Task No.

1
Explain the properties of diesel fuel?
Diesel Fuel
No. Explanation
Properties
Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow. Viscosity decreases as the
temperature increases. Fuel viscosity is an important factor in the
operation in engine :

1- Low viscosity fuel : produces a fine, atomized mist of fuel which

1 Viscosity improves its mix with incoming air to encourage a complete
combustion for better power and lower emissions.

2- High viscosity fuel : tends to result in a heavier mist of fuel which

can result in hard starting and white smoke issues.
The point at which pressure inside a sealed chamber causes
2 Flash Point
diesel fumes to flare up
Water and Small amounts of water and sediment may be present in diesel fuel.
3 Sediment Excessive might cause issues with fuel system components and
Present degrade the fuel's efficiency.
The pour point is the lowest temperature at which diesel fuel can
4 Pour Point flow. It indicates the fuel's ability to remain liquid and flow freely in
cold temperatures.
Ash and The amount of ash indicates the non-combustible residue, and the
5
Sulphur Content amount of sulphur affects emissions.
The temperature range at which various components of diesel fuel
Boiling Range
6 vaporise is known as the boiling range. It impacts cold-start
(Distillation)
performance and the characteristics of the fuel's combustion.
The ratio of a substance's density to that of water is called specific
gravity. The specific gravity of diesel fuel is usually higher than that
7 Specific Gravity of water. It has an impact on the handling, storage, and combustion
properties of fuel.

Carbon residue is a measure of the amount of carbonaceous material left after evaporation and
8 Carbon Residue combustion of diesel fuel. It indicates the fuel's potential for carbon buildup in the engine.
Diesel fuel properties related to corrosion and acidity determine the
9 Corrosiveness fuel's potential to damage fuel system components. Corrosion can
lead to leaks and decreased perform
Cetane rating is a measure of the ignition quality of a fuel. The ease at
10 Cetane Rating which diesel fuel ignites, and the manner in which it burns and is rated at
100. The higher the cetane rating, the shorter the lag time between the

1
 time the fuel enters the combustion chamber and the time it begins to
burn
The Heat Value of diesel fuel is a measured to determine how much
11 Heat Value
energy the fuel provides when burned
Knock refers to the uncontrolled, premature ignition of fuel in the combustion chamber
12 Knock
Density is the mass per unit volume of diesel fuel. It affects fuel combustion efficiency and energy
content.
13 Density
Low-temperature operability refers to how well diesel fuel performs in cold weather conditions. It
Low includes properties like cold flow behavior, wax formation, and the ability to prevent fuel gelling or
14 Temperature filter plugging at low temperatures.
Operability

2
2. Explain the phases of combustion process for compression ignition engines?

Figure #.

Phase Phase
Phase Phase Explanation
Points Name
The duration of ignition delay depends upon fuel characteristic, compression ratio (i.e.
pressure and temperature affer compression), fuel injection, ambient air temperature,
speed of engine, • Ignition delay is inevitable stage and in order to accommodate it,
the fuel injection is advanced by about 20° before TDC. In Fig., the pressure rises
First A-B Ignition delay
during combustion and is represented by a - b for the ignition delay.
Start of fuel injection is at A , while ignition starts at B

Fuel injection continues as it did at point A and will continue

until the cut-off point during the ignition delay period.
Fuel accumulates in the combustion space during the time it
takes to be ready for ignition due to continuous fuel
injection;
Uncontrolled
Second B-C combustion When ignition is about to happen, the fuel burns quickly if a
sustainable flame front is formed.
The way the accumulated fuel burns causes the combustion
process to get out of control, which causes a sharp rise in
pressure, as seen in the illustration from B to C This
uncontrolled burning continues until all of the fuel is burned.
The word controlled combustion refers to combustion that
Controlled
Third C-D combustion occurs when the uncontrolled combustion phase ends and the
rate of burning equals the rate of fuel injection.

3
 • Between C and D controlled combustion is demonstrated,
and it is at this phase that the maximum amount of heat is
evolved in a controlled way.
• During the controlled combustion phase, fuel injection rate,
or fuel injector rate, can directly control the rate of
combustion.
• The highest temperature is reached during the controlled
combustion phase, which has smooth pressure change.
• It is observed that during this moment, approximately 1/3
of the fuel heat is discharged.
The combustion is referred to as after burning between
D and F once any residual is burned during controlled
combustion.
Fourth D-F After burning • Fuel particles may have been left behind in the combustion
space where the flame front was unable to reach them, which
is why this may have occurred after burning.
After burning is dispersed over 60–70° of rotational crank
angle.

