Basics biochemistry 1

Practice 1
 ▪ Reagent bottles are containers used to store and
transport chemicals, solvents, and other laboratory
reagents. They are designed to keep the contents of the
Reagent bottles bottle safe and secure, while also making it easy to access
them when needed.
▪ Reagent bottles come in a variety of sizes and shapes,
depending on the specific application they will be used
for.
▪ Glass bottles are often preferred for their durability and
ability to withstand high temperatures, while plastic bottles
are more lightweight and shatter-resistant.
▪ Reagent bottles may also come with a variety of closure
types, such as screw caps, snap caps, and cork stoppers.
▪ It is important to label reagent bottles with the name of the
reagent and any necessary safety information, such as
hazards or storage requirements, to ensure safe handling
and use.
 ▪ Test tubes are cylindrical laboratory vessels with a
Test tubes rounded bottom and an open top, used to hold, mix, heat,
and store liquids and other substances in a laboratory
setting.

▪ Test tubes are typically made of glass or plastic and come

in various sizes, with a range of capacities from a few
milliliters to several hundred milliliters.

▪ They are commonly used for a variety of purposes such as

holding and mixing solutions, conducting chemical
reactions, and storing samples.

▪ Test tubes are also used in procedures such as heating,

cooling, and centrifugation.
 ▪ Flasks are laboratory vessels with a wide body and a
Flasks narrow neck, used for mixing, heating, and storing
liquids and other substances.

▪ There are various types of flasks such as Erlenmeyer

flasks, Florence flasks, and volumetric flasks, which
are used for different purposes in a laboratory setting.
▪ Some flasks are made of glass, while others are made of
plastic or stainless steel. They come in a range of sizes
and shapes and are commonly used in chemistry,
biology, and other sciences.
 ▪ Erlenmeyer flasks are laboratory vessels that have a
conical shape with a flat bottom and a narrow neck,
1. Erlenmeyer flasks used for mixing, heating, and storing liquids and other
substances in a laboratory setting.
▪ They are named after the German chemist Emil
Erlenmeyer, who developed them in the 19th century.

▪ They are widely used in chemistry, biology, and other

sciences for various purposes such as mixing
solutions, conducting chemical reactions, and
storing samples.

▪ The wide base of the flask provides stability, while the

narrow neck allows for easy pouring and the addition of
chemicals or other substances.
2. Florence flasks/boiling flasks ▪ Florence flask is a type of flask used as an item of
laboratory glassware and is named after the city
Florence.

▪ It is used as a container to hold liquids. A Florence flask

has a round body, a long neck, and often a flat bottom.
▪ It is designed for uniform heating, boiling,
distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a
number of different glas thicknesses to stand different
types of use.

▪ They are often made of borosilicate glass for heat and

chemical resistance.
 ▪ Volumetric flasks are laboratory vessels that are
designed to contain a specific volume of liquid to a high
3. Volumetric flasks
degree of accuracy. They are shaped like Erlenmeyer
flasks, with a conical shape and a narrow neck, but have
a much more precise volume measurement.

▪ The neck of the flask is marked with a graduation line

that indicates the volume of liquid contained within.

▪ Volumetric flasks are widely used in chemistry and

other sciences to measure and prepare precise
volumes of solutions.
 ▪ Beakers are cylindrical laboratory vessels with a wide
opening and a flat bottom, used for mixing, heating, and
Beakers storing liquids and other substances in a laboratory
setting.
▪ The wide opening of the beaker makes it easy to add
and remove substances, while the flat bottom provides
stability.
▪ Beakers are also commonly used in procedures such as
heating, cooling, and centrifugation.
▪ Unlike volumetric flasks, beakers are not designed for
precise volume measurement.
 ▪ Burettes are laboratory tools used to dispense precise and accurate
volumes of liquid in a controlled manner. They are commonly used in
analytical chemistry and are essential for titration experiments.
▪ Burettes come in different sizes, shapes, and types, but they all work
on the same basic principle: using gravity to dispense a precise
Burettes volume of liquid from a graduated tube.
▪ Burettes are typically made of glass or plastic and are long, thin tubes
with a stopcock or valve at the bottom. The stopcock controls the flow
of liquid from the burette and allows for precise dispensing of liquid
in small increments. The burette is usually mounted vertically on a
stand, and the liquid being dispensed is typically contained in a flask
or beaker below the burette.
▪ To use a burette, the user first fills it with the liquid to be dispensed
and then allows the excess liquid to drain out until the meniscus (the
curved surface of the liquid in the tube) reaches the desired starting
point. The liquid is then dispensed by slowly opening the stopcock,
allowing the liquid to flow out in a controlled manner. The volume of
liquid dispensed is read from the graduated markings on the side of
the burette, which are typically marked in increments of 0.1 ml or
less.
 ▪ Pipettes are laboratory tools used to accurately measure
and dispense small volumes of liquid.
Pipettes ▪ They come in different sizes, shapes, and types, but they
all work on the same basic principle: using suction to
draw a specific volume of liquid into a disposable tip or
pipette barrel, and then releasing that liquid into another
container or vessel.

▪ droppers
▪ bullbed pipettes
▪ graduated pipettes
▪ micropipettes/macropipettes
Pipetting techniques

Forward and revers

pipetting tecnique

▪ Task: Use the reverse pipetting technique to pipette 500

microliters of serum
 ▪ Centrifuges come in different sizes and types, but they
all work on the same basic principle: spinning samples
at high speeds to generate a centrifugal force that
separates the components of the sample solids based
Centrifuge on their density or mass

▪ Centrifuges can be used for a wide range of

applications, including separating blood components,
purifying proteins, and isolating nucleic acids. They are
also commonly used in microbiology to separate
bacteria or other microorganisms from liquid cultures
or suspensions.

▪ There are several different types of centrifuges,

including microcentrifuges, which are used for small
volumes of samples, and ultracentrifuges, which are
used for larger volumes and higher speeds. Some
centrifuges also have refrigeration capabilities to
Task: Using a centrifuge, isolate the serum maintain the temperature of the samples during the
from the tube containing the coagulation
separation process.
activator, and pipette 1000 microliters.
 Centrifugation

▪ Task: Using a centrifuge, isolate plasma from the tube containing

the anticoagulant, and pipette 800 microliters.

Difference between serum

and plasma
 ▪ Titration is a laboratory technique used to determine the
concentration of an unknown substance by reacting it with a
solution of a known concentration. The process involves slowly
adding a solution of known concentration (called the titrant) to a
solution of unknown concentration (called the analyte) until the
Titration reaction between the two is complete. The point at which the
reaction is complete is called the equivalence point or the
endpoint.
▪ The most common type of titration is acid-base titration, which
involves adding an acid or a base to a solution until the pH of the
solution reaches a certain value. Other types of titration include
redox titration, complexometric titration, and precipitation titration.
▪ The equipment used for titration typically includes a burette, which
is a long, graduated glass tube used to dispense the titrant, and an
indicator, which is a substance that changes color when the
endpoint of the titration is reached.
▪ Titration is widely used in chemistry, biology, and other sciences to
determine the concentration of various substances, such as acids,
bases, salts, and metals, in a sample. It is a precise and accurate
method that can yield valuable information about the properties of
the substance being analyzed.