Introduction to Networking

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 PART 1 : Data Communication Network Basis

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 Foreword
⚫ Communication has always been with us ever since the origin of human society.
Communication has been playing an increasingly important role especially since human society
entered the information era in the 1970s or 1980s.
⚫ The communication mentioned in this course refers to the communication implemented
through a data communication network. This course describes the concepts related to
communication and a data communication network, information transfer process, network
devices and their functions, network types, and typical networking. In addition, this course
briefly introduces the concepts related to network engineering and network engineers.

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 Objectives
⚫ On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the concepts related to communication and a data communication network.
 Be able to describe the information transfer process.
 Differentiate network devices of different types and understand their basic functions.
 Understand different network types and topology types.
 Understand the concepts related to network engineering and network engineers.

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 Huawei Device Icons

General General Core switch Aggregation Access Stacked switches Firewall General NMS AP Base
router switch switch switch station

General server Cluster FTP server Authentication PN user Enterprise network Enterprise Business trip AC Wi-Fi signals
server user

Internet Network Network IP phone PC Pad Mobile Laptop

cloud 1 cloud 2 phone

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 Contents
1. Communication and Networks

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

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 Network communication Data communication network

Concept of Network Communication

⚫ Communication refers to the information transfer and exchange between people, between people and things, and
between things through a certain medium and behavior.
⚫ Network communication refers to communication between terminal devices through a computer network.
⚫ Examples of network communication:

Data
Router

A. Files are transferred between two computers

(terminals) through a network cable. Data
..
Data .

B. Files are transferred among multiple computers

(terminals) through a router.

C. A computer (terminal) downloads files

through the Internet.
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 Network communication Data communication network

Information Transfer Process

⚫ Virtual information transfer is similar to real object transfer.

Objects Package Distribution center Sky Distribution center Package Objects

Packet Packet
Data Data Data Data

Computer Gateway router Internet Gateway router Computer

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 Network communication Data communication network

Common Terms

Term Description
Data payload Information conveyed
Packet Data unit switched and transmitted on the network
Header Information segment added before the data payload
Tail Information segment added after the data payload
Encapsulation Process of adding a header and a tail to a data payload to form a new packet
Decapsulation Process of removing the header and tail from a packet to obtain the data payload
Network device that provides functions such as protocol conversion, route selection, and
Gateway
data exchange
Router Network device that selects a forwarding path for packets
Terminal device End device of a data communication system, used as a sender or receiver of data

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 Network communication Data communication network

Concept of the Data Communication Network

Internet
• Data communication network:
Core equipment room
Log system
Communication network that consists Controller
NMS
of routers, switches, firewalls, access Application server

controllers (ACs), access points (APs),

PCs, network printers, and servers

• Function:
To implement data communication

..
. .. ..
. .
Office area 1 Office area 2 Office area 3

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 Network communication Data communication network

Switches
⚫ Switch: a device closest to end users, used to access the network and switch data frames
 Network access of terminals (such as PCs and servers)
 Layer 2 switching

Switch

Broadcast domain

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 Network communication Data communication network

Routers
⚫ Router: a network-layer device that forwards data packets on the Internet. Based on the destination address in a
received packet, a router selects a path to send the packet to the next router or destination. The last router on the
path is responsible for sending the packet to the destination host.
 Implementing communication between networks of
the same type or different types
 Isolating broadcast domains
Router
 Maintaining the routing table and running
routing protocols
 Selecting routes and forwarding IP packets
 Implementing WAN access and network
address translation Broadcast domain A Broadcast domain B
 Connecting Layer 2 networks established through switches

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 Network communication Data communication network

Firewalls
⚫ Firewall: a network security device used to ensure secure communication between two networks. It monitors,
restricts, and modifies data flows passing through it to shield information, structure, and running status of internal
networks from the public network.
Untrust zone
 Isolating networks of different security levels
Internet
 Implementing access control (using security policies)
between networks of different security levels
DMZ
 Implementing user identity authentication Firewall
 Implementing remote access
 Supporting data encryption and VPN services Trust zone

 Implementing network address translation

 Implementing other security functions

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 Network communication Data communication network

