“Biology B Name see ? Date, Period OQ PEDIGREES NOTES AND PRACTICE Pedigree: Pedigrees are used for: ‘The Components of a Pedigree: ‘pen yy seg wae HENGE AKED are used to indicate in a family. are used to indicate females. oO If the individual is “affected” by the trait (dominant or recessive) we & @ the shape. A between a male and a female indicates a A_____ drawn down from the marriage line indicates ‘Sometimes, you will see some shapes filled in only this notation indicates a hybrid (heterozygous) or of the trait. OAnalyzing Simple Pedigrees: ‘A pedigree is just like a family tree except that it focuses on a A pedigree usually only shows the of each family member. ~~ ( Hints to help analyze pedigrees: 1) If the individual is homozygous recessive, then both parents MUST have at least one recessive allele (parents are heterozygous or homozygous recessive). 2) If an individual shows the dominant trait, then at least one of the parents MUST have the dominant phenotype. This one will be pretty obvious when you look at the pedigree. 43) If both parents are homozygous recessive, then ALL offspring will be homozygous recessive. NOTE: In a pedigree, the trait of interest can be dominant or recessive. Human Pedigrees For Questions 1-9, use the pedigree chart shown below. Some of the labels may be used more than once. 1. Amale 4 i 2. A female ( ae e¢adho bo 4. A person who expresses the trait 5. A person who does not express the trait 6. A connection between parents and offspring i d e 4 7. How many generations are shown on this chart? Assuming the chart above is tracing the dominant trait of "White Forelock (F)" through the family. F is a tuft of white hair on the forehead. ‘What is the most likely genotype of individual “A”? (FP, Ffor ff?) What is the most likely genotype of individual “C"? (FF, Ff or f1?)Wxample 1: Tracing the path of an autosomal recessive trait , Trait: Falconi anemia /—Forms of the trait: a ‘The dominant form is normal bone marrow function - in other words, no anemia. A ‘The recessive form is Falconi anemia. Individuals affected show slow growth, heart defects, possible bone marrow failure and a high rate of leukemia, A typical pedigree for a family that carries Falconi anemia. Note that carriers are not indicated with half- colored shapes in this chart. George Avene 2 Tom Sam Wim = Ann Micheel Ff © = ff Daniel Alan ‘Tina eS Ff Christopher F- Analysis Questions, To answer questions #1-5, use the letter the normal allele. to indicate the recessive Falconi anemia allele, and the letter "F" for 1. What is Arlene's genotype? 2. What is George's genotype?. 3. What are Ann & Michael's genotypes? 4. Most likely, Sandra's genotype is 5. List three people from the chart (other than George) who are most likely carriers of Falconi anemia. )*Example Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trai 4 The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. A. The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis, CO A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. mn ) 3 N on Analysis Questions: 1, Is individual #1 most likely homozygous dominant or heterozygous? Explain how you can tell. 2. Whatis the genotype of individual #3? 3. Can you be sure of the genotypes of the affected siblings of individual #3? Explain,