CHAPTER 1

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW

Presented By:
Ir Dr. Arman Abdullah
Okt 2023
TOPIC OUTCOME (TO)
 Explain the roles of engineering technologist
 Identify the main branches of engineering
technology
 Describe the possible career path of a chemical
engineering technology
WHAT IS ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY……?
 Definitions :
 1. The application of science to the common purpose of life.
 --Count Rumford (1799)
 2.Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience
of man.
 --Thomas Tredgold (1828)
 3.It would be well if engineering were less generally thought of, and even defined, as the art of
constructing. In a certain sense it is rather the art of not constructing; or, to define it rudely but not
inaptly, it is the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can be with two after a
fashion.
 --A. M. Wellington (1887)
 4.Engineering is the art of organizing and directing men and controlling the forces and materials of
nature for the benefit of the human race.
 --Henry G. Stott (1907)
 5.Engineering is the science of economy, of conserving the energy, kinetic and potential, provided and
stored up by nature for the use of man. It is the business of engineering to utilize this energy to the
best advantage, so that there may be the least possible waste.
 --Willard A. Smith (1908)
 6.Engineering is the conscious application of science to the problems of economic production.
 --H. P. Gillette (1910)
 7.Engineering is the art or science of utilizing, directing or instructing others in the utilization of the
principles, forces, properties and substance of nature in the production, manufacture, construction,
operation and use of things ... or of means, methods, machines, devices and structures ...
 --Alfred W. Kiddle (1920}
 8.Engineering is the practice of safe and economic application of the scientific laws governing the forces and
materials of nature by means of organization, design and construction, for the general benefit of mankind.
 --S. E. Lindsay (1920)
 9.Engineering is an activity other than purely manual and physical work which brings about the utilization
of the materials and laws of nature for the good of humanity.
 --R. E. Hellmund (1929)
 10.Engineering is the science and art of efficient dealing with materials and forces ... it involves the most
economic design and execution ... assuring, when properly performed, the most advantageous combination of
accuracy, safety, durability, speed, simplicity, efficiency, and economy possible for the conditions of design
and service.
 --J. A. L. Waddell, Frank W. Skinner, and H. E. Wessman (1933)
 11.Engineering is the professional and systematic application of science to the efficient utilization of natural
resources to produce wealth.
 --T. J. Hoover and J. C. L. Fish (1941)
 12.The activity characteristic of professional engineering is the design of structures, machines, circuits, or
processes, or of combinations of these elements into systems or plants and the analysis and prediction of their
performance and costs under specified working conditions.
 --M. P. O'Brien (1954)
 13.The ideal engineer is a composite ... He is not a scientist, he is not a mathematician, he is not a sociologist
or a writer; but he may use the knowledge and techniques of any or all of these disciplines in solving
engineering problems.
 --N. W. Dougherty (1955)
 14.Engineers participate in the activities which make the resources of nature available in a form beneficial to
man and provide systems which will perform optimally and economically.
 --L. M. K. Boelter (1957)
 15.The engineer is the key figure in the material progress of the world. It is his engineering that
makes a reality of the potential value of science by translating scientific knowledge into tools,
resources, energy and labor to bring them into the service of man ... To make contributions of this
kind the engineer requires the imagination to visualize the needs of society and to appreciate what is
possible as well as the technological and broad social age understanding to bring his vision to reality.
 --Sir Eric Ashby (1958)
 16.The engineer has been, and is, a maker of history.
 --James Kip Finch (1960)
 17.Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences
gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize,
economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
 --Engineers Council for Professional Development (1961/1979)
 18.Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of natural
resources to the benefit of man.
 --Ralph J. Smith (1962)
 19.Engineering is not merely knowing and being knowledgeable, like a walking encyclopedia;
engineering is not merely analysis; engineering is not merely the possession of the capacity to get
elegant solutions to non-existent engineering problems; engineering is practicing the art of the
organized forcing of technological change ... Engineers operate at the interface between science and
society ...
 --Dean Gordon Brown; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962)
 20.The story of civilization is, in a sense, the story of engineering - that long and arduous struggle to
make the forces of nature work for man's good.
 --L. Sprague DeCamp (1963)
 21.Engineering is the art or science of making practical.
 --Samuel C. Florman (1976)
 WHAT IS ENGINEERING ?- THE SIMPLIFIED
DEFINITION

 is a discipline concerning…
 “ the creative application of
scientific knowledge to analyse,
design, construct and operate
the products and services of
societal needs;
 with full cognizance of the
environment, sustainable
development and foremost the
safety, health and welfare to
human life.“
A MORE FORMAL DEFINITION…..

“is the profession in which a knowledge of the

mathematical and natural sciences gained by study,
experience, and practice, is applied with judgment
to develop ways to utilize, economically, the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of
mankind.”

Math + Sc

+
Benefit of mankind

Judgement +
Nature Economic
WHO IS AN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST.?
 WHO IS AN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST?

