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AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT
DIMMER / DIPPER FOR
VEHICLE
PRESENTED BY,
VINEETH N GOPAL
ASHWIN VIJAYAN
RAHAN GEORGE
ROSHAN ANISH
GUIDED BY,
SACHU V C
Mrs. JYOTHI ZACHARIAH JASIN SIBY
HOD EEE
KIRAN RAMESH
JUBIN C THOMAS
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 CONTENTS
 INTRODUTION
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 SOLUTION
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 COMPONENTS
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

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INTRODUTION
• The requirement of headlight is very common during night level. The same headlight which assists
the driver for better vision during night travel is also responsible for many accidents that are being
caused.
• The driver has the control of headlight which can be switched from high beam (bright) to low
beam (dim).The head light has to adjusted according to the light requirement by the driver.
• During the pinch black conditions where there are no other sources of light high beam is used to on
all other cases, low beam is preferred .but in a two way traffic, there are vehicles playing on both
side of the road.
• This fraction of distraction is the prime cause of many road accidents.
• The prototype that is has been designed, reduces the problem by actually damming down bright
headlight of our vehicle to low beam automatically when it senses a vehicle at close proximity
approaching from the other direction.

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Problem • Challenges with Manual Headlight Dipping
• Need for Automated Solutions
Statement • Introduction to LDR Sensor

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Solution
???? LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Sensor

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Working Principle

• Detection of Ambient Light Conditions by LDR

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COMPONENTS
• LDR Module( Light Dependent Resistor)
• IC (LM358)
• RELAY(5V)
• LED
• TRANSISTOR (BC547)
• RESISTOR(1K,10K,680R)
• BATTERY(9V)
• CAPACITOR(.1uF)

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LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
The LDR, or Light Dependent Resistor, is an electronic
component that exhibits a change in resistance in
response to variations in light intensity. Its operation is
based on the principle of photoconductivity, wherein the
semiconductor material within the LDR becomes more
conductive when exposed to light and less conductive in
darkness.

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LM358
The LM358 is a widely used integrated circuit (IC)
consisting of two independent, high-gain operational
amplifiers (op-amps) on a single chip. Developed by
Texas Instruments, the LM358 offers versatile
functionality in numerous electronic applications due to
its low cost, ease of use, and reliability. Each op-amp
within the LM358 is designed to amplify voltage
differences between its two input terminals, producing
an output voltage that is proportional to the input
voltage.

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RELAY
A 5V relay is an electromechanical switching device
that operates with a nominal coil voltage of 5 volts.
Relays are commonly used in electronic circuits to
control high-power devices or circuits with low-power
signals. The basic principle of operation involves using
a low-power signal to control the switching of a higher-
power circuit. In the case of a 5V relay, a small current
flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field, which
then actuates a set of internal contacts, either opening or
closing the circuit they are connected to.

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LED
Light Emitting Diodes, or LEDs, are semiconductor
devices that emit light when an electric current passes
through them. The operation of an LED is based on
electroluminescence, a phenomenon where the material
emits light in response to the passage of an electric
current. LEDs are characterized by their efficiency,
longevity, and versatility in producing light across
various colors.

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BC547
The BC547 transistor is a popular general-purpose NPN
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used in
electronic circuits for amplification and switching
purposes. Manufactured in a variety of packages, the
BC547 offers a high gain and low noise operation,
making it suitable for a wide range of low to medium
power applications. It consists of three layers of
semiconductor material: the emitter, base, and collector.

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RESISTOR
A resistor is a fundamental passive electronic
component that restricts the flow of electrical current in
a circuit. It is characterized by its ability to resist the
flow of electrons and is often used to control the
amount of current or voltage in a circuit. Resistors are
typically constructed from materials with high
resistivity, such as carbon composition, metal film, or
wire wound around a ceramic core. They come in
various shapes, sizes, and resistance values to suit
different circuit requirements.

