1 1
⎪ io = io,ref
⎩ exp −
proves its quality, which makes it suitable and better. The T2FLC Tref kγ Tref T
strategy was proposed as a suitable solution to overcome the problems of
both the MPPT technique of PV system, the DPC-SVM of SAPF, and the where, G (w/m2) represents solar irradiation, T (oK) is the cell operating
MPPT technique of boost converter. temperature, μisc is the short circuit current temperature coefficient,
EG (eV) is the Band-gap energy, ref is the reference test conditions.
2.1. PV system modeling
2.2. BSS modelling
2.1.1. DC-DC boost converter model
The boost converter is an interface that ensures the adaptation be­ 2.2.1. Bidirectional DC-DC boost converter model
tween the PV array and the load, and also to extract the maximum power Traditionally, the DC-DC boost converter is considered one of the
from the PV array to provide the DC-link voltage with a high output most prominent elements in PV systems, as it is characterized by
voltage, so, based on the DC-DC converter circuit shown in Fig. 1, the simplicity, ease of control, and ease of implementation. Also, it has a low
mathematical model can be written with the following equation (Emara cost. This converter is characterized by high reliability and reduced
et al., 2021): switching losses, as this converter raises the input voltage that is
⎧ continuous to provide a continuous voltage at the output that is greater
dvpv 1 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ = ipv − iL than the input voltage with a certain duty cycle. This duty cycle is
dt Cpv Cpv
( ) (1) calculated using the MPPT technique. The DC-DC boost converter in
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
diL 1
= 1 − D vpv − vdc
1 solar systems has been discussed in detail in several works (Walid et al.,
dt L L 2023; Debdouche et al., 2023a), where its pros and cons are mentioned.
The principle of its operation was also mentioned in detail, along with
where,vpv and ipv are the PV panel output voltage and current, iL is the the shape of the electrical circuit.
DC-DC converter inductor current, vdc is the DC-link voltage, D is the The reliability and efficiency of the energy production system are
duty cycle, Cpv and Lare the DC-DC converter electrical parameters. improved by ESS devices, among these devices, the battery is the most
used to store EE, by connecting it to a DC-DC bidirectional converter.
The dynamic model of the storage system is described by the
following equation (Ferahtiaet, 2021a):
⎧
⎨ dib = V − i R − D.v
(4)
b b b dc
dt
⎩
Vb = Eg − Rb ib

where, Lb and Rb are the battery inductance and resistance, respectively,

vdc is the DC-link voltage, D is the duty cycle of the DC-DC bidirectional
converter.

Fig. 2. Equivalent model for the battery unit (Ferahtiaet, 2021b).

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charging them from an alternating voltage (Djilali et al., 2024; Deb­

douche et al., 2023c). Therefore, batteries in energy systems such as PV
systems or WE systems are necessary to store surplus energy and use it
when needed or in bad weather conditions. As is known, batteries are
expensive and very expensive and this is an undesirable negative. Also,
the life span of these batteries is one of the most prominent problems
experienced by energy systems or devices that use batteries. Battery
reliability is also one of the most prominent drawbacks. In order to
implement the studied energy system, the mathematical form of the
battery must be known, as an LB-type battery was used in this study.
The battery is modeled by a voltage source controlled and connected
in series with a resistor its value is constant, as shown in Fig. 2 (Ferahtia
et al., 2021):
The dynamic model of the battery voltage is defined as follows
(Ferahtiaet, 2021b):
∫
Q
Eg = Ego − K ∫ + AeB ib dt (5)
Q− ib dt

where,Ego is battery constant voltage (V), Kis the polarization voltage

(V), Q is the maximum battery capacity (Ah), A is the exponential zone
amplitude (V), B is the exponential zone time constant inverse (Ah)− 1
The equations of the battery state-of-charge (SOC) is given as fol­
lows:
d(SOC) η
= − b ib (6)
dt Qb

where, Qb and ηb are the battery capacity and efficiency, respectively.