“An engineering technologist shall mean a person who,

by reason of his special knowledge and use of
mathematical, physical, sciences,the principles and
methods of engineering technology analysis and design,
acquired by education and experience, is qualified to
practice engineering.”

thus… an engineering technologist turns ideas into

reality through invention and innovation
Scientists, who
 aims to discover new knowledge, whether useful or not.
The engineer strives to put knowledge, old or new, to work
efficiently for the needs of mankind.
 primarily uses mathematical and physical sciences to
acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies the
knowledge to design and develop usable devices,
structures, and processes. In other words, the scientist
seeks to know, the engineer aims to do.
 Scientists and engineers are dependent on one another.
Their functions, such as research, frequently overlap. The
engineer often conducts research, but with a definite
purpose in mind.
Technicians, who are

 responsible for performing the work while

engineers are responsible for determining
what work is to be performed. Technicians and
engineers are also dependent on one
another…..their technical tasks are to assist
engineers.
 Depth of Knowledge Required

Complex Problems Broadly Defined Problems Well defined Problems

(Engineer) (Engineering Technologist) (Engineering Technician)

Can be solved
Requires in-depth
Requires using limited
knowledge that
knowledge of theoretical
allows a
principles and knowledge, but
fundamentals-based
applied procedures normally requires
first principles
or methodologies extensive practical
analytical approach
knowledge
THE ENGINEERING PROCESS
IDEA ….. while interacting with people & environment

Mathematics & Sciences

• study
+
• experience
creativity / judgement / common sense
• practice
TECHNOLOGY….. PRODUCT OR SERVICE

Communication

SOCIETY
Set of Skills

Technologist must acquire many skills

including theoretical and practical.
They must be good at organization,
communication and documentation.
Three important traits that form the
foundation of a technologist competency
are knowledge, experience and
intuition.
Set of Skills

Knowledge

 Knowledge consists of the body of facts, scientific

principles and mathematical tools that an
engineer
uses to form strategies, analyze systems, predict
results or seek a deeper understanding of how
something works.
 Natural science (physics, chemistry & biology) –
help
engineer to understand physical world.
 Mathematics provides a universal technical
language
that bridges different disciplines, spoken
languages,
and cultural boundaries.
 Set of Skills

•Areas of knowledge that are common to most

engineers, regardless of discipline, include
mechanics, circuits, materials science and
computer programming.
 Education: formal, on-the-job training, and self
-exploration – tinkering, experimenting and
fixing: important sources.
 Competent engineers – involve in design, keep
up to date with latest technology, taking
professional development courses and solving
real world problems.
 Skills
Set of Engineering Skills

Experience

 Experience refers to the body of

procedures, methods, techniques
and rules of thumb in solving
problems.
 On-the-job training provides
important source of engineering
experience.
 Many companies provide entry-
level engineers with initial training
as a way of infusing additional
experience.
 Seasoning: a process by which a
novice engineer learns 'tricks' from
more experienced engineers.
Set of Engineering Skills
...Experience
 History of how things done/hasn't worked is
often passed orally from one generation of
engineers to the next and a new engineer
learns this information by working with other
engineers.
 An engineer also gains valuable experience
by enduring design failure. Experience is
acquired by testing prototypes, studying
failures and observing the results of design
decisions.
 Engineers also must consider the issues of
reliability, cost, manufacturability, economics
and marketability when making decisions.
Set of Engineering Skills

Intuition

 Intuition is engineer's basic instinct about what

will or will not work when trying to solve
engineering problems.
 It helps engineer to decide which approach to
follow when faced with choices and no obvious
answer.
 A feeling for what will work and what will not
work, based solely on extensive experience,
can save time by helping an engineer choose
the path that will eventually lead to success
rather than failure.
 Intuition helps and engineer predict whether a
design concept will work before it's actually
built.
 JOB FUNCTIONS OF AN ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGIST

 Research
 Development
 Design
 Productionand Testing
 Construction
 Operations
 Sales
 Management
 Consulting
 Teaching & Training
 Banking and Finance
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ENGINEERING
/TECHNOLOGY
 When did engineering begin?
…...whenever there was an
invention and innovation

 First tools in ancient times

(hunting)
 Agricultural / farming processes
 Invention of fire, wheel, woven
materials
 Use of metal / alloys
History of Engineering/Technology

Early Civilization: The Egyptians

Middle Ages
The Advancement of Science
The Advancement of Engineering
Engineering in Twentieth Century

Early Civilization: Egyptian

• Pyramids
1. The Step Pyramid
2. The Great Pyramid
• Dykes, canals & drainage system
History of Engineering/Technology

Engineering In The Middle Ages

• After the fall of Roman Empire
• Fortress
Thick walls, tall towers, an encircling wide
ditch spanned by a single bridge
• Machines
1. Wind mill
2. Ship building
• Ingeniour -> in generate (to create) -> engineer
• China -> gunpowder + paper + casting iron + textile
History of Engineering/Technology

The Advancement of Science

• 1300 – 1750 c.e
• Leonardo da Vinci (Italian) -> artist, architect &
experimental scientist: conceptual design
• Galileo (Italian) -> astronomer & physics:
telescope &
law of falling body
• Robert Boyle (Irish) -> chemist & physics:
compression & expansion of air
• Robert Hooke (English) -> experimental scientist:
theory of elasticity
• Sir Isaac Newton (English) -> scientist &
mathematician: calculus + light + colour + law of
universal gravitationl
History of Engineering/Technology