Wireless devices

Internet Internet

AC

Fat AP Fit AP

Wi-Fi Signal

Wired terminal Wireless terminal Wireless Wireless

terminal terminal

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 Contents
1. Communication and Networks

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

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 Network Types Network Topologies

LAN, MAN, and WAN

⚫ Based on the geographical coverage, networks can be classified into local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area
networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
 LAN
◼ A LAN is a network that consists of computers, servers, and network devices in a geographic area. The coverage of a LAN is generally within
several thousand square meters.
◼ Typical LANs include a company's office network, a cyber bar network, a home network.

 MAN
◼ A MAN is a computer communication network established within a city.
◼ Typical MANs include broadband MANs, education MANs, and municipal or provincial e-government private lines.

 WAN
◼ A WAN generally covers a large geographical area ranging from tens of square kilometers to thousands of square kilometers. It can connect
networks of multiple cities or even networks of countries (as an international large-scale network) and provide long-distance
communication.
◼ The Internet is a typical WAN.

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 Network Types Network Topologies

LAN, MAN, and WAN in the Education Industry

Provincial Level Municipal Level County Level

Internet

MAN core of the

MAN core of the MAN core of the district-
provincial education municipal education level/county-level
bureau bureau education bureau

LAN of a LAN of a LAN of a primary

middle school middle school school

LAN of a college or LAN of a college or LAN of a college or

LAN of a college or university
university LAN of a college or university
university university

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 Network Types Network Topologies

Network Topologies
⚫ A network topology is a structured layout presented using transmission media (such as twisted pairs and optical
fibers) to interconnect various devices (such as computer terminals, routers, and switches).

The network topology is used to

describe the physical or logical
structure of a network in the
network engineering field, and is
a very important network
concept.

..
. ..
.

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 Network Types Network Topologies

Network Topology Types

⚫ Network topologies are classified into star, bus, ring, tree, full-mesh, and partial-mesh network
topologies.

Star network topology Bus network topology Ring network topology

Combined network topology

Tree network Full-mesh network Partial-mesh network

topology topology topology

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 Contents
1. Communication and Networks

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

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 Network Engineering
⚫ Network engineering
 Network engineering refers to planning and designing feasible solutions based on network application requirements and computer network
system standards, specifications, and technologies under the guidance of information system engineering methods and complete organizations,
as well as integrating computer network hardware devices, software, and technologies to form a cost-effective network system that meets user
requirements.

⚫ Technical modules covered by network engineering:

Application

Storage Security Calculation

Wireless Routing Switching

Equipment Media
room

...

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 Network Engineer
⚫ Network engineer
 Network engineers are technology professionals who master professional network technologies, have professional skills, professionalism, and
project implementation experience in the network engineering field, and are able to fully communicate with customers or other project
stakeholders onsite. In addition, they can develop implementation solutions and project plans (recognized by project stakeholders) based on
customer requirements and environment factors, fully mobilize resources of all parties to ensure timely and high-quality project implementation,
and provide training for stakeholders and deliver engineering documents after the project is implemented.

⚫ Comprehensive capability models for network engineers:

Process specification Business etiquette Team collaboration

Industry knowledge Values Business management

Engineering knowledge Service awareness Presentation capability

Product knowledge Information collection Problem solving

Technical knowledge Learning competency Communication capability

Professional knowledge Basic qualification Professional skills

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 Network Engineers' Technology Development Path

Solution design, network planning, implementation, troubleshooting,

Overall capabilities
From macro to micro and then and optimization

Packet and
underlying Underlying working mechanism of protocols and packet details
mechanisms
back to macro

Protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) connection establishment process

mechanisms Detailed working process of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

How How to perform, verify, and query OSPF configurations

What Routing and switching

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 Huawei Certification Injects Vitality into Talent
Development for Enterprises

Providing talent with career Facilitating enterprise innovation

Certification exam development paths and transformation

• Meets enterprise talent's career evolution • Provides authoritative certification for ICT
from an engineer to a senior engineer, and talent. The ICT talent with authoritative
• Cultivate experts who understand both certification helps ensure project delivery
then to an expert.
business and technologies.
• Provides a hierarchical certification system quality and improve customer satisfaction.
• Cultivate platform construction and service that provides customized talent growth • Enhances the overall performance and
application experts based on HUAWEI productivity of enterprises.
paths in accordance with job-based
CLOUD. • Accelerates business innovation and
capability requirements and supports in-
• Focuses on ICT infrastructure and cultivates transformation, and improve the overall
depth professional development,
architecture talent in all ICT fields. operational efficiency.
integration, and expansion, reducing the
talent cultivation cost for enterprises.