Fig. 3. MFs of the inputs and output variables. a) T1FLC technique. b)
T2FLC technique.
2.3. SAPF model
2.2.2. LB modelling
The battery is necessary for energy systems, especially in the field of In this studied energy system, a filter was used to improve the quality
renewable energies, as the battery is considered one of the most prom­ of energy generated by the PV system, as this filter is considered one of
inent scientific topics. As is known, there are different types of batteries. the most prominent elements of this studied energy system. Choosing
Solid or liquid batteries can be used (Djilali et al., 2024). In an electric the type of control is considered one of the most prominent challenges
car, the battery is considered one of the most prominent elements or the we face to obtain high-quality power and current. As is known, the type
most expensive components, which greatly determines the price of the of control strategy contributes significantly to improving the quality of
electric car. Also, it takes up a lot of space in the electric car, as the current/power and reducing the degree of complexity and thus the total
battery is the largest element in it (Walid et al., 2023). Batteries are in cost of the system. In this work, the focus was on choosing a control that
constant and permanent development, as these batteries are charged is not related to the mathematical model of the candidate, is easy to use,
with a constant voltage, so it is necessary to use AC/DC converters when inexpensive, and can be easily accomplished. Therefore, it is necessary

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the proposed fuzzy control. a) FLC technique diagram. b) T2FLC bloc diagram.

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⎧
⎪
⎪ dif ,dq Rf 1 1
⎪
⎨ = − if ,dq + vf ,dq ∓ ω if ,dq − vl,dq
dt Lf Lf Lf
(10)
⎪
⎪ dvdc 1
⎪
⎩ = idc
dt Cdc

3. The proposed microgrid control

3.1. T1FLC and T2FLC design

The concept of the T1FLC technique does not fully capture the
Fig. 5. Type 2 fuzzy sets with blurring the center of triangular type-1 fuzzy set. inherent uncertainty by assigning a single MF to each fuzzy system
within the domain. Each MF is characterized by fixed parameters (such
to know the candidate’s athletic form first. as shape, width, and center) without any variability. To address this
limitation, T2FLC theory introduces degrees of freedom in the MF.
2.3.1. Grid current modelling Building on this concept, a T2FLC system incorporates multiple T1FLC
The system of equations defining the 3-phase grid current in the systems under the same label, achieving a more comprehensive repre­
rotating frame d-q are given by (Ouchen et al., 2020): sentation of fuzzy sets (Altin, 2013).
The T1FLC and T2FLC system designs have the same elements, as
dig,dq
vg,dq = Rg ig,dq + Lg ∓ Lg ωig,dq + vl,dq (7) shown in Fig. 3 against T1FLC, T2FLC presents an additional element
dt
called a type reducer. It adjusts the T2FLC inference outputs into cor­
where, vgd and vgq are the grid EMF in the (d-q) frame. responding T1FLC outputs (Castillo and Melin, 2014). (T1FLC or T2FLC)
If the grid voltage component should be aligned along the daxis the must pass through three steps: Fuzzification, FLC inference rule base,
model can be simplified as follows: and finally defuzzification, the schematic structure of the FLC technique
√̅̅̅ is illustrated in Fig. 4.
3 The inputs are error (e) and its variation (Δe), and are normalized
vgd = Ug = Ugm with vgq = 0 (8)
2 through a normalization gains (for error and for change of error) (Sol­
tani et al., 2017).
where, Ugm is amplitude of phase voltage. {
e(k) = Ke (x∗ (k) − x(k − 1))
(11)
2.3.2. Calculation of active and reactive powers Δe(k) = KΔe (e(k) − e(k − 1))
Power is the product of voltage and current, where attention is paid
The output of the T2FLC technique is the change of control law (Δuk ),
to reactive and active power. To calculate the power, voltage and cur­
this law given by:
rent are measured, and high-precision measuring devices must be used.
The active and reactive powers in the d-q frame are written as follows: u = u(k − 1) + Ku .Δu(k) (12)
{
Pg = Ug igd
(9) where, Δuis the output change of the FLC technique and (KΔu ) is a de
Qg = Ug igq normalization gain.

