TORSION

TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS ANGLE OF TWIST

𝑻𝒓 π 𝟒 𝑻𝑳
τ =
max J= 𝑫 Ø= In radians
𝑱 𝟑𝟐 𝑱𝑮
SOLID CYLINDRICAL SHAFT
TaLong
𝟏𝟔𝑻 π
τ = max
𝟑 J= 𝑫 𝟒
π𝑫 𝟑𝟐 Nagtwitwist
HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL SHAFT
POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT

𝟏𝟔𝑻𝑫 π P = 2π𝐓𝐟
τ =
max
𝟒 𝟒 J=
𝟑𝟐
(𝑫𝟒-d4)
π(𝑫 −𝒅 )
 SITUATION 1

A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in. is subjected to a torque

of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist.
Use G = 12 × 106 psi.
𝟏𝟔𝑻 𝑻𝑳
τ = Ø=
max
π𝑫𝟑 𝑱𝑮
(15kip ft) (3ft) (12in) (12in) (1000lbs)
16(15𝑘𝑖𝑝·𝑓𝑡 𝑥 12𝑖𝑛) Ø=
τ =
max π 4 4 (12 x 106 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜋(4 𝑖𝑛)3 𝑖𝑛
)
32

τ = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒔𝒊
max Ø = 0.02 rad x
180º
π
= 1.23º
 SITUATION 2

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist
through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m?
What maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.
𝑻𝑳 𝟏𝟔𝑻
Ø= τ =
max
𝑱𝑮 π𝑫𝟑

(12Kn m)(6m)(1000mm) (1000mm)(1000N) 16 (12Kn m)(10002)

3x
𝜋
180º
=
4
τ =
max
π 𝐷 (83000
𝑁 π (113.98)3
2)
𝑚𝑚
32

D = 113.98mm τ = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝑴𝑷𝒂

max
 SITUATION 3

A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through

4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be
transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz? Substituting Eq 2 to Eq 1
𝑻𝑳
Ø= 80π𝐷3
𝑱𝑮 ( 16 ) (5m) (1000mm)
𝜋
(T) (5m) (1000mm) 4x =
𝜋 180º 4
4x = Equation 1 π 𝐷 (83000
𝑁
180º 2)
4 𝑚𝑚
π 𝐷 (83000
𝑁 32
2)
𝑚𝑚
32 D = 138.06mm
T = 41,337.43 Nm

𝟏𝟔𝑻 16 (T) 80π𝐷 3 P = 2π𝐓𝐟 = 2 π (41,337.43)(20)

𝑁
τ =
max
𝟑 80
𝑚𝑚2
= T=
π𝑫 π (D)3 16 P = 5,194,614.66 W or 5.19 MW
Equation 2
 FLANGED BOLT COUPLING

TORQUE CAPACITY OF COUPLING

𝛑 𝟐
𝐓 = 𝐏𝐑𝐧 = 𝐝 𝛕 𝐑𝐧
𝟒
TWO CONCENTRIC ROW OF BOLTS

T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2
- Torque is transmitted by the shearing force RELATIONSHIP OF TWO
P created in the bolts. CONCENTRIC BOLTS
- Torque capacity of coupling is dependent
𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
on the bolts =
NOTE : Outer Bolts always carry
the largest amount of stress
𝐀𝟏𝐑𝟏 𝐀𝟐𝐑𝟐
 SITUATION 4
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten - 20mm diameter bolts spaced
evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the torque
capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40
MPa.
π 2
Given: 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝑑 τ 𝑅𝑛
n = 10 4
D = 20mm
R = 200mm π 2
𝑁
𝑇= 20𝑚𝑚 40 2
(200𝑚𝑚)(10)
4 𝑚𝑚
τ = 40 MPa
1𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑇 = 25132741.23 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 ( ) (1000𝑚𝑚)
1000𝑁
𝑻 = 25.13 kN.m
 SITUATION 5
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten steel ½ -in.-diameter bolts spaced
evenly around a bolt circle 14 in. in diameter. Determine the torque capacity
of the coupling in pound feet, if the allowable shearing stress in the bolts is
6000 psi.
π 2
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝑑 τ 𝑅𝑛
Given: 4
n = 10
D = 0.5 in π 𝑙𝑏
𝑇= 0.5 in 2 6000 2 (7 𝑖𝑛) (10)
R = 7 in 4 𝑖𝑛

