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Chapter 4

This document introduces network analysis and synthesis. It discusses key concepts such as excitation, network response, linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality and time invariance. Network analysis involves determining the response given the excitation and network. Network synthesis designs the network given the excitation and desired response. Filter design is discussed as an important application of transfer function synthesis. The goal is to obtain a realizable transfer function that meets filter specifications and then realize that function physically with circuit elements.

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nasi nasi
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68 views

Chapter 4

This document introduces network analysis and synthesis. It discusses key concepts such as excitation, network response, linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality and time invariance. Network analysis involves determining the response given the excitation and network. Network synthesis designs the network given the excitation and desired response. Filter design is discussed as an important application of transfer function synthesis. The goal is to obtain a realizable transfer function that meets filter specifications and then realize that function physically with circuit elements.

Uploaded by

nasi nasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Chapter 1
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
 3 key words: Excitation, network and response
 Network – Any structure containing interconnected elements.
 Circuit –physical structure constructed from electrical
components
 Network analysis:
o Determining the response given the excitation and the
network .
 Network synthesis:
o To design the network given the excitation and the desired
response .
Excitation Network Response
1.1 SIGNAL ANALYSIS

 For electric networks, excitation and response are


given in terms of voltages and currents.

 These signals are a function of time and frequency.

 We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to transform


from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa.
HOW A SIGNAL IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS
OF BOTH FREQUENCY AND TIME
 Example:
s (t )  Ao Sin( wo t   o )
1.2 NETWORK ANALYSIS

 Characterization of the excitation and response


is only half of the problem.

 The other half is describing the network.


BASIC DEFINITIONS
Linear system
 A network is linear if and only if

c1e1(t) c1r1(t)
System

c2e2(t) c2r2(t)
System

c1e1(t) +c2e2(t) c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)


System

 i.e. if it satisfies the principle of superposition and


proportionality
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Passive
 A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals
before excitation is applied.
Reciprocal
 A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of
excitation and response are interchanged, the relation between
excitation and response remains the same.
RECIPROCITY EXAMPLE

I= 0.35294A

 Non-linear element

I = 0.3798A I = 0.3397A

 The inclusion of controlled sources or active elements may also


destroy reciprocity.
 A non-bilateral element, such as a diode, destroys reciprocity
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Causal
 A network is causal if the response is zero before any
excitation.

e(t )  0 for t T then r (t )  0 for t T

Time invariant
 A network is time invariant if e(t )  r (t ) then e(t  T )  r (t  T )

 i.e. a network that doesn’t contain time variant


components.
IDEAL MODELS

 The following ideal models are useful in signal


processing

Amplifier r (t )  ke (t )
Differentiator d
r (t )  e(t )
dt
Integrator r (t )   e(t )dt
Time Delay
r (t )  e(t  T )
IDEAL ELEMENTS
 The elements encountered most are resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
 When the currents and voltages are given as a
function of time
v(t )  Ri (t ) Resistor
di (t )
v(t )  L Inductor
dt
t
1
v(t )   i ( x)dx  v(0) Capacitor
C0
IDEAL ELEMENTS

 In frequency domain, using Laplace transform


1.3 NETWORK SYNTHESIS
 In network synthesis, we are given the excitation
and response and we are required to synthesize the
network from the system function.
R( s)
H (s) 
E ( s)
 The end points of elements are called terminals.
 A port is defined as any pair of two terminals into
which energy is supplied, drawn or variables
measured.
DRIVING POINT SYNTHESIS

 Deriving point immittance: the excitation and


response are taken from the same port.

 A driving point impedance is thus given as

V (s)
Z ( s) 
I (s)
TWO PORT NETWORK
 Transfer function: excitation and response are taken
from different ports.

 The transfer function can take different forms.


V2 ( s )
Z 21 ( s ) 
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
H (s) 
V1 ( s )
FILTER DESIGN
 One of the most important aspect of transfer
function synthesis.
 A filter is defined as a network that passes a certain
portion of a frequency and blocks the remainder of
the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter


FILTER DESIGN

 Two aspects of filter design

1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable


transmittance H(s) given the specification.

2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).


FILTER DESIGN

 The first step is an approximation step.


 Because there are no ideal filters.
End!

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