Course Code: 3009 SUMMER INTERNSHIP(I) REPORT ON INTERNSHIP TRAINING AT ACADEMY»... ENGINEERING I HEALTHCARE | MANAGEMENT NAGAMPADOM, KOTTAYAM, KERALA Submitted to, State Board of Technical Education, Kerala, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF TRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING MANGALAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ETTUMANOORPRODUCTS TRANSFORMER coma te ad / Low Voltage Bushes Tank cover Cooling Tubes rain off ‘Transformer Electrical Transformer isa static electrical machine which transforms electrical power from one cireuit to another circuit, without changing the frequency. Transformer can increase or decrease the voltage with corresponding deerease or inerease in current. Working Principle of Transformer Leakage Flux Main Fa Winding Seooidory The basic prineiple behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual induction between two ‘windings linked by common magnetic flux. The figure at right shows the simplest form ofa transformer. Basically a transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary and secondary windings. The coils are clectrcally separated but magnetically linked to each other. When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating magnetic ux is produced around the winding. The core provides magnetie path for the fu, to get linked with the secondary winding, Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as ‘useful Qs’ or main ‘us’, and the ux which does not get linked with secondary winding is called as leakage flux’ As the flux produced is altemating (the direction of it is continuously changing), 5 ES Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 4EME gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This emf'is called ‘mutually induced em? and the frequency of mutually induced emf is same as that of supplied emf. Ifthe secondary winding is closed eicuit, then mutually induced current flows through it, and hence the electrical «energy is transferred from one cireuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary). Basic Construction of Transformer Bas from cach other as well as from the steel core. A transformer may also consist of a container for winding and ly a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core. The coils are insulated core assembly (called as tank), suitable bushings to take our the terminals, oil conservator to provide oil in the ‘transformer tank for cooling purposes ete. The figure at left illustrates the basic construction of a transformer. Inall types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel, ‘minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path), The steel used is having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low hysteresis Toss. Laminated sheets of sicel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are cut in the shape as E,L and L.. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides of joint. That i, ifjoints of fist sheet assembly are at front face, the joints of following assemble are kept at back face. Terminals Bushings Core Breather ——————— ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page $‘Types of Transformer Transformers can be classified on different basis, like types of construction, types of cooling ete (A) On the basis of construction, transformers can be classified into two types as; (i) Core type transformer and (ii) Shell type transformer, which are described below LV. lnsulation LY. Winding ALV. Insulation HV. Winding Core type Shell type (i) Core type transformer {In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted on the core limbs as shown in the figure above. The cylindrical coils have different layers and each layer is insulated from each other. Materials, like paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation, Low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core, as they are easier to insulate. (it ‘The coils are former wound and mounted in layers stacked with insulation between them. A shell type Shell type transformer transformer may have simple rectangular form (as shown in above fig), or it may have a distributed form. (B) On the basis of their purpose 1. Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at secondary. 2. Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase in current) at secondary (C) On the basis of type of supply 1. Single phase transformer 2. Three phase transformer 5 Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 6(D) On the basis of their use 1. Power transformer: Used in transmis jon network, high rating 2. Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower rating than that of power transformers 3. Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different instruments in industries * Current transformer (CT) + Potential transformer (PT) These two transformer tests are performed to find the parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer andl losses ‘of the transformer. Open circuit test and short circuit test on transformer are very economical and convenient because they are performed without actually loading of the transformer. Open citeuit or No load test on Transformer Open citeuit test or no load test on a transformer is performed to determine ‘no load loss (core loss)' and 'no load current 10, The circuit diagram for open circuit test is shown in the figure below, w (A). a —@ = TI0TE LV 1V Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding is connected to its normal supply. A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are connected to the LV winding as shown in the figure. Now applied voltage is slowly increased from zero to normal rated value of LV side with the help of a variac, When the applied voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV winding, readings from all the three