Unit 8: Chemical Bonding- Ionic ● Exceptions in which an atom has only

The Stability of Noble Gases has two electrons in its valence shell:
● the noble gases are the chemical ○ helium, hydrogen, lithium
elements in group 18 of the periodic ● ways in which atoms can satisfy the
table octet rule
● the most stable due to having the ○ by sharing valence electrons
maximum number of valence electrons with other atoms
● rarely react with other elements ○ by transferring valence
because they are already stable electrons from one atomto
● they conduct electricity, fluoresce, another
odorless, and colorless Exceptions to the Octet Rule
● used in many conditions when a stable 1. The Incomplete Octet
element is needed to maintain a safe ● Hydrogen and Lithium
and constant environment ○ many atoms below the atomic
● the noble gases are arranged according number 20 often form
to their boiling point compounds that do not follow
● widely used in different fields from the octet rule
incandescent lighting to excimer lasers ○ with the duet (two) rule of the
● Noble Gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, first principal level, Helium only
Krypton, Xenon, and Radon has two electrons in its outer
● previously referred to as inert gases - level
not extremely accurate because several ○ Hydrogen only needs one
take part in chemical reactions additional electron to attain its
● only krypton, xenon, and radon have stable configuration, through
the ability to form stable compounds covalent sharing or becoming
(used as oxidizing agents) the hydride ion (H-)
● noble gases have the largest ionization ○ Lithium needs to lose one
potential among the elements of each electron by combining ionically
period with other elements
Octet Rule ● Boron and Aluminum
● by American chemist Gilbert Lewis ○ a variety of molecules in which
● “atoms tend to form compounds in there are too few electrons to
ways that give them eight valence provide an octet for every atom
electrons and thus the electron ○ Boron and aluminum (group III
configuration of a noble gas” or 13) display different bonding
● metal atoms tend to lose all their behavior- they obey the sextet
valence electrons; nonmetal atoms tend rule
to gain electrons in order to fill their Ion
outermost principal energy level ● an atom that has gained or lost one or
● Lewis Electron Dot Structure(LEDS)- more electrons
used to show a model of the octet rule ● cation- atom that has lost a valence
electrons and is positively charged
 ● anion- atom that has gained a valence ○ each ion must obey the octet
electron and is negatively charged rule for maximum stability
● metal atoms- lose electrons and ○ ions will combine in a way that
become positively charged the overall ionic compound will
● non-metal atoms- gain electrons and be neutral
become negatively charged Writing the Chemical Formula of an Ionic
● polyatomic ions- a group of atoms that Compound
behaves as a unit and carries a net ● apply the crisscross formula
electrical ion ● write the formula of the cation first,
Charges on Ions followed by the formula of the anion
● the number of charges on an ion ● the formula should indicate the smallest
formed by a metal is equal to the group number of cation and anion units that
number of the metal should be combined to give an overall
● the number of charges on an ion charge of ions
formed by a non-metal is equal to the Naming Ionic Compounds
group number minus eight ● separate the formula of the cation from
“The atom and thre molecule” the anion and determine the charge of
● written by American scientist Gilbert N. each ion
Lewis (1916) ● write the name of the cation first, then
● he outlined a number of important the name of the anion
concepts regarding bonding that are still ● add -ide at the end of the anion
used today as working models of Properties of Ionic Compounds
electron arrangement at the atomic ● ionic (electrovalent) compounds
level ● relate to how strongly the positive and
● Lewis developed a theory about negative ions attract each other
bonding based on the valence electrons ● Properties exhibited by ionic
in an atom compounds:
● Lewis suggested that a chemical bond ○ they form crystals
was formed when two atoms shared a ■ Ionic crystals form
pair electrons (later renamed a covalent crystal lattices rather
bond by Irving Langmuir) than amorphous solids
Ionic Bonds ○ they have high melting and
● ionic bonding is when electrons are boiling points
transferred from one atom to another ■ a lot of energy is
● usually happens when a metal atom required to melt ionic
bonds with a non-metal atom compounds or cause
● takes place when the difference in them to boil
electronegativity is more than 1.7 ○ they have higher enthalpies of
● the two atoms are attracted to each fusion and vaporization than
other by electrostatic forces molecular compounds
Determining the Formula of an Ionic Compound ■ enthalpy of fusion- the
● Two conditions must be satisfied: heat required to melt a
 single mole of a solid well because the ions
under constant are tightly bound to
pressure each other
■ enthalpy of
vaporization- the heat
required to vaporize a
single mole of a liquid
compound under
constant pressure
■ ionic compounds have
enthalpies of fusion and
vaporization of 10 to
100 times higher than
molecular compounds
○ they’re hard and brittle
■ they’re hard because
the positive and
negative ions are
strongly attracted to
each other and difficult
to separate
■ they’re brittle because
the electrostatic
repulsion can split the
crystal when ionic
compounds are put
under pressure
○ they usually dissolve in water
and are insoluble in oil, petrol,
kerosene, etc
○ they conduct electricity when
dissolved in water
■ ions dissociated in
water are free to
conduct electric charge
through the solution
■ molten ionic
compounds (salts) also
conduct electricity
○ they’re good insulators
■ ionic solids do not
conduct electricity very