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BATTERY
A 9V battery is a compact and portable power source
commonly used in various electronic devices and
applications. It is a type of primary (non-rechargeable)
battery that provides a nominal voltage of 9 volts

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CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a fundamental electronic component

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5V Regulator Battery(9V)

LM 358
LDR Module Comparator Relay module LED Light
circuit

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Working
The circuit for a vehicle automatic headlight dimmer/dipper using an LM358 comparator, LDR module, and
relay operates as follows:
• LDR Module (Light Dependent Resistor): The LDR module is placed in a location on the vehicle where it
can detect changes in ambient light conditions, such as near the front grille or headlights. The resistance of the
LDR varies with the intensity of light falling on it. In low light conditions or at night, the resistance of the
LDR increases, while in bright daylight, the resistance decreases.
• LM358 Comparator: The LM358 is a dual operational amplifier (op-amp) IC that is used in this circuit as a
comparator. One op-amp of the LM358 is configured as a comparator. The non-inverting input (positive) of
the comparator is connected to a reference voltage, typically set using a voltage divider. The inverting input
(negative) is connected to the output of the LDR module. The LM358 comparator compares the voltage at the
inverting input (which corresponds to the brightness detected by the LDR) with the reference voltage.
• Relay: The relay is an electromechanical switch that can be controlled by the output of the LM358
comparator. The relay has normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts. In the default state, the
relay's NO contacts are open.

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• Circuit Operation: When the ambient light is low (nighttime or low-light conditions), the resistance of the
LDR module increases, causing the voltage at the inverting input of the LM358 comparator to decrease. If this
voltage falls below the reference voltage set at the non-inverting input, the output of the LM358 comparator
goes high. This high output signal energizes the relay coil.
• Headlight Control: When the relay coil is energized, the relay's NO contacts close, completing the circuit for
the vehicle's headlights. This turns on the headlights at full brightness.
• Dimming Functionality: As daylight or ambient light levels increase, the resistance of the LDR decreases,
causing the voltage at the inverting input of the LM358 comparator to increase. If this voltage exceeds the
reference voltage, the output of the LM358 comparator goes low, de-energizing the relay coil. As a result, the
relay's NO contacts open, interrupting the circuit for the headlights. This effectively dims or turns off the
headlights, depending on the intensity of the ambient light detected by the LDR module.
• Safety and Comfort: By automatically adjusting the brightness of the headlights based on ambient light
conditions, the circuit enhances safety by ensuring optimal visibility for the driver and other road users while
minimizing glare and discomfort.
• Overall, the vehicle automatic headlight dimmer/dipper circuit using an LM358 comparator, LDR module,
and relay provides a reliable and efficient solution for controlling the brightness of vehicle headlights in
response to changing light conditions.

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CONCLUSION
Our project is helpful to the drivers in automatically switching the headlight from low beam
ray to high beam ray and vice-versa. This innovation is helps to limits the accidents that
been caused the glare in eyes due to bright light. The circuit consist of simple and
economical components which can be easily installed. The working and implemantation of
prototype are discussed in detail. This provide a safe and comfortable driving.

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REFERENCE
• Design and development of an automatic automobile headlight switching system. International Journal
• of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
• [2] Design and implementation of automatic headlight dimmer for vehicles using light-dependent resistor
• (LDR) sensor. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Innovative Engineering.
• [3] Woody's Automotive Group (2013), Auto-Dimming Mirrors, Dodge Durango Citadel. Retrieved
• 26/06/2014.
• [4] Kearney, Georgina (19 February 2016). "The History of Printed Circuit Boards".
• [5] Atmel 8-bit AVR Microcontrollers ATmega328/P Datasheet Summary.
• [6] Ontario Ministry of transportation, “Drivers Handbook: Driving at Night and in Bad Weather,” 2013.
• [7] ‘Automatic headlight dimmer a prototype for vehicles’, International Journal of Research in
• Engineering and Technology.
• [8] ‘Headlight Intensity Controller Design using Wireless Sensors (HIC-WSN)’, Special Issue of
• International Journal of Computer Applications.
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