TE201562

SISTEM ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Happy Aprillia, S.ST., M.T., M.Eng. Ph.D.
NIPH.
N I P . 1100115031
99104112020122004
 SEMESTER OVERVIEW

1. Introduction to renewable energy technology

2. Electrical characteristics of RE to fulfill demand
3. Maximum power point tracking
4. Cost of electricity
5. PV power generation
6. Wind power generation
7. Hydropower
8. Biomass power generation
9. Wave and tidal power generation
10.Ocean thermal energy conversion
11.Geothermal energy
12. Cost benefit analysis of long-term project of renewable energy
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Hybrid Integration

• What is hybrid?
• Operation is made by combining two or more different
elements
• Why do we need hybridization?
• For increasing output
• For fulfilling demand of consumer
• Providing uninterrupted power supply
• System can design for both off-grid and on-grid
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Hybrid Power Technology

• Wind-Hydro
13.6 MW wind farm 16 MW hydroelectric
Germany‘s Swabian-Franconian Forest.
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Hybrid Power Technology

• Solar-Wind-Battery
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Hybrid Power Technology

• Solar-Wind-Fuel Cell
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Hybrid Power Technology

• Solar-Wind-Diesel
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Components of Hybrid Power Technology

•Diesel genset
• Diesel Gensets provide energy through fuel consumption.
• They are most of the time used in poor-grid (recurring power outage) or off-grid sites as a
backup or the main energy resource.
• Their operating cost is high because of the constant need for fuel to power all the connected
equipment but can even increase because of the fuel cost which fluctuates.
•Energy System management (EMS)
• The eOS system is an EMS which can be used to monitor, control, and optimize the
performance of the generation or transmission system, being the bridge between the PV
systems, the gensets and loads.
• The ePowerControl can not only ensure maximum security but also minimizes CO2 emissions,
fuel and maintenance costs.
• The ePowerMonitor enables the user to monitor their installations and to analyze the current
load and grid condition.
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Components of Hybrid Power Technology

•Photovoltaic system
• A photovoltaic array is the complete power-generating unit, consisting of any number of PV
modules and panels.
• PV panels are designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source of energy for generating
electricity.
• They use the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology that converts solar radiation into direct current.
• 93-97% efficient in the conversion
•Solar inverters
• A solar inverter is one of the most important elements of the solar electric power system.
• It converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into the
alternating 240V current (AC).
•Batteries
• Batteries can be added to store the excess energy provided by the PV system.
• Thus being used when there is a lack of or no PV production.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Components of Hybrid Power Technology

Size/Capacity

Energy Capture How many PV panels needs?

RE Plant What is the generator and turbine?
Technology

What is the type of converter?

Controller What is the V, I, 𝜃 to maximize the power?
How to maximize the current to charge battery?

How many batteries are needed?

Energy Storage What is the allowed battery’s DOD?
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan PV Panel Kyocera
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Why do we need MPPT Charger Controller?

• Consider solar panel Kyocera KC 130.

• It is rated 7.39 A at 17.6 V and its power output is 130 W
• Panel puts out 7.39 A and battery charges under 12 V
• Harvested Power is 7.39 A * 12 V = 89 W
 Panel power capacity 130 W
• PV panel is under-utilized by 130 W – 89 W = 41 W
• To overcome this loss, we need MPPT charger controller

7.39 A 10.8 A
130 W CONTROLLER 130 W
17.6 V 12 V
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Example

• Total load : 1000 W

Solar Panel?
• Assumed that period of operation (duration) = 12 hours/day
• Total energy Watt-hour = 1000 W x 12 hours/day = 12000 Wh
• Period of PV panel exposed to sun = 8 hours (between 9am to 3pm)
• Wattage panel needed  12000 Wh/8 h = 1500 W
• Meaning that 1500 W - PV panel will be necessary to the design
• Assumed that 150 W – solar panel is used;
• We need 1500 W / 150 W = 10 panel
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Example

• Total load : 1000 W

Charging controllers?
• Power supply : P = VI
• Where I is the expected charging current , V is the voltage of the
battery, and P is the power supply rating
• Supposed, V = 12 V, as the P = total load = 1000 W,
• Hence, I = P/V = 1000 W/ 12 V = 83 A
• The charging controllers rating should be 83 A, 12 V, 1000 W
• Need to check in the market
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Example

• Total load : 1000 W

Battery?
• Assumed, operational period = 12 hours
• Energy capacity = 1000 W x 12 hours = 12000 Wh
• As a concern of battery’s lifetime, battery’s State of Charge (SOC)
should be 75% (below 75% this battery shouldn’t be discharged)
• Battery capacity will be: 12000 x 4 = 48000 Wh
• The choice of battery hour depends on Ah rating of battery
• E.g. 1500 Ah, 12 V battery, no of battery we need :
48000 Wh/1500 Ah = 32 batteries
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan What is MPPT?

• The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power

from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage
(maximum power point).
• MPPT checks output of PV module,
• compares it to battery voltage
• then fixes what is the best power that PV module can produce to
charge the battery and converts it to the best voltage to get
maximum current into battery.
• It can also supply power to a DC load, which is connected directly to
the battery.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan What is MPPT?

• The Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a high-frequency DC to DC converter.

• They take the DC input from the solar panels, change it to high-frequency AC,
and convert it back down to a different DC voltage and current to exactly match
the panels to the batteries.
• MPPT's operate at very high audio frequencies, usually in the 20-80 kHz range.
• The advantage of high-frequency circuits is that they can be designed with very high-
efficiency transformers and small components.
• The design of high-frequency circuits can be very tricky because of the problems
with portions of the circuit "broadcasting" just like a radio transmitter causing
radio and TV interference.
• Noise isolation and suppression becomes very important.
• Charge controllers for solar panels need a lot more smarts as light and temperature
conditions vary continuously all day long, and battery voltage changes
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan What is the target of MPPT?