4
Compare between normal and abnormal combustion in CI engine?
Normal Combustion Abnormal Combustion
refers to uncontrolled or irregular
is a process where the air-fuel mixture combustion events within the
in an internal combustion engine engine. This can include
ignites uniformly and at the intended detonation, pre-ignition, or other
Definition time. It occurs in a controlled manner, instances where the ignition and
producing a consistent release of combustion of the air-fuel mixture
energy to power the engine. deviate from the designed and
controlled process.
1. Excessive Compression
Ratios
1-Injection Timing and Pressure 2. Excessive Cylinder
2-Air-Fuel Mixing Temperatures
Factors that
3. Carbon Deposits and Hot
affects 3-Engine Temperature
Spots
4-Compression Ratio
4. Poor Fuel Quality

1. emissions of
pollutants
1. better fuel efficiency and overall
Effect on 2. lost in pressure
engine performance.
3. decreases Efficiency
engine 2. consistent and optimal power
4. damage the engine
performance output
(cylinder, piston)
3. minimize emissions
5. Losing power
6. Knocking

5
Evaluate the relationship between diesel fuel properties and the performance of a
compression ignition engine?
Engine Performance definition:
N Diese
o. l Fuel
Performance of the Engine
Prope
rties
• Definition:
Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow. Viscosity decreases as the
temperature increases. Fuel viscosity is an important factor in the operation in
engine

• Importance:. It is a key factor in determining how well the fuel can be

atomized and mixed with air in the combustion chamber during the injection
process.

• Specification:

A number of variables, including engine design, fuel injection system, a

Viscosity

nd ambient temperature, might affect specs. (2-4,5 mm2/s; 40 °C))

1
For diesel fuel, (ASTM) has developed standards like ASTM D975

• Performance effect:

Fuel Atomization:
High Viscosity: Diesel fuel with high viscosity may have poor
atomization during the injection process. This can lead to larger droplets,
incomplete combustion, and reduced engine efficiency.

Low Viscosity: Lower viscosity allows for better atomization, producing

finer fuel droplets that mix more effectively with air. This promotes
efficient combustion and enhances overall engine performance.

6
 • Definition:
The point at which pressure inside a sealed chamber causes diesel fumes to flare
up

• Importance: The flash point is an indicator of the fuel’s volatility and its
potential to form combustible mixtures in certain conditions. It helps determine
the risk of fire during storage, handling, and transportation

• Specification:

ASTM has developed standards, such as ASTM D975 for diesel fuel, at
Flash Point

55 °C
2
• Performance effect:

Engine Combustion:

High Flash Point: A higher flash point does not directly impact
combustion in the engine since the fuel needs to vaporize before ignition,
it contributes to overall safety and reduces the risk of accidental ignition
during fuel handling.

Low Flash Point: In extreme cases, a low flash point might pose a risk of
premature ignition in the fuel injection system if the fuel is exposed to
high temperatures before entering the combustion chamber.

7
 • Definition:
The temperature range at which various components of diesel fuel vaporise is
known as the boiling range. It impacts cold-start performance and the
characteristics of the fuel's combustion.
• Importance:

Understanding the boiling range is crucial for assessing the fuel’s behavior
under different temperature conditions. It helps determine how easily the fuel
vaporizes and ignites within the combustion chamber of a compression ignition
engine.

• Specification:
Boiling Range

ASTM has developed standards between 170 and 390 °C, such as ASTM
D975 for diesel fuel
3
• Performance effect:

Fuel Atomization:

Narrow Boiling Range: Diesel fuel with a narrow boiling range

tends to vaporize more consistently, facilitating better atomization during
the injection process. This can contribute to improved combustion
efficiency.

Wide Boiling Range: a wider boiling range may result in uneven

vaporization, leading to larger droplets during injection. This can impact
combustion, potentially causing incomplete burning and reduced engine
efficiency.

8
 • Definition:
Cetane rating is a measure of the ignition quality of a fuel. The ease at which
diesel fuel ignites, and the manner in which it burns and is rated at 100. The
higher the cetane rating, the shorter the lag time between the time the fuel
enters the combustion chamber and the time it begins to burn

• Importance:

It influences the ignition delay—the time between the start of injection and the
Cetane Rating

start of combustion. Fuels with higher cetane ratings typically ignite more
easily, leading to more controlled combustion.
4
• Specification:
Standards like ASTM D975 for diesel fuel have been set by ASTM 52–60.