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 Huawei Certification Portfolio
⚫ Huawei certification covers all ICT fields and is committed to providing a leading talent cultivation architecture and certification
standards, cultivating ICT professionals in the digital era, and building a healthy ICT talent ecosystem.

Huawei Certification
ICT Vertical Certification Finance Public Safety

Intelligent Enterprise
Big Data AI IoT
Video Surveillance Communication
Platform and Service Huawei Certified ICT Expert
GaussDB Kunpeng
Certification Application
Developer
Cloud Computing Cloud Service

Huawei Certified ICT Professional

Data Center

Storage Intelligent Computing

ICT Infrastructure
Security
Certification
Datacom WLAN SDN Huawei Certified ICT Associate

Transmission Access LTE 5G

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 Huawei Datacom Certification Portfolio

HCIE-Datacom
Aiming to cultivate network experts with solid
HCIE theoretical foundation and deployment
capabilities for cross-field solutions

HCIP
HCIA-Datacom
HCIA
Aiming to cultivate network
engineers with basic datacom
HCIP-Datacom
theories and skills Aiming to cultivate senior network engineers for
cross-field solution planning and design or single-
field planning and deployment

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 Quiz
1. (Single) Which of the following type of network topology has the highest reliability? ( )
A. Star network topology

B. Ring network topology

C. Full-mesh network topology

D. Tree network topology

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 Summary
⚫ This section describes the concepts of network communication and data communication
network. The basic function of a data communication network is to implement network
communication.

⚫ This section also introduces various network devices, the differences between LAN, MAN and
WAN, and various network topologies. In actual networking, multiple topologies are combined
according to the requirements of multiple parties.

⚫ This section also describes network engineering and network engineers and introduces Huawei
datacom certification system.

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 PART II : Network Reference Model

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 Foreword
⚫ In the digital era, various information is presented as data in our life. What is data? How is data
transmitted?
⚫ In this course, we will use the network reference model to understand the "life" of data.

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 Objectives
⚫ On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the data definition and transmission process.
 Understand the concepts and advantages of the network reference model.
 Understand common standard protocols.
 Understand the data encapsulation and decapsulation processes.

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 Contents
1. Applications and Data

2. Network Reference Model and Standard Protocols

3. Data Communication Process

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 Origin of the Story - Applications
⚫ Applications are used to meet various requirements of people, such as web page access, online
gaming, and online video playback.
⚫ Information is generated along with applications. Texts, pictures, and videos are all information
presentation modes.

Application

Information

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 Application Implementation - Data
⚫ Data generation
 In the computer field, data is the carrier of all kinds of information.

⚫ Data transmission
 Data generated by most applications needs to be transmitted between devices.

Does an application
Data need to complete the
entire process from
Network data generation to
data transmission?

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 Contents
1. Applications and Data

2. Network Reference Model and Standard Protocols

3. Data Communication Process

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 OSI Reference Model

7. Application Layer Provides interfaces for applications.

Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one system can
6. Presentation Layer be identified by the application layer of another system.

5. Session Layer Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between communicating parties.
Establishes, maintains, and cancels an end-to-end data transmission process;
4. Transport Layer controls transmission speeds and adjusts data sequences.

3. Network Layer Defines logical addresses and transfers data from sources to destinations.
Encapsulates packets into frames, transmits frames in P2P or P2MP mode, and
2. Data Link Layer implements error checking.
Transmits bitstreams over transmission media and defines electrical and physical
1. Physical Layer specifications.