instruments are taken, ‘The ammeter reading gives the no load current 10, As 10 itself is very small, the voltage drops due to this ted, current can be negl —————— ey Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 7‘The input power is indicated by the wattmeter (W), And as the other side of transformer is open circuited, there is no outpuit power. Hence, this input power only consists of core losses and copper losses. As described above, no-load current is so small that these copper losses can be neglected. Hence, now the input power is almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter reading gives the core losses of the transformer. ‘Sometimes, a high resistance voltmeter is connected across the HV winding, Though, a voltmeter is connected, HY winding can be treated as open circuit as the current through the voltmeter is negligibly small. This helps in to find voltage transformation ratio (K). ‘The two components of no load current can be given as, Th. = 10sin60 and Tw = Teosb0. e000 (no load power factor) = W / (V 110). ... (W = wattmeter reading) From this, shunt parameters of equivalent circuit parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer (XO and RO) ccan be calculated as X0= VI/wand RO= VII. (These values are referring to LY side of the transformer.) Hence, it is seen that open circuit test gives core losses of transformer and shunt parameters of the equivalent circuit Short circuit or Impedence test on Transformer ‘The connection diagram for short circuit test or impedance test on transformer is as shown in the figure below. The LV side of transformer is short circuited and wattmeter (W), vollmere (V) and ammeter (A) are connected on the HV side of the transformer. Voltage is applied to the HV side and increased rom the zero ‘until the ammeter reading equals the rated current. All the readings are taken at this rated current, ‘The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Ise) ‘The voltage applied for full load current is very small as compared to rated voltage. Hence, core loss duc to small applied voltage can be neglected. Thus, the wattmeter reading can be taken as copper loss in the transformer. ———————— Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 8Therefore, W = Za Vlle Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the formula Z,°-R.?+X,. 2R ovr (Where Regis the equivalent resistance of transformer) These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer. ence, its seen that the short circuit test gives copper losses of transformer and approximate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer. Hv| [LV From the above transformer tests, it can be seen that Cu loss of a transformer depends on current, and iron loss depends on voltage. Thus, total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA). It does not depend on the phase angle between voltage and current, ie. transformer loss is independent of load power factor. So transformers are rated in kVA. Losses in Transformer In any electrical machine, loss’ can be defined as the difference between input power and output power. An lectrical transformer is am static device, hence mechanical losses { windage /friction losses) are absent im it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron losses and copper losses). Transformer losses are similar to losses a DC machine, except that transformers do not have mechanical losses, Losses in transformer are explained below - (i) Core losses or Iron losses Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material used for the construction of core, Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron losses. * Hysteresis loss in transformer: Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the transformer core. This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux density. It can be given by, Steinmetz formula: W,=n8,,.."4V (watts) where, 1 = Steinmetz hysteresis constant V= volume of the core in m* ed Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 9Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary winding, it produces induced emt im it, But some part of this ux also gets linked with other conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced emf in those parts, causing smal circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat. (Gi) Copper loss in transformer Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss for the primary winding is IR, and for secondary winding is IR, . Where I, and I, are current in primaty and secondary respectively, R, and R, are th resistance of primary and secondary winding respectively. It is elear that Cu loss is, proportional to square of the currenr depends on the load, Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the load. Efficiency of Transformer ey of a transformer can be defined as the output power Just like any other ek by the input power. That is efficiency = output / input Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5% . AS a transformer being highly efficient, output and input are having nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure the efficiency of transformer by using output / input. A better method to find efficiency of a transformer is using, efficiency ~ (input - losses) / input = I - (losses / input). day Efficiency of Transformer As we have seen above, ordinary or commercial efficiency of a transformer can be given as output (in watts) ordinary efficiency = Gn watts) But in some types of transformers, their performance can not he judged by this efficiency. For example, distribution transformers have their primaries energized all the time, But, their secondaries supply little load no-load most of the time during day (as residential use of electricity is observed mostly during evening tll midnight). ‘That core losses of transformer are considerable and