• Cold weather, solar panels work better at cold temperatures

 will panels produce more power ?
• Low battery charge, the SOC of battery is lower too
 how to deal with it?
• Long wire runs, location of PV panel and battery is faraway
 how to deal with it?
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan Example

• An MPPT tracks the maximum power point, which is going to be different

from the STC (Standard Test Conditions) rating under almost all situations.
• Under very cold conditions a 120-watt panel is actually capable of putting
over 130+ watts because the power output goes up as panel temperature goes
down
• But if you don't have some way of tracking that power point, you are
going to lose it.
• On the other hand under very hot conditions, the power drops - you lose
power as the temperature goes up.
• That is why you get less gain in summer.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan

MPPT – Solar Power

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?

Solar Tracker

M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. Fazal, M. Asghar, M. Bilal and R. Asghar,

"Implementation of improved Perturb & Observe MPPT technique with
confined search space for standalone photovoltaic system", Journal of King
Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 2018. Available:
10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006 [Accessed 6 October 2020].
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?

Perturb & Observe algorithm (P&O)

[Deepak Hari M et al., International Journal of Innovative Works in Engineering and Technology (IJIWET) Vol. (3), No. (2): April 2017
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?

Perturb & Observe algorithm (P&O)

M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. Fazal, M. Asghar, M. Bilal and R.

Asghar, "Implementation of improved Perturb & Observe MPPT
technique with confined search space for standalone photovoltaic
system", Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences,
2018. Available: 10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006 [Accessed 6 October
2020].
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?

DC-DC Converter
• Normally, for battery system voltage is equal or less than 48 V, buck
converter is useful. On the other hand, if battery system voltage is
greater than 48 V, boost converter should be chosen.
• Boost converter is power converter which DC input voltage is less
than DC output voltage. That means PV input voltage is less than the
battery voltage in system.
• Buck converter is power converter which DC input voltage is greater
than DC output voltage. That means PV input voltage is greater than
the battery voltage in system.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT?

M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. Fazal, M. Asghar, M. Bilal and R.

Asghar, "Implementation of improved Perturb & Observe MPPT
technique with confined search space for standalone photovoltaic
system", Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences,
2018. Available: 10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006 [Accessed 6 October
2020].
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan How do we model an MPPT? Matlab Simulink
MATLAB
Simulink
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power Module in PSIM

PV Modules in Series
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power

PV Modules in Parallel
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – PV Power
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan

MPPT – Wind Power

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

• Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can be realized in the

RSC control by adjusting the power or torque command of
DFIG.
• A RSC is connected to the rotor circuit. Therefore, the rotor
currents should also be regulated to avoid overcurrent in
the RSC.
• In that sense, we can reason that the inner current control
for a RSC should be the rotor current control,
• While the outer control should be the real power (torque)
and reactive power (ac voltage) control.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

• Suppose that the total power from the DFIG will be controlled.
• The command of the total power will be generated through the
MPPT control block.
• The input of the control block is the rotor speed ωm.
• Through the lookup table, the optimum power
corresponding to this speed will be generated.
• This power will be passed to the outer power control block as
the power command.
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

• Rotating Speed (𝜔)

• Mechanical Power (Pm)
• Generated Electrical
Power (Pe)
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

maximum power curve Pe

• Suppose that the wind speed
Mechanical power

is 9 m/s, the wind generator

has a rotating speed lower
than the optimum speed.
• Point A = the operating point,
• Point B = the optimum operating
point
𝑃𝑚−𝐵
A
• Due to the MPPT lookup table, the
B generated power command (Point
𝑃𝑚−𝐴′ A’
A’) will be less than the current
mechanical power.
𝜔𝐴 < 𝜔𝐵
𝑃𝑚−𝐴 >𝑃𝑒𝐴
𝑃𝑒−𝐴 ≈ 𝑃𝑒−𝐴′ <𝑃𝑒𝐵
𝜔𝐵
𝜔𝐴 Rotating speed
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

• Assuming that the power

maximum power curve Pe
control dynamics are very
Mechanical power

fast, the wind turbine now

endures a power unbalance:
• The mechanical power is greater
than the electric power.
• The rotor will speed up until Point B
is reached.
𝑃𝑚−𝐵
A • At Point B, the mechanical power
B
A’ and the electric power command
𝑃𝑚−𝐴′
match each other.

𝑃𝑚−𝐴 >𝑃𝑒𝐴 𝑃𝑚−𝐴 =𝑃𝑒𝐴

𝜔𝐴
𝜔𝐵
Rotating speed 𝜔𝐴 → 𝜔𝐵 : 𝑃𝑚−𝐴 =𝑃𝑒𝐴
 TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

• Similarly, when the wind

maximum power curve Pe
turbine operates at a
Mechanical power

rotating speed greater than

the optimum speed,
• Point C, according to MPPT look up
table, the power command should
C’ be the same at Point C’.
• The electric power is now greater
C than the mechanical power.
B
A’ • The rotor should slow down until
the operating point reaches B.

𝜔𝐶 > 𝜔𝐵
𝑃𝑚−𝐴 =𝑃𝑒𝐴 𝑃𝑚−𝐴 <𝑃𝑒𝐴
𝜔𝐵
𝜔𝑐 Rotating speed
TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Tip speed ratio control scheme.

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Power signal feedback scheme

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Wind power with Doubly Fed Induction Generator

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Wind Turbine Model and PMSG

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Wind Turbine Model and PMSG

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan MPPT – Wind Power

Perturb & Observe algorithm (P&O)

TE201562 – Sistem Energi Baru Terbarukan