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
⚫ The OSI protocol stack is complex, and the TCP and IP protocols are widely used in the industry.
Therefore, the TCP/IP reference model becomes the mainstream reference model of the
Internet.

Application Layer

Application Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer

Session Layer

Host-to-Host Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer

Internet Layer Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Network Access Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer

Standard TCP/IP model OSI model Equivalent TCP/IP model

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 Common TCP/IP Protocols
⚫ The TCP/IP protocol stack defines a series of standard protocols.

Telnet FTP TFTP SNMP

Application Layer
HTTP SMTP DNS DHCP
Transport Layer TCP UDP
ICMP IGMP
Network Layer
IP
PPPoE
Data Link Layer
Ethernet PPP
Physical Layer ...

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 Common Protocol Standardization Organizations
⚫ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 IETF is a voluntary organization responsible for developing and promoting Internet protocols (especially protocols that
constitute the TCP/IP protocol suite), and releasing new or replacing old protocol standards through RFCs.

⚫ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

 IEEE has formulated about 30% of standards in the electronics, electrical, and computer science fields worldwide. Those
standards include well-known IEEE802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi).

⚫ International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

 ISO is an international organization that plays an important role in the formulation of computer network standards, such as the
OSI model defined in ISO/IEC 7498-1.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Application Layer
• The application layer provides interfaces for application software so that applications can use network services. The
application layer protocol designates transport layer protocols and ports.
• PDUs transmitted at the application layer are called data.

Application • HTTP 80 (TCP)

Layer Hypertext transfer protocol, which provides web browsing services.
(Data) • Telnet 23 (TCP)
Remote login protocol, which provides remote management services.
Transport Layer
• FTP 20 and 21 (TCP)
File transfer protocol, which provides Internet file resource sharing services.
Network Layer • SMTP 25 (TCP)
Simple mail transfer protocol, which provides Internet email services.
Data Link Layer • TFTP 69 (UDP)
Simple file transfer protocol, which provides simple file transfer services.
Physical Layer

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Common Application Layer Protocols - FTP

⚫ The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files from one host to another to implement file download and
upload. This protocol adopts the client/server (C/S) structure.

FTP client FTP server

Network

FTP client: provides commands for local users to FTP server: a device that runs the FTP service. It
operate files on a remote server. A user can install an provides the access and operation functions for
FTP client program on a PC and set up a connection remote clients, allowing users to access the FTP
with an FTP server to operate files on the server. server through the FTP client program and access
files on the server.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Common Application Layer Protocols - Telnet

⚫ Telnet is a standard protocol that provides remote login services on a network. It provides users with the
ability to operate remote devices through local PCs.

Telnet server

Telnet connection A user connects to a Telnet server through

AP Router
the Telnet client program. The commands

Network entered on the Telnet client are executed

Telnet client
SW Firewall
on the server, as if the commands were
... entered on the console of the server.
Server

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Common Application Layer Protocols - HTTP

⚫ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): is one of the most widely used network protocols on the Internet.
HTTP was originally designed to provide a method for publishing and receiving HTML pages.

Network

HTTP client HTTP server

Visits www.huawei.com.

Returns the HTML file of the page.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Transport Layer
⚫ A transport layer protocol receives data from an application layer protocol, encapsulates the data with
the corresponding transport layer protocol header, and helps establish an end-to-end (port-to-port)
connection.
⚫ PDUs transmitted at the transport layer are called segments.

Application Layer
Transport layer protocols:
Transport TCP: a connection-oriented reliable
Layer protocol defined by IETF in RFC 793.
(Segment) UDP: a simple connectionless protocol
Network Layer defined by IETF in RFC 768.