2.3.3. PLL technique with multi variable filter 3.1.1. Fuzzification

The PLL technique is a necessary part of the grid-connected PV sys­ This process of converting a numerical variable to a linguistic vari­
tem (See Fig. 1); its performance has an important impact over the PV able (FLC number) (Gheibi et al., 2011). The steps of the fuzzification is
system output signals under different grid conditions. The STF filter
allows extracting the fundamental component from the voltage and − Using normalized continuous universe of discourse [-1, 1].
current (Hoon and MohdRadzi, 2018). − The FLC (T2FLC or T1FLC) set here uses triangular and trapezoidal
MFs for inputs and output variables (e, Δe andΔu), each universe of
2.3.4. MVSI modeling discourse is divided into 07 FL subsets: PB (positive big), PM (me­
Based on the above-mentioned works, a mathematical model of the dium big), PS (positive small), ZE (zero), NS (negative small), PM
filter used can be given, as a three-phase inverter was used for this (medium small), and NB (negative big). The partition of the FL sets
purpose. The mathematical equations of the 3-phase SAPF are expressed and the shape of the FMs are shown in Fig. 3 (Bendaoud et al., 2019).
in the d-q-reference frame rotating with the electrical angular. The final
form can be described as follows (Ouchen et al., 2018): − Implication using Mamdani operator (Verma et al., 2020b).

3.1.2. Determination of FLC rules

Table 1 In the FLC technique, rules are considered one of the most prominent
FLC rules table. characteristics of this strategy, as the number of rules plays an important
role in performing this strategy and in obtaining good results. Using a
de NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
e large number of rules contributes significantly to improving the dynamic
response to the FLC technique, but it causes a slowdown in the system,
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE
NM NB NB NB NM NS ZE PS which is negative. Also, using a large number of rules is accompanied by
NS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PM the use of a large amount of memory. On the other hand, using a smaller
ZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB number of rules leads to unsatisfactory results. Therefore, it is necessary
PS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB to choose an appropriate number of bases to obtain satisfactory results.
PM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB
PB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB
Seven FLC technique levels for the inputs and the output are used
leading to a decision table with 49 rules, as illustrated in the following
The appropriate control law based on the FLC technique rules table like (if e is table (Panda et al., 2016):
NM and Δe is PS Then the control law u is NS).

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Fig. 6. Bidirectional DC/DC converter by T2FLC technique.

3.1.3. Defuzzification of errors.

The most common way to reduce noise is the center of gravity, and To convert these errors and their changes into linguistic variables,
knowledge of the following equation (Hong and Buay, 2020): seven FLC sets are used. Provides the details of 49 rules to carry out
) adequate control action, and each rule expresses an operating condition
∑
N=49
um μB (um in the inference system (See Table 1).
uc (x) = m=1 (13) The output variable is the change in the duty cycle:
∑
N=49
μB (um ) )
m=1
∑
N=49
Dm μB (Dm
ΔD = m=1 (16)
where, N, u, and μ are denote the numbers rule, the output, and the MF, ∑
N=49

respectively.
μB (Dm )
m=1
The defuzzified crisp output of the T2FLC technique is:
where, Dand ΔD are the duty cycleandtheir variation, respectively.
ul + ur
u= (14)
2
3.3. Storage system with T2FLC technique
where, l and r are the numbers of switch points.
As depicted in Fig. 5, the membership functions of T2FS are three- The storage local control unit adjusts battery current to control the
dimensional, where each three-dimensional MF includes upper and charge and discharge of the battery by providing a duty cycle to the
lower MFs characteristic of the conventional FLC technique. In contrast, converter as introduced in Fig. 6. Hence, the DC bus voltage remains
the membership functions of T1FS are two-dimensional. The newly stable.
introduced third dimension in T2FS represents the footprint of uncer­ The input variables are the power PV generator error and the
tainty (FOU), which denotes the distance between the lower and upper changes of this error eib (k)andΔeib (k) respectively, its formula is given as:
MFs. The footprint of uncertainty enables the modeling and manage­ { ( ( ))
eib (k) = Kib ib((k) − ib k − ( 1
ment of uncertainties. Furthermore, the use of three-dimensional FLC )) (17)
Δeib (k) = KΔib eib (k) − eib k − 1
sets simplifies the design process in cases where exact membership
functions are challenging to define and have the potential to model more where, Kib and KΔib are the normalization gains of errors and the change
complex relationships between inputs and outputs (Altin, 2013). inthe errors.
The T2FLC technique is used to improve the performance of both the To convert these errors and their changes into linguistic variables,
storage system, MPPT technique, and DPC-SVM of SAPF. Therefore, seven FLC sets are used. Table 1 provides the details of 49 rules to carry
using this strategy will contribute greatly to significantly increasing the out adequate control action, and each rule expresses an operating con­
robustness, performance, and efficiency of the small network. dition in the inference system.
The output variable of the change of battery current:

3.2. MPPT-T2FLC technique

The extraction of the maximum power is a necessary step in the field

of energy conversion of the solar system, to improve increase the effi­
ciency of the PV generator, In this study, The MPPT technique based on
the T1FLC strategy and T2FLC technique is applied in the DC/DC con­
verter control, which offers the advantage of being robust and does not
require exact knowledge of the system’s mathematical model (Altin,
2013). Moreover, the proposed strategy presents a better solution for all
types of disturbances that appear in the power grid. In particular, this
technique is better suited to nonlinear systems.
The input variables are the power PV generator error and the
changes of this error ePpv (k), ΔePpv (k) respectively, its formula is given as:
⎧ ( )
Ppv (k) − Ppv k − 1
⎪ e
⎨ ppv (k) = K Ppv = ( )
vpv (k) − vpv k − 1
(15)
⎪
⎩ ( ( ))
Δeppv (k) = KΔPpv ePpv (k) − ePpv k − 1

where, Kppv and KΔppv are the normalization gains of errors and variation Fig. 7. Variable irradiance profile.

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compared to many strategies (Chojaa et al., 2023). This strategy relies

on the use of both a switching table and two hysteresis comparators in
order to control active and reactive power (Benbouhenni and Bizon,
2023). This strategy was proposed to control the synchronous generator
(Ghouizil et al., 2018) and the asynchronous generator (Benbouhenni
et al., 2023a). Using this strategy in the field of control is accompanied
by a set of undesirable drawbacks. According to the work done in
(Benbouhenni et al., 2024d), the disadvantages of this strategy are
power and current ripples, a high value of THD of current, and a
decrease in the robustness of the strategy if system parameters change.
Also, the strategy’s reliance on power estimation causes several un­
wanted problems in the event of a malfunction in the system (Chojaa
et al., 2023; Benbouhenni et al., 2023a). Accordingly, several solutions
Fig. 8. Variable load profile. were proposed in order to overcome the problems and defects of this
strategy, as neural networks (Benbouhenni, 2021b), synergetic control
)
∑
N=49
ibm μB (ibm
Table 2
Δib = m=1
(18)
∑
N=49 Performance indicators values.
μB (ibm )
m=1 Methods RT(s) SSE Overshoot Undershoot Ripples
(V) (%) (%) (V)
where, ib and Δib are the battery current andtheir variation, respectively.
T2FLC 0.04 0.8 1.125 0.875 0.2
T1FLC 0.080 0.81 1.375 1 0.22
PI 0.085 1.2 2.25 1.625 0.27
3.4. Designed DPC-FLC-SVM technique TOSMC ( 0.096 0.31 1.5 0.8 0.6
Naamane
et al., 2023a)
Traditionally, the DPC strategy is considered one of the most wide­ STSMC ( 0.12 0.45 1.81 1 0.7
spread and widely used linear controls in the field of renewable energies Naamane
(Chojaa et al., 2022). This strategy is characterized by simplicity, a small et al., 2023a)
number of gains, ease of implementation, and quick dynamic response

Fig. 9. Power flow distribution in the proposed microgrid.

Fig. 10. DC-link voltage regulation (PI, T1FLC, and T2FLC).

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Fig. 11. Grid source current and voltage and harmonic spectrum before filtering.