copper losses are absent (or very litle). Copper losses are , when secondaries of transformer are not supplying any load (or supplying only little load), then only considerable only when transformers are loaded. Thus, for such transformers copper losses are relatively Tess important. The performance of such transformers is compared on the basis of energy consumed in one day. ———————— Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 10output (in kWh) input (in kWh) All day efficiency (for 24 hours) All day efficiency of a transformer is always less than ordinary efficieney of it EMF equation of a transformer and Voltage Transformation Ratio Ina transformer, source of alternating current is applied tothe primary winding. Due to th the current in the primary winding (called as magnetizing current) produces alternating flux in the core of transformer. This alternating flux gets linked with the secondary winding, and because of the phenomenon of mutual induction an emf gets induced in the secondary winding. Magnitude of this induced emf can be found by using the following EMF equation of the transformer. EMF equation of the Transformer Let, N, = Number of turns in primary winding N.= Number of turns in secondary winding ©, = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (B, x A) > frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) AAs, shown in the fig, the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value ém from 0, It reaches to the maximum value in one quarter ofthe eyele i in T/4 see (where, Tis time period of the sin wave of the supply = U/D. ‘Therefore, average rate of change of Mux =", fag Therefore, average rate of change of flux = 41, Now, Wbis) Induced emf per tum ~ rate of change of flux per tum Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f¢,.......{ Volts). Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value ——————— Dept. of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page U1‘Nexora Academy Pyt Ltd | Intemship Training Report ‘Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per tum. As, the flux ® varies sinusoidally form factor ofa sine wave is 1.11 ‘Therefore, RMS value of emf per tum = 1.11 x 4f, = 4.44. [RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (EL) - RMS value of emi per turn X Number of turns in primary winding E,=444fNO, eq! Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (2) can be given as E, END, st from the above equation 1 and 2, This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of turns is same for both primary and secondary winding, For an ideal transformer on no load, E1 = VI and E2= V2 where, VI = supply voltage of primary winding V2 = terminal voltage of secondary winding Voltage Transformation Ratio (K) As derivbed above, Where, constant This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio, *IfIN2>N1, Le. K> 1, then the transformer is called step-up transformer. * IFN2< NI, ie. K< 1, then the transformer is called step-down transformer. Dept. of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 12GENERATOR ecter Fundaton In electricity generation, a generator isa device that converts motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) or fuel-based power (chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit, Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and even hand cranks. The first electromagnetic generator the Faraday ‘was invented in 1831 by British scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly ll the power for electrical grids. Principle of Generator Generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works based on principle of faraday law of electromagnetic induction, The faradays Taw states that induced and this induced ‘whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, EMF EMP is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages. This EMF ean be generated when there is either relative space or relative time variation between the conductor and magnetic field. So the important elements of a generator are: + Magnetic field + Motion of conductor in magnetic field ———————— ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 13Construction of Generator: Inthe fig, single-turn rectangular copper coil ABCD is rotating about its own axis in a magnetic field provided by cither permanent magnet or electromagnets, The two ends ofthe coil are joined to two slip rings ‘a’ and *b’ which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two colleeting brushes (made of either carbon or capper) are pressed against the slip rings. Their funtion isto collect the current induced in the coil and convey to the external load resistance R. Mok we) @ ” ‘The rotating coil may be named as armature and the magnets are called as ficld magnets. Working of Generators: Parts of a practical generator: |. Magnetic frame or yoke 2. Pole-Cores and Pole-shoes 3. Pole coils or field coils 4. Armature core 5. Armature windings or conductors 6. Commutators 7. Brushes and bearings Generators are basically coils of electric conductors, normally copper wire, that are tightly wound onto ‘8 metal core and are mounted to turn around inside an exhibit of large magnets. An electric conductor interface with the electrons in the conductor to moves through a magnetic feld, the magnetism flow of electrical current inside it. ——————— ny Dept. of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 14The conductor coil and its core are called the armature, connceting the armature to the shaft ofb a mechanical power source, for example an motor, the copper conductor can turn at exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field. The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak magnetic field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts 1 raise voltage. Some of this voltage is making on the field