The Advancement of Engineering

 America
1. American Society of Civil Engineers (1852)
2. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and
Petroleum Engineers (1871)
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880)
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(1884)
5. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1908)
History of Engineering/Technology

In The 20th Century

 Transportation
1. Wilbur & Orville Wright -> air plane
2. Henry Ford -> motor vehicle
 Water Resources
1. Hoover Dam
2. Tennessee Valley Authority
 Nuclear Power Plant
1. Consolidated Edison's Indian Point
 Semiconductor
1. IBM Corporation
 STUDYING ENGINEERING/TECHNOLOGY
- REWARDS & OPPORTUNITIES -
 Job Satisfaction
 Variety of Career Opportunities
 Challenging Work
 Intellectual Development
 Potential to Benefit Society
 Financial Security
 Prestige
 Professional Environment
 Technological and Scientific Discovery
 Creative Thinking

Source : Studying Engineering (Discovery Press, 1995)

Further info : Employment survey of engineers 2002
(extracted from IEM publication)
FUTURE CHALLENGES OF TECHNOLOGIST

 Global warming
 Sustainable development

 Environment

 Infrastructure

 Human health and welfare

 Education and training

 Globalization of economy

 Engineering ethics
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Engineers are classified into various fields of

specializations or disciplines based on the type
of problems they solve.
 Basic engineering fields
 Civil engineering
 Mechanical engineering
 Electrical engineering
 Chemical engineering
 Other specialisations???
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Electrical
➔ Power generation, transmission & distribution
➔ Electronics
➔ Communication
➔ Instrument & measurement
➔ Automatic control
➔ Computer
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Mechanical
➔ Transportation
➔ Machines for industry
➔ Marine
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Civil
➔ Structure
➔ Construction
➔ Transportation
➔ Geo-technical
➔ Water Resources
➔ Environment
 BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 Chemical
➔ Chemical Reaction /catalysis
➔ Heat Transfer
➔ Mass Transfer
➔ Process Control
➔ Process Economics
➔ Separation n Purification
Areas of further specialization

Petroleum
Mechatronic
Materials
Agricultural
Architectural
Biomedical
Ceramic
Computer
Environmental
Industrial
Manufacturing
Mining and Geological
Nuclear...
 Chemical Engineering technologist Overview

 Chemical Engineering Technology:

1. Engineering technology that directly
dealing with and involving chemicals.
2. Industrialized or mechanized
application of producing something
from or using chemicals
 Chemical Engineering
Technologist :
Person(s) who(m) doing and practising
chemical technology in any positions.
Chemical Engineering Perspective

 The American Institute of

Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
defines the profession as:

“The profession in which a knowledge of

the mathematics, chemistry and
natural sciences gained by study,
experience and practice is applied with
judgement to develop ways to utilize
economically, the materials and
energy for the benefit of mankind”
Chemical Technology Perspective

 In general, it is a discipline with deep roots in

the world of atoms, molecules, and molecular
transformations.
 The focus of chemical technologist has always
been industrial processes that change the
physical state or chemical composition of
materials.
 Chemical technology plays a key role in
industries as varied as petroleum, food,
artificial fibers, petrochemicals, plastics,
ceramics, primary metals, glass, and
specialty chemicals.
Chemical Technology Perspective

 Chemical technologist was the

profession to recognize the
integral relationship
between design and
manufacture, and this
recognition has been one of the
major reasons for its success.
Attributes of Engineering Technologist Graduates
 PO1 Knowledge: apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to defined and applied engineering procedures, processes, systems or methodologies;
 PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse broadly-defined engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using analytical tools appropriate to their discipline or area of
specialisation.;
 PO3 Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for broadly-defined engineering technology
problems and contribute to the design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.;
 PO4 Investigation: Conduct investigations of broadly-defined problems; locate, search and select relevant
data from codes, data bases and literature, design and conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions.;
 PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to broadly-defined engineering activities, with an
understanding of the limitations.;
 PO6 The Engineer and Society: Demonstrate understanding of the societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technology practice.
 PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of engineering technology solutions in
societal and environmental context and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.;
 PO8 Ethics: Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering
technology practice.;
 PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse technical teams.
 PO10 Communications: Communicate effectively on broadly-defined engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, by being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions;
 PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team and to manage
projects in multidisciplinary environments;
 PO12 Life Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent and life-
long learning in specialist technologies.
ENGINEERING EDUCATION

 BSc  professional practice

 BSc  MSc  professional practice
 academic career / researcher
 BSc  MSc  PhD  professional
practice
 academic career/
researcher

 Academic career / professional practice can be

combined
 CONCLUSION

THE WELL ROUNDED

TECHNOLOGIST
“The technologist have the potential to become
a mastermind from which they are being
a pure technology-oriented source of
expertise to that of a more rounded person
able to confront both technological and
social systems issues”