Fig. 12. Grid source current and voltage and THD using the T1FLC technique. The obtained grid source currents and voltage curves associated with the THD, after
filtering based on the T2FLC technique are given in Fig. 13. From this figure, it is noted that a good waveform of the supply current was obtained in the case of the
T2FLC strategy, and this is in the three cases. Fig. 13 gives the values of THD and amplitude of fundamental (50 Hz) current, where the value of THD was estimated at
1.53, 0.57, and 4.12 for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. Therefore, the THD value is low in Case 2 compared to Cases 1 and 4. Also, the amplitude value of
the fundamental signal (50 Hz) was estimated at 8.201, 24, and 27.09 for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 4, respectively. Therefore, Case 4 presented a larger amplitude
than the amplitudes found in both Case 1 and Case 2.

(Benbouhenni et al., 2022b), modified SMC technique (Benbouhenni calculate the reference Pg, and the Pg and Qg loop to generate the
et al., 2022c), simplified super-twisting control (Benbouhenni et al., reference voltages on the DC bus. The proposed strategy is characterized
2022d), fractional-order PI controller (Benbouhenni et al., 2023b), by simplicity, ease of implementation, quick dynamic response, high
fractional-order neural control (Benbouhenni et al., 2023c), feedback PI reliability, great durability, and low cost. In this proposed strategy, the
controller (Yessef et al., 2024), synergetic-PI controller (Benbouhenni PLL strategy is used to estimate capacities, as using this strategy in­
et al., 2023d), integral synergetic control (Benbouhenni et al., 2023e), creases the robustness of the DPC strategy and the energy system stud­
and PI(1+PI) controller (Benbouhenni et al., 2023f). All of these pro­ ied. Also, using the PLL strategy contributes greatly to strengthening the
posed solutions were implemented in the MATLAB environment, where energy system, which is positive.
several different working conditions were used to highlight their effi­ The Qg reference Qg* is maintained equal to zero, thus ensuring
ciency and ability to overcome the problems of the DPC strategy. Despite operation at the unity power factor. For a balanced three-phase system:
the satisfactory results provided by these solutions, the problem of en­
ergy ripples remains. Therefore, a solution different from the solutions 3.4.1. FLC technique of DPC-SVM strategy for SAPF
mentioned above is proposed, where the T2FLC strategy is used for this There are three outputs to be controlled. It is the DC link voltage
purpose. The proposed strategy is a modification of the traditional ( vdc ), and grid Pg and Qg these outputs must follow their references vdc ∗
strategy, and both the SVM technique and two T2FLC controllers are and Pg ∗ , and Qg ∗ , respectively.
used to improve the characteristics of the DPC of the SAPF strategy. ⎧ ∗
The DPC-SVM strategy based on the FLC technique is designed to ⎨ evdc (k) = Kvdc((vdc (k) − vdc( (k − 1))
))
ePg (k) = KPg P(g ∗ (k) − Pg k − 1) (19)
control Pg and Qg exchanged with the grid, eliminate the effect of har­ ⎩
eQg (k) = Kqg Qg ∗ (k) − Qg (k)
monics, improve the power factor, and reduce power ripples and con­
stant switching frequency operation. Which consists of two control
where, Kvdc , KPg , and KQg are the normalization gains of errors.
loops, the DC link voltage loop to generate the optimal reference voltage The changes of these errors are given as:
on the DC bus and to estimate the maximum current, which is used to

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Fig. 13. Harmonic spectrum of grid source current and voltage using T2FLC technique.

Fig. 14. Reactive power compensation of the grid (Qg).