windings ‘through the generator regulator. This impressed voltage builds up stronger winding current, raises the strength ofthe magnet field, The expanded field produces more voltage in the armature. This, in turn.make more ‘current in the field windings, with a resultant higher armature voltage. At this time the signs of the shoes the depended on the direction of flow of current in the field winding. The opposite signs will give current to flow in wrong direction, ‘Types of Generator “The generators are clas ino types. © AC generators * DC generators ac Generator: These are also called as alternators. I is the most important means of producing electrical power in many of the places since now days all the consumers are using AC. It works based on principle of the electromagnetic induction, These are of two types one is induction generator and other one is synchronous generator. The induction generator requires no separate DC excitation, regulator controls, frequency control or governor. This concept takes place when conductor coils tum in a magnet field actuating a current and a voltage. The generators should run at a consistent speed to convey a stable AC voltage, even no load is accessible, ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, EttumanoorTFigure: Induction Generator on | Synchronous Generators wine nes -—\ Constrction of «two-point poe generator ‘Synchronous generators are large size generators mainly used in power plants. These may be rotating field type or rotating armature type. In rotating armature type, armature is at rotor nd field is at stator. Rotor a armature current is taken through slip rings and brushes. These ate limited due to high wind losses. These are used for low power output applications. Rotating field type of allematoris widely used because of high power generation capability and absence of slip rings and brushes. It can be either 3 phase of two phase generators. A two-phase alternator produces two completely separate voltages. Each voltage may be considered as a single-phase voltage. Each is generated voltage completely independent of the other. The three-phase alternator has three single-phase windings spaced such that the voltage induced in any one phase is displaced by 120° fiom the other two. These ean be connected either delta or ww connection. Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 16Figure: 3 phase ac generator In Delta Connection each col end is eonneeted together to form a closed loop. A Delta Connection appears like the Greek Letter Del end of each coil left open for extemal connections. A Wye Connection appears as the letter Y. These generators like A). In Wye Connection one end of each coil connected together and the other are packaged with an engine or turbine to be used as a motor-generator set and used in applicati ‘naval, oil and gas extraction, mining machinery, wind power plants ete Advantages of AC Generator: © These Generators are generally maintenance free, because of absence of brushes. « Easily slep up and step down through transformers. ‘+ Transmission link size might be thinner because of step up feature + Size of the generator relatively smaller than DC machine +» Losses are relatively less than DC machine ‘© These Generator breakers are relatively smaller than DC breakers DC Generator: DC generator is typically found in off-grid applications. These generators give a seamless power supply directly into electric storage devices and DC power grids without novel equipment. The stored power is carries to loads through DC-AC converters. The DC generators could be controlled back to an unmoving speed as batteries tend to be stimulating to recover considerably more fie. ————————— ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 17Classification of DC Generator D.C Generators are classified according to the way their magnetic field iy developed in the stator of the machine. ‘© Permanent-magnet DC generators » Separately-excite DC generators and « Self-encited DC generators. Fase Wing Fils winang Amature Armature ‘Shunt Wound Generator Seties Wound DC Generator ome” AIDS Genera = “J Outpa| Figure: Permanent magnet DC generator Shunt Field ‘Armature Self-excited- Shunt and series wound DC generator. Permanent magnet DC generators do not require extemal field excitation because it has permanent magnets to produce the flux. These are used for low power applications like dynamos, Separately-excite DC generators requires external field excitation to produce the magnetic flux. We can also vary the excitation to get variable output power. These are used in electro plating and electro refining applications. Due to residual magnetism present in the poles of the stator self-excited DC generators can able to produce their own magnetic field SE Page 18 ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor‘The self-excited DC Generators are further classified as Shunt wound DC generators; Series wound DC generator and Compound wound DC generators. The Compound Wound DC generators are further divided as long shunt wound DC generators, and short shunt wound DC generators. The field pole of the DC generator are stationary, and the armature conductor rotates. The voltage generated in the armature conductor is of alternating nature, and this voltage is converted into the direct voltage at the brushes with the help ofthe commutator. These are simple in design and no need to have the external circuit to vary the field excitation, Again these self-excited DC generators arc classified into shunt, series, and compound generators. ‘These are used in applications like battery charging, welding, ordinary lightening applications ete. Advantages of DC Generator Mainly DC machines have the wide variety of operating characteristics which ean be obtained by selection of the method of excitation