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Chapter 7 Exercises

The document discusses virtual circuit networks including Frame Relay and ATM networks. It provides answers to 11 questions about the differences between SVCs and PVCs, multiplexing, UNIs and NNIs, the relationship between TPs, VPs and VCs, calculating DLCIs from Frame Relay addresses, determining valid Frame Relay addresses, calculating cell rates from data rates in AAL1, and calculating the minimum and maximum number of cells resulting from packets in AAL3/4 and AAL5.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
92 views4 pages

Chapter 7 Exercises

The document discusses virtual circuit networks including Frame Relay and ATM networks. It provides answers to 11 questions about the differences between SVCs and PVCs, multiplexing, UNIs and NNIs, the relationship between TPs, VPs and VCs, calculating DLCIs from Frame Relay addresses, determining valid Frame Relay addresses, calculating cell rates from data rates in AAL1, and calculating the minimum and maximum number of cells resulting from packets in AAL3/4 and AAL5.

Uploaded by

arrganten
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Virtual-Circuit Networks:

Frame Relay and ATM


exercises

1. Compare an SVC with a PVc


Ans:
In a PVC, two end systems are connected permanently through
a virtual connection. In a SVC, a virtual circuit needs to be
established each time an end system wants to be connected with
another end system.

2. Why is multiplexing more efficient if all the data units are the
same size?
Ans:
If data packets are different sizes there might be variable
delays in delivery.

3. How does an NNI differ from a UNI?


Ans:
A UNI (user network interface) connects a user access device to
a switch inside the ATM network, while an NNI (network to
network interface) connects two switches or two ATM
networks.

4. What is the relationship between TPs, VPs, and VCs?


Ans:
A TP (transmission path) is the physical connection between a
user and a switch or between two switches. It is divided into
several VPs (virtual paths), which provide a connection or a set
of connections between two switches. VPs in turn consist of
several VCs (virtual circuits) that logically connect two points
together.
5. The address field of a Frame Relay frame is
1011000000010111. What is the DLCI (in decimal)?
Ans:
We first need to look at the EA bits. In each byte, the EA bit is
the last bit (the eight bit from the left). If EA bit is 0, the
address ends at the current byte; if it 1, the address continues
to the next byte.
Address → 10110000 00010111
The first EA bit is 0 and the second is 1. This means that the
address is only two bytes (no address extension). DLCI is only
10 bits, bits 1 to 6 and 9 to 12 (from left).
Address → 10110000 00010111
DLCI → 1011000001 → 705

6. The address field of a Frame Relay frame is


101100000101001. Is this valid?
Ans:
The address field in Frame Relay is 16 bits. The address
given is only 15 bits. It is not valid.

7. Find the DLCI value if the first 3 bytes received is 7C 74 E1


in hexadecimal.
Ans:
We first need to look at the EA bits. In each byte, the EA bit
is the last bit (the eight bit from the left). If the EA bit is 0,
the address ends at the current byte; if it 1, the address
continues to the next byte.
Address → 0x7C74E1 → 01111100 01110100 11100001

The first two EA bit are 0s and the last is 1. This means that
the address is three bytes (address extension). DLCI is 16
bits, bits 1 to 6, 9 to 12, and 17 to 22.
Address → 01111100 01110100 111000
DLCI → 0111110111111000 → 32248
8. Find the value of the 2-byte address field in hexadecimal if
the DLCI is 178. Assume no congestion.
Ans:
We first change the number 178 to 10-bit binary
0010110010. We then add separate DLCI into a 6-bit and a
4-bit and add extra bits. Note that the first EA bit is 0; the
second is 1.
DLCI → 0010110010
Address → 00101100 00100001 → 0x2C21

9. An AAL1 layer receives data at 2 Mbps. How many cells are


created per second by the ATM layer?
Ans:
In AAL1, each cell carries only 47 bytes of user data. This
means the number of cells sent per second can be calculated
as [(2,000,000/8)/47] ≈ 5319.15.

10. What is the minimum number of cells resulting from an


input packet in the AAL3/4 layer? What is the maximum
number of cells resulting from an input packet?
Ans:
a. The minimum number of cells is 1. This happens when the
data size ≤ 36 bytes. Padding is added to make it exactly 36
bytes. Then 8 bytes of header creates a data unit of 44 bytes
at the SAR layer.
b. The maximum number of cells can be determined from the
maximum number of data units at the CS sublayer. If we
assume no padding, the maximum size of the packet is 65535
+ 8 = 65543. This needs 65543 / 44 ≈ 1489.61. The maximum
number of cells is 1490. This happens when the data size is
between 65,509 and 65,535 (inclusive) bytes. We need to add
between 17 to 43 (inclusive) bytes of padding to make the
size 65552 bytes. The 8 byte overhead at the CS layer makes
the total size 65560 which means 1490 data units of size 44.
11. What is the minimum number of cells resulting from an
input packet in the AAL5 layer? What is the maximum
number of cells resulting from an input packet?
Ans:
a. The minimum number of cells is 1. This happens when the
data size ≤ 40 bytes. Padding is added to make it exactly 40
bytes. Then 8 bytes of header creates a data unit of 48 bytes
at the SAR layer.
b. The maximum number of cells is 1366. It can be determined
from the maximum number of data units at the CS sublayer.
If we assume no padding, the maximum size of the packet is
65535 + 8 = 65543. This needs 65543 / 48 ≈ 1365.48 or 1366
cells. This happens when the data size is between 65,513 and
65,535 (inclusive) bytes. We need to add between 25 to 47
(inclusive) bytes of padding to make the size 65560 bytes.
The 8 byte overhead at the CS layer makes the total size
65568 which means 1366 data unit of size 48.

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