( ( ))
⎧ Δevdc (k) = KΔvdc evdc (k) − evdc k − 1 platform. The parameters used are in the Appendix. In this work, a
( ( ))
⎨ comparison is made between three different strategies: PI control,
Δepg (k) = KΔpg epg (k) − epg k − 1 (20)
⎩ ( ( )) T1FLC strategy, and T2FLC technique in terms of performance, dura­
ΔeQg (k) = KΔqg eqg (k) − eqg k − 1 bility, and effectiveness in improving the characteristics of the energy
system under study. The proposed system was tested under different
where, KΔvdc , KΔpg , and ΔKqg are the normalization gains of changein load demand and different PV radiation profiles, as shown in Figs. 7 and
errors. 8, respectively.
The FLC technique output are given by:
) 4.1. Dynamic power flow distribution
∑
N=49
idcm μB (idcm
m=1
Δidc = N=49 (21) The different elements of the proposed microgrid system (PV, bat­
∑
μB (idcm ) tery, and MVSI) are controlled by FLC algorithms. A comparative study
m=1
is conducted between two versions of them (Type 1 and 2) to improve
) the performance of the proposed system in terms of stability, conver­
∑
N=49 (
Vd,qm μB Vd,qm gence, and accuracy.
ΔVd,q = m=1
(22) Fig. 9 presents the power flow management in the proposed micro­
∑
N=49 ( )
μB Vd,qm grid system under varying irradiance and load profiles. The PV power
m=1 curve shows the maximum power extracted from PV panels, based on
MPPT-FLC algorithms. The battery power curve shows power changes
where, idc andΔidc are the DC link current and their variation, respec­
during (charges/discharges) states. The grid power curve shows the
tively.
power injection to and from the main grid. Power flow distribution in
Vd,q andΔVd,q are the voltage grid and their variation, respectively.
the proposed microgrid between generation sources and load con­
To convert these errors and their changes into linguistic variables,
sumption is divided into 04 different cases:
seven FLC sets are used. Table 1 provides the details of 49 rules to carry
out adequate control action, and each rule expresses an operating con­
1. Case 1: From t = 0 to t = 0.4 seconds, the irradiance level is low
dition in the inference system.
during the night, and the utility grid (4.2 kW) and battery (1.5 kW)
are responsible for supplying the load (5.57 KW) instead of the PV
4. Results
system. Power difference represents losses consumed in the active
filter.
The proposed microgrid system is simulated using the MATLAB

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Fig. 15. MPPT-T2FL technique.

Fig. 16. MVSI inverter based DPC-SVM strategy based on T2FLC technique.

2. Case 2: From t = 0.4 to t = 0.8 seconds, The PV generation power 4.3. Output power quality enhancement
(21.6 kW) is more than the load demand power (5.57 kW), surplus
power goes to the grid (11.6 kW) and the battery is charging A microgrid is a combination of RES, storage systems, and loads that
(4.1 kW) (the battery works in the charging mode) are connected to the grid. The quality of the energy injected into the grid
3. Case 3: From t = 0.8 to t = 1.2 seconds, The PV generation power is a function of characteristics of the precedent elements: intermittent
(10.8 KW) is equal to the load demand power (10.8 kW), and the RES generation, bi-directional battery power flow, power electronics
utility grid and battery are disconnected completely from the system. converters, and nonlinear loads. Therefore, the quality of the energy
4. Case 4: From t = 1.2 to t = 1.6 seconds, The PV generation power injected will be degraded. To satisfy international standards, we have to
(15.2 kW) is less than load demand power (33 kW), the utility grid overcome all these drawbacks by eliminating injecting harmonic
(13 kW), and battery (4.6 kW) supplies the deficiency in power currents.
generated by the PV system to the load (the battery is operating in The proposed solution is the use of a DPC strategy of MVSI with
the discharging mode). (DPC-SVM) based on FLC technique for the AC side. This control will
allow us: PV-battery Ps supply to the grid through a MVSI inverter,
4.2. DC-link voltage analysis ensure a constant DC bus voltage regulation, improve power quality,
eliminate harmonics, compensate (Qg), and guarantee unity power fac­
Due to its intermittent nature, moreover, the integration of the PV tor operation.
systems into the grid yields stability problems. Those problems can The THD is the most important power quality indicator. By inter­
affect the quality of the power supply as well as the operating system. national standards, it must be less than 5%. For the proposed solution,
Thus, for an effective microgrid system, stable DC bus voltage is we have applied two versions of FLC techniques over the 4 cases given
compulsory. In this study, the DC bus is controlled by the FLC tech­ above. The THD of the grid source current is illustrated in the following
niques. The optimized DC bus increases the stability and the VSC figures (before and after filtering).
filtering capacity of the harmonic mitigation system to generate accu­ The harmonic spectrum of grid source current before filtering is
rate reference current signals. mainly affected by the nonlinear load with a high THD equal to 25.90%
Fig. 10 illustrates dynamic regulation performance results of the DC- as depicted in Fig. 11. Also, it is noted that the amplitude of the
link voltage using T1FLC and T2FLC techniques under variable irradi­ fundamental signal (50 Hz) of current is 11.24 A, as this value is low,
ance and nonlinear load profiles. which indicates that the quality of the current before the filtration
Comparison between the proposed methods in transient and steady process is low.
states is done using performance indicators given in Table 2. One can see The obtained grid source currents and voltage curves associated with
that the proposed control strategies allowed (Vdc) to reach its reference the THD, after filtering based on the T1FLC technique are given in
value (800 V) with perfect dynamics. From Table 2, it can be concluded Fig. 12. Through this figure, it is noted that the shape of the supply
that the proposed T2FLC strategy increases the DC-link stability with stream after filtration has changed clearly and has become sinusoidal in
lower overshoot and fewer ripples. The T2FLC strategy compared with shape without distortions. Also, it is noted that the THD value in all cases
T1FLC strategy has much better dynamic performances with faster is less than the 5% recommended in the requirements of international
response time, and good accuracy with minimum SSE despite variations standards while working at the unit power factor. Moreover, we can
of irradiation and non-linear load. observe that in the case of power injection to the grid (Case 2), THD is
the best. In the other Cases (1 and 4), when the network is supplying the
load, the THD is the worst. Therefore, the THD values were 1.79%,

