STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER b.

Getting a sum of 12 when two dice are

rolled.

RANDOM VARIABLE answer:

The event of getting a sum of 12 when two dice
-is a capacity that connects a real number
are rolled has 1 outcome: {(6,6)}. Since there are
with every component in the sample space
36 outcomes in rolling two dice, Hence, the
-set of numerical values assigned to a
1
sample space probability is .
36
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES c. Getting a heart when a card is drawn from a
a. Discrete random variables deck.
-are variables which can take on a finite
number of distinct values (countable) answer:
b. Continuous Random Variables The event of getting a heart when a card is drawn
-uncountable number of potential values, from a deck is 13. Since there are 52 cards in a
regularly measurable amounts. 13
deck, then the probability of getting a heart is
52
SAMPLE SPACE 1
or
-is a collection or a set of possible 4
outcomes of a random experiment.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
EVENT SAMPLE SPACE
2 HH, HT, TH, TT *Properties of Discrete Probability
coins Distribution
are
tossed 1. The probability of each value of the random
3 HHH, HHT, THH, THT variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1.
coins HTH, HTT, TTH, TTT In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
are 2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values
tossed of the random variable must be equal to 1. In
HHHH, HHTH, HHTT, symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1.
4 HHHT, HTHH, HTHT,
coins THTT, TTHH, HTTH, Example of Discrete Probability
are HTTT, THHH, THHT, Distribution
tossed TTTT, THTH, TTHT,
TTTH X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
PROBABILITY
@P(X=2)  ¼
-the probability is the ratio of the number
@P(X=1)  ½
of favorable outcomes to the total outcomes in
@P(X=0)  ¼
that sample space
P= @P(X<1)  P(0) = ¼
number of outcomes∈the event @P(X<0)  P(1)+P(2) = ½ + ¼ = ¾
@P(X≥1)  P(0)+P(1) = ¼ + ½= ¾
number of outcomes∈the sample space
Getting the probability of an event
MEAN , VARIANCE AND STANDARD
a. Getting an odd number in a single roll of a DEVIATION
die.
1. MEAN
answer: a. Population Mean / Expected Mean
The event of getting an odd number has three 𝜇 = ∑ x • P(x )
outcomes: 1, 3, or 5. Since there are 6 faces in a
b. Sample Mean
die, then the probability of getting an odd number
is 36 or 12. x = ∑ x • P(x )
2. VARIANCE than), subtract 1 by the obtained value
in step 3
a. Variance of a Population 4.3. When the shaded region is in between
2 2
σ =Σ ( x−u ) ⋅ P(x ) of the two z-value, subtract the biggest
2 2 2 by the smallest value obtained in step
σ =∑ x ⋅ P ( x )−u
3
b. Variance of a Sample
2 2 5. Label the shaded region and draw a
s =Σ ( x−u ) ⋅ P(x) conclusion.
2 2 2
s =∑ x P ( x )−u CONVERTING A NORMAL RANDOM
VARIABLE TO A STANDARD NORMAL
3. STANDARD DEVIATION VARIABLE AND VICE-VERSA

= √ VARIANCE x−u
z=
σ
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
x −u
1. The normal curve is bell-shaped. σ=
z
2. The curve is symmetrical about its
center. x=zσ + u
3. The mean, median, and mode
coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined u=x−zσ
by the standard deviation of the Where,
distribution. 𝑧 – standard normal score or z – score
5. The tails of the curve are plotted in 𝑥– any data value in a normal distribution
both directions and flatten out 𝜇 - mean
indefinitely along the horizontal axis. 𝜎 - standard deviation
The tails are thus asymptotic to the
baseline. POPULATION
6. The total area under a normal curve is
1. - includes all of its elements from a set
of data.
SAMPLE
- consists of one or more data drawn
from the population
RANDOM SAMPLING
- is a sampling method of choosing
representatives from the population
wherein every sample has an equal
STEPS IN FINDING THE AREA THAT chance of being selected.
CORRESPONDS TO Z –VALUE
IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENT RANDOM
1. Draw/sketch a normal curve and locate SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
the given z-value on the normal curve
I. Probability Sampling
2. Shade the region of the curve according to
the condition of z-value whether it is a. Simple random sampling
below, above, or between.
3. Use the table of the area under the normal b. Systematic random sampling
curve to find the corresponding area.
4. Choose the appropriate operation based c. Stratified random sampling.
on steps 2 and 3 d. Cluster sampling
4.1. When the z-value is to the left or any
related terms (e.g. below, less than) II. Non-probability Sampling
just write the value we obtained in step
3 a. Convenience Sampling
4.2. When the z-value is to the right or any
b. Purposive Sampling
related terms (e.g., above, greater