• Performance effect:
Ignition Delay:
Higher Cetane Rating: Fuels with higher cetane ratings have shorter ignition
delays, resulting in quicker and more controlled combustion. This can lead to
better engine efficiency and lower emissions.
Lower Cetane Rating: Fuels with lower cetane ratings may have longer ignition
delays, potentially causing delayed combustion and inefficient fuel utilization

9
 • Definition:
Density is the mass per unit volume of diesel fuel. It affects fuel combustion efficiency and energy conten

• Importance: Diesel fuel density is important as it affects the energy content of

the fuel, combustion efficiency, and overall engine performance.
Understanding the density helps in assessing the amount of fuel injected into
the combustion chamber and

• Specification:
Density

Standards like ASTM D975 for diesel flu are among the ones that the ASTM has
5 set at 15°C (820–845) kg/m3.
• Performance effect:

Energy Content:
Higher Density: Fuels with higher density generally have higher energy
content per unit volume. This can lead to increased energy release during
combustion, potentially enhancing engine power.

Lower Density: Lower-density fuels have a lower energy content, which

may impact the overall power output and efficiency of the engine.

10
 • Definition:
Low-temperature operability refers to how well diesel fuel performs in cold weather conditions. It includes
properties like cold flow behavior, wax formation, and the ability to prevent fuel gelling or filter plugging at low
temperatures.

• Importance: It directly impacts the ability of the fuel to flow, be pumped, and
Low Temperature Operability

undergo proper combustion, especially during engine start-up in cold

conditions.

• Specification:
Standards like ASTM D975 for diesel fuel have been established by 220 °C
(ASTM).
6
• Performance effect:

Fuel Flow and Pumpability:

Good Low-Temperature Operability: Fuels designed for optimal
low-temperature operability remain liquid and flowable even in cold
conditions. This ensures that the fuel can be pumped effectively from the
fuel tank to the combustion chamber.
Poor Low-Temperature Operability: Fuels with poor low-temperature
operability may experience gelling or waxing, leading to issues such as
clogged fuel filters and reduced fuel flow. This can adversely affect engine
performance

11
 Task No. 2
1. Describe the function and operation of inline fuel injection system?

Figure 1.

Component
No. Description
Name

12
 Diesel Tank

1
Figure 2.
• Function: The fuel tank stores diesel fuel.

• Types: 1- Single-wall fuel tanks: 2- Double-walled fuel

tanks

Description
:
.To be made of materials that are not reactive to fuel-1

-To be made of a strong material2

It contains barriers
.
To contain a purer when you open the entry

To have a hole for the atmospheric pressure equatio

13
 Transfer Pump

2
Figure 3.
• Function: The fuel pump pulls the fuel out of the tank and
raises its pressure to deliver it to the injection pump.

• Types: Mechanical pump and electric pump

• Description: The lift pump is typically a diaphragm pump

driven by an engine-mounted camshaft. It ensures a steady
supply of fuel to the injection system.

14
 Diesel Filter

Figure 4.
3 • Function: minimise the amount of corrosion and damage on
the components by keeping dust and abrasive particles out of
the pump and injectors.

• Types: 1- .Multi statge filter

2-Simple filter

• Description: This is usually a replaceable cartridge-type filter

located between the fuel lift pump and the injection pump.

15
 Figure 5.
Inline Injection Pump

• Function: function is to deliver pressurized fuel to the

engine’s injectors at precise intervals and in the correct
sequence. This ensures optimal combustion in each cylinder,
4 contributing to engine efficiency and performance.

• Types: 1- multiple plunger inline fuel injection pump

2-single inLine Pump
• Description:
In inline pumps, each cylinder has its individual plunger and
barrel assembly.
The pump elements are aligned in a row and are driven by the
engine’s camshaft.
As the camshaft rotates, it imparts a reciprocating motion to the
plungers, creating high-pressure fuel within each barrel.
The fuel is then delivered to the respective injectors through
high-pressure lines, with the timing and quantity carefully
controlled by the camshaft.

16
 Diesel Injector

Figure 6.
• Function: Fuel is pressurised and delivered to the injectors by
5 the injection pump in the right order and at exact intervals. It
is essential for regulating the amount and timing of fuel
injection.

• Types:1- Common Rail Injectors

2-Unit Injector

• Description: Operated by the engine's camshaft, the inline

injection pump is installed on the engine. To provide high
pressure for fuel injection, it has a barrel and plunger
configuration.

17
 Low Pressure Line

6 Figure 7.
• Function: fuel lines transport the fuel from tank to transfer
pump

• Description: From the fuel tank, the low-pressure fuel lines

transport the fuel towards the engine. These lines are
generally larger in diameter and designed to handle fuel at
lower pressures.