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP and UDP - Header Formats

Source Port (16) Destination Port (16)

Sequence Number (32)
Acknowledgement Number (32) TCP header
Header Reserved Control Window (16) 20 bytes
Length (4) (3) Bits (9)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options
Data (varies)

Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) UDP header

Length (16) Checksum (16) 8 bytes
Data (if any)

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP and UDP - Port Numbers

Web browser HTTP server

HTTP application Telnet HTTP application Telnet

TCP port 1024 TCP port 1231 TCP port 80 TCP port 23

House number: 1.1.1.1 (IP address) House number: 2.2.2.2 (IP address)

Network

HTTP client HTTP server

Source IP address: 1.1.1.1 Source port number: 1024 HTTP

Destination IP address: 2.2.2.2 Destination port number: 80 Payload

IP header TCP header

• Generally, the source port used by a client is randomly allocated, and the destination port is specified by the application of a
server.
• The system generally selects a source port number that is greater than 1023 and is not being used.
• The destination port number is the listening port of the application (service) enabled on the server. For example, the default port
number for HTTP is 80.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Connection Setup - Three-Way Handshake

• Before sending data, a TCP-based application needs to establish a connection through three-way
handshake. PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23

IP header TCP header

Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a Ack=0

Destination=2.2.2.2 (Flags: SYN is set.)

Seq=b Ack=a+1
Source = 2.2.2.2
(Flags: SYN is set, and ACK is
Destination=1.1.1.1
set.)

Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a+1 Ack=b+1

Destination=2.2.2.2 (Flags: ACK is set.)

A TCP connection is established.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical

TCP Sequence Number and Acknowledgment

Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Number
⚫ TCP uses the Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number fields to implement reliable and
ordered data transmission.

PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23
1 A TCP connection is
2
3 established.
4
5
6 …… IP header TCP header

Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a+1 Payload

Destination = 2.2.2.2 Ack=b+1 Length = 12 bytes

Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=b+1 Payload

Destination = 1.1.1.1 Ack=a+1+12 Length =0 bytes

Data to be sent Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=a+13 Payload

Destination = 2.2.2.2 Ack=b+1 Length = 66 bytes Question: Why does the value
of the Acknowledgment
Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=b+1 Payload Number field in the segment
Destination = 1.1.1.1 Ack=a+13+66 Length = 0 bytes sent by PC1 not increase?

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Window Sliding Mechanism

⚫ TCP uses the sliding window mechanism to control the data transmission rate.

PC1 PC2

Buffer of the receiver

seq=100 win=3 flags=SYN
1
Three-way seq=200 Ack=101 win=3 flags=SYN,ACK
handshake
seq=101 Ack=201 win=3 flags=ACK

Data to be sent
2 seq=101 win=3

Data seq=102 win=3

transmission 3
seq=103 win=3

Question: Why does the

Ack=104 win=1 ctl=ACK 4 Window field of the
segment sent by PC1
seq=104 win=3 remain unchanged?
5

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

TCP Shutdown - Four-Way Handshake

⚫ After data transmission is complete, TCP needs to use the four-way handshake mechanism to disconnect the TCP
connection and release system resources.
PC1 PC2
1.1.1.1:1024 2.2.2.2:23
A TCP connection is
established.
TCP segment
exchange
IP header TCP header

Sends a Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=101 Ack=301

1 connection Destination = 2.2.2.2 (Flags: FIN is set, and ACK is set.)
teardown
request with FIN
being set. Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=301 Ack=102 Sends ACK. 2
Destination = 1.1.1.1 (Flags: ACK is set.)

Source = 2.2.2.2 Seq=301 Ack=102 Sends a

connection 3
Destination = 1.1.1.1 (Flags: FIN is set, and ACK is set.)
teardown
request with FIN
Source = 1.1.1.1 Seq=102 Ack=302 being set.
4 Sends ACK.
Destination = 2.2.2.2 (Flags: ACK is set.)

The TCP connection is

torn down.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Network Layer
⚫ The transport layer is responsible for establishing connections between processes on hosts, and the
network layer is responsible for transmitting data from one host to another.
⚫ PDUs transmitted at the network layer are called packets.