τ = 6000 psi 1𝑓𝑡

𝑇= 82466.81 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛 ( )
12 𝑖𝑛
𝑻 = 6872.23 lb.ft
 SITUATION 6
A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mmdiameter steel bolts on a
bolt circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mmdiameter steel bolts on a
concentric bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, as shown in Fig. 3-7. What torque
can be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?
Given: τ = 60 MPa NOTE : Outer Bolts always carry the largest amount of stress
n1 = 8 n2 = 6 T= PRn + PRn1 1 1 2 2 2
D1 = 10mm D2 = 10mm
π 𝑁
R1 = 200mm R2 = 150mm 𝑇 = 10mm 2 60 2
(200𝑚𝑚)(8) + (3534.29 N)(150𝑚𝑚)(6)
4 𝑚𝑚

1𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑇 = 10720683,37 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 ( ) (1000𝑚𝑚)
1000𝑁
π 2(60)
𝑃1 𝑃2 4 10 𝑃2
=
𝐴1𝑅1 𝐴2𝑅2 200
=
150 𝑻 = 10.72 kN.m
P2 = 3534.29 N
 SITUATION 7
A tube 0.10 in. thick has an elliptical shape shown in Fig. P-338. What
torque will cause a shearing stress of 8000 psi?

𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑡τ Area of Ellipse = π 𝑎𝑏

Where a = major axis

𝑇 = 2 π (𝑎𝑏) 𝑡 τ
b = minor axis
𝑇 = 2 π (3)(1.5)(0.10)(8000)

𝑻 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒍𝒃. 𝒊𝒏
 SITUATION 8
A torque of 450 lb·ft is applied to the square section shown in Fi P-339.
Determine the smallest permissible dimension a if the shearing stress is
limited to 6000 psi.
𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑡τ
𝑇 = 2 𝑎 2𝑡 τ

12𝑖𝑛 2 𝑙𝑏
450 lb.ft ( ) = 2 𝑎 (0.10𝑖𝑛) 6000 𝑖𝑛2
1𝑓𝑡

𝒂 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
HELICAL SPRINGS

PRECISE FORMULA

𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑 𝟒𝐦 −𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
τ= 𝟑 ( + )
𝛑𝐝 𝟒𝐦 −𝟒 𝐦
Where:

𝟒𝐦 −𝟏
𝟒𝐦 −𝟒
is called the Wahl Factor

𝟐𝐑
m is the spring index =
𝐝
HELICAL SPRINGS

SIMPLIFIED FORMULA

𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑 𝐝
τ= 𝟑 (𝟏 + )
𝛑𝐝 𝟒𝐑
DEFORMATION

𝟑
𝟔𝟒𝐏𝐑 𝐧  Number of turns
δ= 𝟒
𝐆𝐝
STIFFNESS / SPRING CONSTANT

𝐏
k=
δ
HELICAL SPRINGS
SPRINGS IN SERIES

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ………..
𝐊𝐓 𝐊𝟏 𝐊𝟐

SPRINGS IN
PARALLEL

𝐊𝐓 = 𝐊𝟏 + 𝐊𝟐 + … … . .
 SITUATION 9
Determine the maximum shearing stress using the precise formula and
the elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-
diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the spring is supporting a
load of 1.5 kN. Use G = 83 GPa.
Given:
n = 20 𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑 𝟒𝐦 −𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝟔𝟒𝐏𝐑𝟑𝐧
τ= δ=
d = 20mm 𝟑 ( + ) 𝐆𝐝𝟒
𝛑𝐝 𝟒𝐦 −𝟒 𝐦
R = 90mm
16 (1500)(90) 4(9) −1 0.615 64(1500)(90)3 (20)
P = 1.5kN τ= (
4(9) −4
+
(9)
) δ=
π (20)3 (83000)(20)4
G = 83000 MPa
𝟐𝐑 𝟐(𝟗𝟎)
m= = =9 τ = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚 δ = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐝 𝟐𝟎
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in Fig. P-347 supports a

load P. The upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a mean
radius of 100 mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-mmdiameter
wire on a mean radius of 75 mm. If the maximum shearing stress in either
spring must not exceed 200 MPa, compute the safest value of P and the total
elongation of the assembly. Use precise formula and G = 83 GPa. Compute
the equivalent spring constant by dividing the load by the total elongation.