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Table 3 capabilities and benefits of the T2FLC strategy in various applications.

Comparison in terms of THD of current. The comparison results are presented in the table below:
Techniques T1FLC- T2FLC Ratios
5. Conclusions
T1FLC T2FLC

Case 1 1.79% 1.53% 0.26% 14.52% This paper presents robust control of microgrid-connected PV sys­
Case 2 0.75% 0.57% 0.18% 24%
Case 3 4.82% 4.12% 0.70 14.52%
tems with battery storage supplies nonlinear load. The microgrid is
designed to test the reliability and power quality improvement of the
system during different cases of operations under varying irradiance and
Table 4 load changes. The proposed FLC strategies are developed to face several
Comparison in terms of amplitude of fundamental (50 Hz) of current. challenges: maximum PV power extraction optimization, Li-ion battery
Techniques T1FLC- T2FLC Ratios storage energy management, and MVSI based on DPC-SVM strategy
control for reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering. Two
T1FLC T2FLC
types of FLC strategy are used: T1FLC strategy and T2FLC strategy. A
Case 1 8.483 A 8.201 A 0.282 A 3.32%
comparative study was carried out between them to test the robustness
Case 2 23.72 A 24 A -0.28 A -1.18%
Case 3 27.36 A 27.09 A 0.27 A 0.98% and efficiency of the proposed strategies.
Through the simulation results, it can be concluded that microgrid
achieves flexibility and reliability in the system by balancing power
0.75%, and 4.82% for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 4, respectively. Also, it is demand and generation. Power flow distribution is studied for three
noted that the amplitude of the fundamental (50 Hz) current signal in cases of generation source combinations to supply nonlinear load: grid-
the three cases was different, as its value was 8.483 A, 23.72 A, and battery, PV-only, and PV-grid-battery.
27.36 A for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. From these values, it T2FLC strategy despite T1FLC strategy gives the best results: ensures
is noted that the amplitude in Case 4 was larger than the rest of the a better optimization performance presenting a fast dynamic tracking,
amplitudes in the other cases (Figs. 13–16). and a good robustness concerning external disturbances.
In Tables 3 and 4, the T1FLC and T2FLC strategies are compared in An accurate regulation of the Vdc bus voltage, unit power factor, and
terms of the THD value and amplitude of the fundamental (50 Hz) sinusoidal waveform grid current with a good THD is effectively ach­
current. In these two tables, the reduction ratios and difference are ieved. Vdc regulation results based on the T2FLC technique show better
calculated for both THD and amplitude of fundamental (50 Hz), where stability almost with fewer ripples and overshoots, and more precision
the T2FLC strategy outperformed the T1FLC strategy in terms of with a little static error in steady state. The obtained THD values for the
reducing the THD value of the current in the three cases and this appears three cases are 1.53%, 0.57%, and 4.12% (a low THD coefficient rec­
through the reduction ratios calculated in Table 3. Accordingly, The ommended by international standards).
T2FLC strategy reduced the THD value compared to the T1FLC strategy Last but not least, as it is known, the type 2 fuzzy set allows us to
by percentages estimated at 14.52%, 24%, and 14.52% for Case 1, Case model and reduce the effects of uncertainties in the FLC rule. Unfortu­
2, and Case 3, respectively. So, it can be said that the quality of the nately, Type 2 fuzzy sets are difficult to determine the adjustment gains
current is better if the T2FLC strategy is used to control the proposed for each system regulator. Therefore, a challenge that will be addressed