18
 High Pressure Line

7
Figure 8.
• Function: Fuel lines transport pressurized fuel from the
injection pump to the injectors. These lines need to be robust
to handle high-pressure fuel.

• Description: Fuel lines are typically made of steel or high-

strength materials to withstand the pressure generated by the
injection pump.

19
2. Discuss the injection unit operation for inline pump, and High-pressure fuel
and distribution of distribution pump?
Inline Pump Distribution Pump

Figure 10.

Distribution Pump Component

Figure 9.

Inline Pump Component

injection unit High-pressure fuel and distribution

Figure 12.
Figure 11.
High-pressure fuel and distribution
Component
injection unit Component
High-Pressure Fuel Pump
1. Fuel Inlet
Common Rail (for Common Rail Systems)
2. Fuel Filter
High-Pressure Injector Lines
3. Fuel Lift Pump
Fuel Injectors
4. Injection Pump Plunger and Barrel
Electronic Control in Unit (ECU)
5. Timing Device (Camshaft)

20
 6. Distribution Valve
7. Injector Nozzle
8. Return Line
9. Governor
injection unit operation Discussion High-pressure fuel and distribution
Operation Sequence: operation Discussion

1. Fuel Intake: Fuel enters the 1. Fuel Pressurization:

injection unit through the inlet port during the The high-pressure pump pressurizes the
intake stroke of the plunger. fuel, creating a high-pressure fuel stream.
2. Compression: The plunger moves 2. Common Rail (for Common
upward, compressing the fuel within the barrel. Rail Systems):
3. Injection Timing: At the precise In common rail systems, the pressurized
moment determined by the timing device, the fuel is stored in the common rail.
outlet port opens, allowing pressurized fuel to 3. Injector Lines:
flow to the injector lines. Individual injector lines transport high-
4. Fuel Delivery to Injectors: The pressure fuel from the common rail to each
high-pressure fuel is delivered to each injector injector.
via individual lines. 4. Injector Operation:
5. Injector Spray: The injectors spray The ECU signals each injector to open at
the fuel into the combustion chamber at the the precise moment in the engine’s cycle.
proper moment, initiating combustion. The injector sprays a finely atomized mist
of fuel into the combustion chamber.
5. Combustion:
The injected fuel mixes with air in the
combustion chamber and ignites, driving the
engine’s power stroke.

21
 3. Compare between Mechanical governor and Pneumatic governor in terms of
their modes of operation and levels of sensitivity at low and high-speed of CI
engine?
No. Terms Mechanical governor Pneumatic governor
Photo

Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Component

5. Spring to return rack 1. Diaphragm

6. rack 2. Spring
2 7. Weight return spring 3. Vacuum room
8. Movement transmission joint 4. . Air pressure chamber
9. 5. Level multiplier

22
 • At low Speed:
• At low Speed:
1.Flyweights and Springs: At low 1. Air Pressure Changes: At low
speeds, the flyweights in a speeds, the air pressure within the
mechanical governor may not pneumatic governor system may not
experience sufficient centrifugal be as high.
force to move outward significantly. 2. Diaphragm Movement:
2. Reduced Force Balance: The diaphragm, responding to air
The springs counteract the limited pressure changes, may move to a
centrifugal force, and the governor certain extent.
may not make significant adjustments 3. Fine Adjustability:
to the fuel supply. Pneumatic governors often provide
3. Coarse Adjustment: finer adjustments at low speeds due to
Mechanical governors can have a the flexibility of air pressure
coarser adjustment at low speeds, and regulation.
operation

their response might not be as precise

3 compared to higher speeds. • At High Speed:
• At High Speed:
1. Increased Air Pressure:
1-Increased Centrifugal Force: As engine speed increases, air
As engine speed increases, the pressure within the governor
centrifugal force acting on the system rises.
flyweights intensifies. 2. Diaphragm
2. Outward Movement: Response: The increased air
The flyweights move outward, pressure causes the diaphragm
overcoming the spring force. to move more, influencing the
3. Fuel Adjustment: This control linkage.
movement adjusts the fuel supply to 3. Precise Fuel Adjustment:
the engine, regulating speed. The control linkage adjusts the fuel
Mechanical governors can offer supply with more precision,
more accurate control at high contributing to accurate speed
speeds due to increased centrifugal regulation at high speeds.
force.