Application Layer

Transport Layer
• The network layer is also called the Internet layer.
It sends packets from source hosts to destination
Network Layer hosts.
(Packet)
• Functions of the network layer:
Provides logical addresses for network devices.
Data Link Layer Routes and forwards data packets.
Common network layer protocols include IPv4, IPv6,
ICMP, and IGMP.
Physical Layer

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Working Process of a Network Layer Protocol

Packet Encapsulation Packet Forwarding Based on Network Layer Addresses
Letter: data sent by an upper layer (for example, Router 1
the transport layer)
GE0/0/0

PC1 GE0/0/1

PC2
The PC encapsulates the IP header (envelope).
The key information is about source and
destination IP addresses. Network A

Routing table of Router 1 • The network layer header of a packet sent by a source device
carries the network layer addresses of the source and
Outbound destination devices.
Network
Interface • Each network device (such as a router) that has the routing
function maintains a routing table (like a map of the network
Network A GE0/0/1 device).
Envelope: IP packet header • After receiving a packet, the network device reads the
Sender: source IP address … … network layer destination address of the packet, searches
Receiver: destination IP address the routing table for the matching entry of the destination
address, and forwards the packet according to the instruction
… …
of the matching entry.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Data Link Layer

⚫ The data link layer is located between the network layer and the physical layer and provides services for
protocols such as IP and IPv6 at the network layer. PDUs transmitted at the data link layer are called
frames.
⚫ Ethernet is the most common data link layer protocol.

Application Layer

Transport Layer
The data link layer is located between the network layer and the
Network Layer physical layer.
• The data link layer provides intra-segment communication
Data Link Layer for the network layer.
(Frame) • The functions of the data link layer include framing,
physical addressing, and error control.
Physical Layer • Common data link layer protocols include Ethernet,
PPPoE, and PPP.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Ethernet and Source MAC Addresses

Ethernet Definition Ethernet Source MAC Addresses

Switch A I have a MAC address

when I leave the Name: Host A
factory.
Switch B MAC address/Ethernet address/physical
address:
Host A Host B
Host A

Network A
Host C Host D • A media access control (MAC) address uniquely identifies a NIC
• Ethernet is a broadcast multiple access protocol that works at on a network. Each NIC requires and has a unique MAC address.
the data link layer protocol. • MAC addresses are used to locate specific physical devices in an
• The network interfaces of PCs comply with the Ethernet IP network segment.
standard. • A device that works at the data link layer, such as an Ethernet
• Generally, a broadcast domain corresponds to an IP network switch, maintains a MAC address table to guide data frame
segment. forwarding.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP
⚫ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
 Discovers the MAC address associated with a given IP address.

ARP request
Destination IP address: 192.168.1.2
Destination MAC address: ?
Host A Host B
192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24
3C-52-82-49-7E-9D ARP reply 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
Source IP address: 192.168.1.2
Source MAC address: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (1)

Host 1 checks cached Host 1 Host 2

ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2:192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
1

Host 2 sends an ARP Step 1:

reply.
Host 1>arp -a • Before sending a datagram, a device searches its
Internet Address Physical Address Type ARP table for the destination MAC address of the
Host 1 adds an ARP datagram.
entry.
• If the destination MAC address exists in the ARP
table, the device encapsulates the MAC address in
The ARP cache table the frame and sends out the frame. If the
is empty. destination MAC address does not exist in the ARP
table, the device sends an ARP request to discover
the MAC address.

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 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (2)

Host 1 checks cached ARP Host 1 Host 2

entries.
3 GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2:48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
Host 2 adds an ARP entry.

Step 2:
Host 2 sends an ARP • Host 1 sends an ARP request to discover the
reply. 2
Eth_II ARP Request FCS MAC address of Host 2.
• The destination MAC address in the ARP request
is 0 because the destination MAC address is
Host 1 adds an ARP entry.
unknown.
Destination MAC
address: Operation type: ARP request
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF MAC address of the sender: MAC 1
Source MAC address: IP address of the sender: IP 1 Step 3:
MAC 1 Destination MAC address: 00-00-00-00-00-00 • The ARP request message is a broadcast data
Destination IP address: IP 2 frame. After receiving the ARP request message,
the switch floods it.

Page 56 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (3)

Host 1 checks cached Host 1 Host 2

ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
4
Step 4:
Host 2 sends an ARP
reply. • After receiving the ARP request message, each host checks Host 2>arp -a
whether it is the destination of the message based on the Internet Address Physical Address Type
carried destination IP address. 192.168.1.1 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D Dynamic
Host 1 adds an ARP
entry. • Host 2 finds that it is the destination of the message and then
records the mapping between the sender's MAC and IP
addresses in its ARP table.