energy system. In Table 4, a comparison between the two strategies is in the future using genetic algorithms, metaheuristic methods, and other
shown in terms of the amplitude of the fundamental (50 Hz) current. approaches.
From this table, it is noted that the T1FLC strategy provided a greater Finally, the proposed study can be considered as an initial work in
amplitude than the T2FLC strategy in both Case 1 and Case 3, where the the microgrid power management field, which can be improved. The
T1FLC strategy gave a greater amplitude of 3.32% and 0.98% in both future work will aim to integrate advanced energy management opti­
Case 1 and Case 3, respectively, compared to the T2FLC strategy. mization strategies.
However, in Case 2, it is noted that the T2FLC strategy provided a
greater extension than the T1FLC strategy. In this case, the T2FLC CRediT authorship contribution statement
strategy gave a greater extension of 1.18% compared to the T1FLC
strategy, which is positive. Ilhami Colak: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Supervision,
Fig. 14 represents the Qg on the grid side. We can notice that the Qg Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Naamane
are kept at zero. The proposed techniques verify the good compensation Debdouche: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
of Qg ensuring unity power factor operation. We can see also that the two Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Formal analysis. Laid
curves are very close but with less variation around zero in the case of Zarour: Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Project administration,
T2FLC strategy. Investigation, Formal analysis. Maroua Bouziane: Writing – review &
Compare the current THD value of the T2FLC strategy with other editing, Writing – original draft, Validation, Software, Resources, Proj­
control methods, and present clear evidence of T2FLC’s superiority or ect administration, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation,
advantages over alternative approaches. In addition, by presenting Conceptualization. Mehazzem Fateh: Writing – review & editing,
simulation results that demonstrate T2FLC’s achievements in terms of Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Project administra­
robustness, performance improvement, adaptability, and handling tion, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization.
higher-order uncertainties, researchers can effectively showcase the

Table 5
A comparative study of THD of current.
Techniques PI T1FLC T2FLC TOSMC (Naamane et al., STSMC (Naamane et al., BC (Debdouche et al., IBC (Debdouche et al.,
2023a) 2023a) 2023d) 2023d)

THD (%) 2.31 1.79 1.53 1.71 2.53 2.01 1.84

G=0w/m2
THD (%) 2.34 0.75 0.57 0.91 1.32 1.50 1.15
G=1000 w/
m2

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B. Maroua et al. Energy Reports 11 (2024) 3117–3134

Habib Benbouhenni: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Supervi­ interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
sion, Resources, Methodology, Formal analysis. the work reported in this paper.

Declaration of Competing Interest Data Availability

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial No data was used for the research described in the article.

Appendix

The parameters of each part of the proposed microgrid are presented in Table 6.

Table 6
Microgrid parameters.

DC microgrid

Vg 230 V
fg 50 Hz
Rg 0.01 Ω
Lg 2.5 mH
V∗dc 800 V
PV Array
Gref 1000W/m2
Tref 25℃
Voc 43.5 V
Isc 4.75 A
Vmp 34.5 V
Imp 4.35 A
Pmp 150 W
Battery
Type Li-ion
Vn 400 V
Q 100 Ah
Battery converter inductance 1 mH
Battery converter series resistance 0.05 Ω
Battery converter capacitance 4000 μF
AC load
Rl 10 mΩ
Ll 0.3 mH
Rd 51.64 Ω
Ld 83.2 mH

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