REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - II

CHAPTER ONE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Introduction
• Columns are vertical or inclined compression members used for
transferring superstructure load to the foundation.
• Therefore, columns are members that are subjected to axial compressive
load and bending moments.
• The bending effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or
due to eccentricity of the axial loads.
• In typical cases, columns are usually rectangular, square, or circular in
shape. Other sections such as elliptical, octagonal, etc are also possible.

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Classification of Columns
Columns can be classified on the basis of different criteria, such as:
a) Based on horizontal loads transmission
b) Based on type of reinforcement provided
c) Based on type of load applied
d) Based on the slenderness ratio

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 Classification of Columns
Based on horizontal loads transmission
• Based on how the horizontal loads are transmitted from the super structure to the
foundation, concrete columns are classified as braced (non-sway) or un-braced (sway)

a) Braced columns (in non-sway frames): b) Un-braced columns (in sway frames):
lateral loads in a frame are transmitted frame action is used to resist horizontal
to the foundation through a system of loads (lateral loads due to wind or
bracing or shear walls earthquake) 4
 Classification of Columns
Based on type of reinforcement

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 Classification of Columns
Based on type of load
• Based on the type of load applied on the column, columns can be classif ie d as pure Axial
(concentric) column, uniaxial eccentric column and Biaxial eccentric column.

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 Classification of Columns
Based on slenderness ratio
• Based on the basis of the slenderness ratio columns may be classified as short
or long (slender), i.e.:

 If λ < λlim, the columns are classified as Stocky (Short) Columns.

 If λ ≥ λlim, the columns are classified as Slender (Long) Columns.

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Column Design Process

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Actions/Loads on the Columns

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Geometric Imperfections

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Geometric Imperfections
Examples of Isolated Members

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Slenderness

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Effective length

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Effective length & k factors

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Effective length & Slenderness

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Slenderness limit

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Slenderness limit
Factor C

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Slenderness limit
Factor C

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Design Moments

 If λ < λlim, the columns

are classified as Stocky
(Short) Columns.
 Therefore, in the design
moment - 1st order
moments and effects of
imperfections are
considered.
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Design Moments
 If λ ≥ λlim, the columns are classified as Slender (Long) Columns.
 Therefore, in the design moment - 1st order moments, effects of imperfections
and 2nd order moments are considered.
 The methods of analysis include a general method, for 2nd order effects based
on non-linear second order analysis and the following two simplified methods:
 Method based on nominal stiffness
 Method based on nominal curvature

 This method is primarily suitable for isolated members with constant

normal force and def ined effective length. The method gives a nominal
second order moment based on a def lection, which in turn is based on
the effective length and an estimated maximum curvature.
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Design Moments
Nominal Curvature Method

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Design Moments
Nominal Curvature Method - Second order moment

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Design Moments
Moments in Slender Columns

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Design Moments
Moments in Slender Columns

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Section Design: Bending with/without Axial Load

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Biaxial Bending

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Biaxial Bending - for a rectangular column

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Details/Detailing

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Details/Detailing

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Worked Example
The suspended slabs (including the ground f loor slab) are 250 mm thick f la t
slabs at 4000 mm vertical centers. If all columns are 300 mm square between
ground and 4th f loors, design the edge (perimeter) column A2 between 1st and
2nd floors for bending about axis parallel to line 2 using the following data:-
Design Data:
 Axial load: 1620 kN
 Top Moment: 38.5 kNm
 Bottom Moment: - 38.5 kNm
 Nominal cover: 30 mm
 The diameter of main bar and link bar are 20 mm
and 8 mm respectively
 The material used for construction are C30/37 and
S500 grade concrete and steel respectively
 Elastic modulus is the same for column and slab

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Typical Floor Plan
Worked Example

38.5 kNm

38.5 kNm

Forces in Column A2
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Solution - Effective length & Slenderness

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Solution - Slenderness limit

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Solution - Design moment
For a stocky column, Design moment
MEd = Max{M02, e0NEd}
ei = l0/400 = 2290/400 = 5.7 mm
where: NEd = 1620 kN
M02 = Max{|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + eiNEd ei NEd = 1620 × 0.0057 = 9.3 kNm
= 38.5 + 9.3 = 47.8 kNm
Minimum moment
e0NEd
e0 = max[h/30; 20] = max[300/30; 20] = 20 mm
e0NEd = 0.02 × 1620 = 32.4 kNm
Therefore, Design moment is:
MEd = Max{M02, e0NEd} = Max{47.8, 32.4} = 47.8 kNm

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Solution - Determine As
Using design charts:
Require d2/h to determine which chart(s) to use:
d2 = Cnom + link + φ / 2 = 30 + 8 + 20/2 = 48 mm
d2/h = 48 / 300 = 0.16

∴ Assuming 4 bars and interpolating between

d2/ h = 0.15 and 0.20 Centroid of bars
in half section

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Solution - Determine As

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Solution - Determine As

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Solution - Determine As
As fyk / bh fck = 0.224 by interpolation
As = 0.224 × 3002 × 30 / 500 = 1209.60 mm2
Use 4 φ 20 (As,prov = 1260 mm2)

Link bar diameter Link bar spacing

= max (8; φmax/4) mm = min {12 φmin; 0.6b ; 240} mm
= max (8; 20/4) mm = min {12 * 20; 0.6 * 300 ; 240} mm
= max (8; 5) mm = min {240; 180 ; 240} mm
Use φ8 mm bar as link Provide φ8 @ 175 mm c/c link spacing
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Solution - Details/Detailing
 h ≤ 4b (otherwise a walmm
300 mm ≤ 4 × 300 mm OK!
 φmin ≥ 12 mm
20 mm ≥ 12 mm OK!
 As,min = 0.10NEd/fyd ≥ 0.002 Ac
As,min = (0.10 × 1620 × 103)/(500/1.15) ≥ 0.002 × 3002
As,min = 372.60 mm2 < As,prov = 1260 mm2 OK!
 As,max = 0.04 Ac = 0.04 × 3002 = 3600 mm2
As,max = 3600 mm2 > As,prov = 1260 mm2 OK!
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 Solution - Design summary

4 φ 20

φ 8 @ 175 mm
c/c

Often the analysis and design would have to be undertaken for

the other axis and where necessary checked for biaxial bending:
in this case neither is critical 40