CHEMISTRY PROJECT FILE

BY
ADITYA SHARMA
XI-A
Session-2023-2024
Arunodaya Public School
Roll No:-4
Study of Diffusion of Solids in Liquids
 Index

❑ Certificate

❑ Acknowledgement

❑ Introduction

❑ Objective

❑ Experiment 1

❑ Experiment 2

❑ Experiment 3

❑ Result

❑ Bibliography
 Certificate

This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work
has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been completely solely,
sincerely and satisfactory by ADITYA SHARMA of Class XI-A, Arunodaya
Public School, Karkardooma, Regarding the project titled “STUDY OF
DIFFUSION OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS”

Teacher’s Signature:-
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank to Ms. Satinder Pal in providing and

helping hand in completion of this project timely. Due to
there guidance, support and supervision, all through this
project are responsible for attaining its present form.

I would also like to thank my parents as they encourage me

to put forward my project.
 Introduction

When substances are brought in contact with each other they intermix, this property is
known as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and
to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion with
each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids
takes place at a very slow rate.
If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some portion of the
solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as dissolution of a solid in liquid and
this process has taken place due to the diffusion of solid particles into liquid.
A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable composition. The substance
present in the major proportion is called the solvent, whereas the substance present in the
minor proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several
solutes. The process of a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution.
Many common mixtures (like concrete) are heterogeneous-the components and properties of
such mixtures are not distributed uniformly throughout their structures. Conversely, solutions
are said to be homogeneous because they have uniform composition and properties. Solutions
are intimate and random homogeneous mixtures of atomic-size chemical species, ions, or
molecules.
In addition to their observed homogeneity, true solutions also have certain
other characteristics. For example, components of a solution never separate
spontaneously, even when a significant density difference exists between
the components. Solutions also pass through the finest filters unchanged.
Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision
between molecules of solute and that of the solvent. It is this physical
interaction between solute- solvent particles that leads to diffusion.
The components of a solution distribute themselves in a completely random
manner, given sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar dropped into a
glass of water dissolves, and eventually molecules of sugar can be found
randomly distributed throughout the water, even though no mechanical stirri
ng has been employed. This phenomenon, called diffusion, is similar to the
process of diffusion that occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar (as well as
those of water) must be in constant motion in the solution. In the case of
liquid solutions, the sugar molecules do not move very far before they
encounter other molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less rapid than
diffusion in a gas.
In general, three major factors-pressure, temperature, and the nature of
the solute and solvent-influence the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Not
all these factors are equally important in a specific instance.
► AIM:-To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in
contact with water (liquid)
► Requirements:- Copper sulphate (CuSO4) crystals, 100 mL
beaker
► Procedure:-
□ 1)Take about two grams of copper sulphate crystals in
100 mL beaker.
□ 2)Add about 50 mL of water and allow it to stand for few
minutes.
□ 3)Note the development of blue colour in water.
□ 4)Allow to stand further till it is observed that all
copper sulphate disappears.
□ 5)Note the blue colour change in water.
Conclusion:- When solids such as copper sulphate are brought
in contact with liquids such as water, intermingling of
substances, i.e., diffusion takes place.
 Objective

To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the following

factors:
► Temperature: As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of
the particles increases. Thus, the speed of particles also
increases, which in turn increases the rate of diffusion.
► Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases, rate of
diffusion decreases. This is because the particles become less
mobile in the solvent.
► Mass of the particle: As the mass of the particle increases, the
rate of diffusion decreases; as the particle becomes less
mobile.
 Experiment 1

► AIM:-To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in

liquids.
► Requirements:- Copper sulphate (CuSO4) crystals, three 100 mL beakers,
watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer, stopwatch.
► Procedure:-
□ Take five gram of copper sulphate each in three beakers.
□ Pour 100 mL of distilled water slowly in one of the beaker
□ Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
□ Pour 100 mL of cold water in a second beaker slowly.
□ Place a third beaker containing 100 mL of water on a tripod stand for
heating.
□ Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers.
□ Record of copper sulphate the time taken for the dissolution of copper
sulphate in all the three cases.
 Experiment 2

► AIM:-To the effect of mass and size on the rate of diffusion of solids in
liquids.
► Requirements:- Graduated 100 mL measuring cylinders, copper
sulphate (CuSO4) crystals of different sizes, stopwatch.
► Procedure:-
□ Add 50 mL of water to each of the three cylinders.
□ Take five gram each of big size, medium size, small size crystals of
copper sulphate, and add them separately in three cylinders.
□ Allow to them to stand for some time.
□ Note the time taken for blue colour to reach any fixed mark in each
of the cylinders and note the observations.
 Experiment 3

► AIM:-To the effect of size on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids.

► Requirements:- Graduated 100 mL measuring cylinders, copper
sulphate (CuSO4) crystals of different sizes, stopwatch.
► Procedure:-
□ Add 50 mL of water to each of the three cylinders.
□ Take five gram each of big size, medium size, small mass crystals of
copper sulphate, and add them separately in three cylinders.
□ Allow to them to stand for some time.
□ Note the time taken for blue colour to reach any fixed mark in each
of the cylinders and note the observations.
 Observation

Effect of Temperature on diffusion:-

S. No. Temperature of Water Time Taken to Diffuse

1 10 °C 18 minutes
2 25°C 15 minutes
3 70°C 7 minutes

Effect of Size and Mass on diffusion:-

S.NO. Crystal Size Time taken to Diffuse

1 Big 19 minutes
2 Medium 13 minutes
3 Small 5 minutes
-
 Conclusion

Depends on size and mass:-

The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below:
Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1
Thus, smaller particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles

Depends on temperature
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below:
Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1

Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

 Result

□ When solids such as copper sulphate are brought in contact

with liquids such as water, intermingling of substances, i.e.,
diffusion takes place.

□ The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

□ Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger

particles.
 Bibliography

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