Page 57 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (4)

Host 1 checks cached Host 1 Host 2

ARP entries. 6
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
Step 5: 5
Host 2 sends an ARP • Host 2 sends an ARP reply to Host 1.
reply. • In this step, Host 2 has discovered the MAC address of Host 1, so Eth_II ARP Reply FCS
the ARP reply is a unicast data frame.
Host 1 adds an ARP
entry. Destination MAC
address: MAC-1 Operation type: ARP reply
Step 6: Source MAC address: Sender's MAC address: MAC 2
MAC 2 Sender's IP address: IP 2
• After receiving the unicast data frame, the switch forwards the
Receiver's MAC address: MAC 1
frame.
Receiver's IP address: IP 1

Page 58 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

ARP Implementation Principles (5)

Host 1 checks cached Host 1 Host 2

ARP entries.
GE 0/0/1 GE 0/0/2

Host 1 sends an ARP

request.
IP 1: 192.168.1.1/24 IP 2: 192.168.1.2/24
Host 2 adds an ARP MAC 1: 3C-52-82-49-7E-9D MAC 2: 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F
entry.
7
Step 7:
Host 2 sends an ARP
reply. Host 1>arp -a • After receiving the ARP reply message, Host 1 checks
Internet Address Physical Address Type whether it is the destination of the message based on the
192.168.1.2 48-A4-72-1C-8F-4F Dynamic carried destination IP address.
Host 1 adds an ARP
entry. • If so, Host 1 records the carried sender's MAC and IP
addresses in its ARP table.

Page 59 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Physical Layer
⚫ After data arrives at the physical layer, the physical layer converts a digital signal into an optical signal, an electrical
signal, or an electromagnetic wave signal based on the physical media.
⚫ PDUs transmitted at the physical layer are called bitstreams.

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

The physical layer is at the bottom of the model.

Data Link Layer • This layer transmits bitstreams on media.
• It standardizes physical features such as cables, pins, voltages,
Physical Layer and interfaces.
(Bitstream) • Common transmission media include twisted pairs, optical
fibers, and electromagnetic waves.

Page 60 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Application Transport Network Data Link Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Common Transmission Media

Fiber Optical module

Twisted pair RJ45 connector

Data transmission through twisted pairs Data transmission through optical fibers
1 2

3 4

Synchronous/asynchronous
serial cable: V.24 on the left and
V.35 on the right PAD Mobile phone Laptop Wireless router

Data transmission between terminal and wireless

Data transmission through serial cables routers through wireless signals

Page 61 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Contents
1. Applications and Data

2. Network Reference Model and Standard Protocols

3. Data Communication Process

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 Data Encapsulation on the Sender

DATA Application Layer Data

www.huawei.com

TCP Header DATA Transport Layer Segment

Network Layer Packet

IP Header Payload

Data Link Layer Frame

Eth Header Payload FCS

... Physical Layer Bit

Transmission
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 ...
Media Transmission Media
Page 63 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Data Transmission on the Intermediate Network
⚫ Encapsulated data is transmitted on the network.
Data

Data

Application Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

Page 64 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Data Decapsulation on the Receiver

Application Layer DATA Data

Web server

Transport Layer DATA Segment

Network Layer Payload Packet

Data Link Layer Payload Frame

Physical Layer …… Bit

Transmission 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 ...
Media

Page 65 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Summary
⚫ Both the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model adopt the layered design
concept.
 Clear division of functions and boundaries between layers facilitates the development, design, and
troubleshooting of each component.

 The functions of each layer can be defined to impel industry standardization.

 Interfaces can be provided to enable communication between hardware and software on various
networks, improving compatibility.

⚫ Data generation and transmission require collaboration between modules. Meanwhile, each
module must fulfill its own responsibilities.

Page 66 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Quiz
1. What are the benefits of the layered model?

2. What are the common protocols at the application layer, transport layer, network layer, and data link
layer?

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 Thank You
www.huawei.com

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