23
 • Cost: Mechanical governors are
often less expensive to manufacture
and maintain
• Faster Response: They offer faster
• Maintenance: Mechanical
Advantages response times
governors might be less
• More Precision
maintenance
4 • Fine Adjustability:
• mechanical governors are simpler
• Less Friction:
in terms of components.
•
• Simplicity
•
• Durability
• Less Sensitivity to Environmental
Factors
• Complexity: Pneumatic governors
can be more complex
• Mechanical governors might have • • Cost: They tend to be more
Disadvantages

a slightly slower response time expensive

• Limited Precision • may be more sensitive to
5 • Limited Adjustability environmental conditions, such as
• changes in air density
• • may require more frequent
maintenance
•

Low-Speed Sensitivity: Pneumatic

governors can often offer finer
Low-Speed Sensitivity: Mechanical
adjustments at low speeds due to the
governors might have a coarser
flexibility of air pressure regulation.
adjustment at low speeds, and they
They may respond more quickly to
Sensitivity

might respond with a certain amount

speed changes.
of delay due to mechanical inertia.
6 At higher speeds, mechanical
High-Speed Sensitivity: While
still capable of accurate control at
governors can be responsive and
high speeds, pneumatic governors
provide more accurate control due to
might exhibit slightly reduced
increased centrifugal force.
sensitivity compared to mechanical
governors due to limitations in air
pressure dynamics.

24
Compare between Supercharge and Turbocharge in terms of operation, advantages,
disadvantages and levels of sensitivity?
No. Terms
Photo Supercharge Turbocharge

Figure 16
Figure 15

1-turbine
Component
Device

1. Driven pully 2- compressor

2 2. One shaft
3. Two rotor 3. single shaft
4. wastegate
7. Air Intake
System Component

8. Compressed Air
1. Air Intake 9. Combustion Chamber
2. Compressor 10. Exhaust Gas Flow
3. Air Compression 11. Turbine
3 4. Intercooler 12. Continuous Cycle
5. Combustion Chamber 13. Intercooler
6. Continuous Operation 14.

An apparatus that compresses air

into the engine's cylinders is called
- A turbocharger is an exhaust-driven
a supercharger. A compressor fan
Operation

device that rotates a turbine using the

is spun in order to do this utilising
engine's exhaust gases. More air is
4 a belt-driven pulley system. Prior
forced into the engine's cylinders by
to being forced into the engine's
the compressor fan, which is coupled
intake manifold, air is drawn in
to the turbine.
from the atmosphere by the
compressor fan and compressed.

25
 • Increased Power Output

Advantages
1-Easier maintenance • Improved Fuel Efficiency
2-over broducion and develomen costs
3-Higher reliability (less separate parts) • Compact and Lightweight
5 4-Direct throttle response • Emissions Reduction
• Altitude Compensation
•
•
1- Lower efficiency • Lag in Response (Turbo Lag)
Disadvantages

2-Lower power-to-weight ratio

3- Small potential for tuning • Complexity and Cost
4-Greater power loss at higher elevation (lower • Heat Generation
6 air pressure compared
• Engine Stress
• Specialized Knowledge for Repairs

Since they do not compress the intake

Compared to turbochargers, air as much as superchargers do,
superchargers are more sensitive to turbochargers are less sensitive to
temperature variations in the intake temperature variations in the intake air.
Sensitivity

air. This is due to the intake air's Turbochargers can still result in lag, or
7 potential for heating as a result of a delay in power delivery, when the
supercharger compression. Engine engine is running at a low speed. This
damage may result from the engine is a result of the turbocharger's need for
knocking or pre-detonating if the time to spool up and begin generating
intake air temperature rises too high. boost.

26
 References & Sources

Tas Questio References& Sources

k n
1. https://nwfuel.ca/part1-diesel-fuel-characteristics/
2.
One
3.
4.
1. https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-
material/MEC258A-IC%20Engines-
Combustion%20stage%20in%20CI%20Engine%20I.pdf
Two
2.
Task No. (1)

3.
4.
1. https://feng.stafpu.bu.edu.eg/Mechanical%20Engineering/2511/crs-
14012/Files/Lec.%205%20(Abnormal%20Combustion%20in%20SEI).
pdf
Three
2.
3.
4.
1. https://nwfuel.ca/part1-diesel-fuel-characteristics
2. https://m.marefa.org/‫وقود_الديزل‬
Four
3.
4.
1. http://howcarpartswork.blogspot.com/2015/09/inline-fuel-injection-
pump-diesel.html?m=1
One 2.
3.
4.
Task No. (2)

1. http://howcarpartswork.blogspot.com/2015/09/inline-fuel-injection-
pump-diesel.html?m=1
Two 2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Three
3.
4.
Four 1. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1802044.pdf

27
2.
3.
4.

28