of the field windings, The output voltage can be smoothed by regularly arranging the coils around the armature This leads o less fluctuations which is desirable for some steady state applications. No shielding need for radiation, so cable cost will be less as eompared to AC Generator Maintenance A) INITIAL GENERATOR TEST + Megger” rotor winding + *Megger” exciter armature winding +*Megger” excite field winding + Complete polarization index (pi) on main stator + Check bearing insulation B) INSPECTION ON STATIC EXCITER + Remove exeiter end cover + Examine condition of diode carrier + Examine exciter armature/stator for contamination + Examine exciter armature/stator for winding wear + Check pmg magnets for contamination SSE Dept. of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 19‘Nexora Academy Pyt Ltd | Intemship Training Report ©) ELECTRICAL CONTROL/PROTECTION PANEL + Visually inspect extemal surfaces of panel + Complete insulation resistance checks of panel wiring + Check function ofall relays * Check all fuses + Check all lamps + Cheek operation of all switehes + Check operation of panel heaters + Run generator; recalibrate avr + Secondary inject all protective relays: D) LINESIDE CUBICLE/NEUTRAL CUBICLE, + Check condition of main generator terminal bushings * Check all busbar/cable connections + Check cut connections + Check condition of neutral earthing transformer + Check condition of neutral earthing resistor + Check operation of cubicle heaters + Clean all post insulators and examine for damage + Cary out insulation check E) ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTOR: + Cary out static checks to confirm operation of detector + Carry out functional check to confirm operation of detector F) SLIP-RINGS AND BRUSH-GEAR (IF FITTED) + Check all brushes for grade and length + Check condition of brush holders/mountings + Check that spring tensions are correct + Check conditions of slip-rings + Check mechani + Check cooler and leakage alarms run-out of sli ings ‘of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 20‘A capacitor bank is a system consisting of several capacitors connected in series or parallel to form an enensy storage system. This system helps in correcting the power factor lag and phase shift in an AC power supply, thus increasing the efficiency of electrical energy transfer. The basie Capacitor Bank symbol or diagram is shown below. | y Ina substation, it is used to enhance the power factor & reactive power compensation, While installing a capacitor bank ina substation, some specifications need to consider. So capacitor bank specifications are voltage rating, temperature rating, KVAR rating, and basie instruction range. Capacitor Rank ————————— Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 21Capacitor Bank Types Generally, the unit ofa capacitor bank is known as a capacitor unit. The manufacturing of these units ean be done similarly to I~ phase unit. These units are mainly connected in the form ofa st make a whole three-phase capacitor bank. At present most frequently available capacitor units are [-phase type whereas 3-phase capacitor units are rarely manufactured. There are three types of capacitor banks which, are discussed below. /delta connection to ‘ Internally Fused ‘+ Externally Fused « Fuse Less Internally Fused ‘The designing of an internally fused can be done within a particular arrangement, According to its rating, various elements are allied in series and parallel. The protection of each capacitor element can be done separately through a fuse unit, As the name suggests, the capacitor elements, as well as fuse units, are arranged within the same easing. In this type of bank, the size of every capacitor clement is extremely small within ratings So if any of the capacitor elements are broken down, then there will be no effect within the act of the bank. This kind of capacitor bank can run suitably even one or above capacitor elements are broken. The main advantages of an internally fused type are, it is very simple to install as well as maintenance is. simple. The disadvantage of an internally fused is, once several capacitor elements are failed, then the whole bank aceds to be changed. So there is no possibility for the replacement ofa single unit. Externally Fused Inan externally fused type, the fuse unit for every capacitor u s given externally. 1fany faull occurs in any capacitor unit then the fuse unit will be damaged. When the fuse unit detaches the defective capacitor unit, then this bank will maintain its service without any break. In this type, the connection of capacitor units can be done in parallel for each phase of the bank. Once one unit fails then there will be nota fot of effect on the whole bank’s performance. Whenever one capacitor unit is not there within a single phase, then the capacitance of that single phase will be less as compared to the other two phases. This will affect high voltage in the remai ing two phases of the bank. In this type, the identification of a faulty unit can be done through visual inspection once the fuse unit blows. The capaci from 50 KVAR ~ 40 KVAR. This is one of the main spe once any fuse unit fails,then an unbalance can be detected even all the units within the bank are well. ypically ranges fications. The main disadvantage of this bank is, ‘of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 22Fuse Less In a useless type, the connection of several fuse units can be done in series to make a capacitor string, These strings are connected in parallel to make a capacitor bank for each phase, After that, three similar phase banks are connected in the connection of star/delta to make a whole three-phase bank. ‘Through an arrangement of fusing in internal or external, the capacitor strings are not protected. So in this type of system, if any one of the string units fails because ofthe short circuit or fault, then there is no change ‘within the flow of current throughout this string because there are several other capacitors allied in series conneetion through this path. When the short circuit effeet within the string unit is small, then the eapacitor bank ean be accumulated to extend the time before faulty unit replacement. So this is the main reason, why the fuse unit is not necessary to change the faulty unit from the system within the bank instantly once the unt tums defective, Capacitor Bank Connections The capacitor bank is connected in two ways like star and delta but most ofthe time, delta is used. So there is abit of confusion about which connection is better for a bank, So here we are going to discuss these two connections along with benefits and drawbacks. The main application is power factor correction because, in 3-phase system, a 3-phase capacitor bank is used for the power factor correction which may be connected instar or dela | i { Pe Lead ‘Pht Lond copestr Dea Cpactri Sue 'Comice Cmte Capacitor Bank in Star & Delta Connection Capacitor Bank in Delta Connection ‘When these banks are used in delta connection then it is utilized for less to average voltage. The capacitor bank in delta connection can be utilized for high vollage however itis not achievable sometimes as in delta connection; the complete phase voltage is given across every capacitor while in star ype connection, lesser as compared to applied phase voltage across the capacitor. —————— Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 23Advantages The advantages of a capacitor bank in delta connection include the following. When the capacitor generates Kilovolt-Ampere Reactive (KVAR) then that is proportional to the square of the voltage applied. So, if the voltage is higher, the KVAR is also more. So the capacitor in this connection will provide high KVAR compared to the bank connected in star eonneetion because, in star type connection, the applied voltage is low compared fo delta connection. The capacitor bank in this connection can flow the harmonic current, thus it can decrease the effect of harmonic within an electrical system. When the bank is connected in delta connection, then it gives a balanced capacitance to every stage of the electrical system & keeps a balanced voltage. Ia capacitor cell within a single phase isnot succeeding in the bank, then voltage beyond every phase remains the same, simply KVAR falls. \dvantages The disadvantages of a capacitor bank in delta connection include the following. The main drawback of the capacitor bank in delta connection is, the pressure of voltage across every capacitor is maximum which decreases the capacitor’s life & it may not be utilized in the applications of high voltage. Capacitor Bank in Star Connection The star connection-based type is mainly used in the applications of medium to high voltage. In this type of connection, the voltage beyond every capacitor is smaller as compared to the voltage of the phase, so the pressure of voltage beyond the capacitors is less even in the applications of the maximum voltage. In the capacitor bank, there are 2 types of connections used like the following, * Grounded Star Connection ‘* Ungrounded star Connection Grounded Star Connection In this type of connection, the unbiased point of the bank is stably earthed, which means the neutral should not be insulated tovrard the BIL level of the complete system. Thus, some price reductions can be realized with this connection. In addition, TRV (transient recovery voltage) may be less harsh within this connection. An error on the 1-phase of the bank will not affect the rise of voltage within the remaining legs of the bank. Soa fault on one phase of the capacitor will not affect other phases. ————————— Dept. of EEE, Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page 24Ungrounded Star Connection In this kind of connection, the capacitor bank’s neutral point is not connected toward earthing. So this type of connection does not allow the supply of GND currents & zero series harmonie currents. Advantages The advantages of capacitor bank in star connection include the following, « Itisa simple connection «©The voltage pressure across every capacitor is low, thus the capacitor’s Fife span is high Disadvantages The disadvantages of eapacitor bank in star connec include the following. «+ Starconnected type provides less KVAR than delta-connected type because the voltage across the capacitor is less. «+ A star-connected type cannot circulate the harmonie current in an electrical system ‘© The ungrounded star-comnected type cannot maintain the balance voltage and cannot provide the balance capacitance. «+ Ifa capacitor cell in one phase is failed, the unbalanced voltage occurs in the eleetrical system, Applications ‘The application of eapacitor banks include the following: ‘© Capacitor banks are mainly used to enhance the electrical supply quality & also to enhance the power systems efficiency. is most frequently used for the correction of AC power supply in industries where electrie motors and. transformers are used. As this bank uses an inductive load, then they are vulnerable to power factor lags & phase shifts within the power supply, so it results in a system efficiency loss, When these are used in the system then the power lag can be solved at less cost for the organization by making some changes in the power grid ‘These are used in radars, pulsed lasers, Marx generators, detonators, coilguns, fusion researeh, nuclear ‘weapons, electromagnetic railguns, ete ‘© Generally, capacitor banks decrease the phase difference among the current & voltage. The power factor (pf) can be maintained close to unity ————— Dept. of EEE,Mangalam Ploytechnic College, Ettumanoor Page: