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Assignment General Microbiology

This document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. [1] Initiation involves the unwinding of DNA at the origin site by initiator proteins and helicases. [2] During elongation, DNA polymerase extends the daughter strands as the replication complex travels along the chromosome. [3] Termination occurs when the replication forks meet at the terminus site on the circular chromosome, completing replication and resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA.

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05 Jawad Zahoor
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13 views

Assignment General Microbiology

This document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. [1] Initiation involves the unwinding of DNA at the origin site by initiator proteins and helicases. [2] During elongation, DNA polymerase extends the daughter strands as the replication complex travels along the chromosome. [3] Termination occurs when the replication forks meet at the terminus site on the circular chromosome, completing replication and resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA.

Uploaded by

05 Jawad Zahoor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment General Microbiology

Submitted by: Jawad Zahoor

Submitted to: Mam Mahnoor Iqtidar Mir

Roll no: BS-FST-05-F22

Department of Food Sciences and technology, university of the


Punjab, Lahore
DNA Replication In Prokaryotes

Definition:
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself.
It’s like making a duplicate of a recipe so that you have two identical copies.

Steps:
There are three main steps in DNA replication of prokaryotes.
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Initiation:
During initiation the different proteins bind and form complex called orisome at
origin which unwinds the DNA. The different components and their functions are
as follows;
• The origin: The replication of DNA initiates at a particular sequence of
nucleotides in the genome, known as origin. The prokaryotic cell usually has one
origin as the genome is small and circular.
• DNA protein: It is also known as the initiator protein. This protein with 4
different domains is the first one to recognize and bind to the origin of replication
at the 9 bp regions. It is the binding of the initiator protein that actually causes the
DNA to stretch and leads to the separation of the strands at the AT-rich region.
• DNA. C helicase loader: These proteins interact with the ssDNA-bound DNA
proteins. DNA. C helicase loaders help load the DNA. B helicase onto the
unwound DNA.
• DNA. B helicase: Helicase continues the unwinding of the DNA.
• Single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB): These proteins bind and stabilize
the unwound DNA. Hence the unwound DNA do not form base pairs again.
• DNA gyrase: DNA gyrase is a topoisomerase that removes the twist resulting
from the unwinding of the DNA, by cleaving a strand of the DNA helix, untwisting
it and then resealing the broken strand again.

Elongation:
During elongation, the DNA pol III extends the daughter strands as the replication
complex known as replisome travels along the length of the chromosome. The
replisome includes a helicase, double-stranded DNA, a DNA polymerase(s) and a
clamp loader.
• DNA Polymerase: The first DNA polymerase enzyme to be characterized, DNA
polymerase I (pol I) from the bacterium Escherichia coli. DNA pol I is not the
main DNA replicating enzyme but is involved in processing of RNA primers
during lagging-strand synthesis and DNA repair mechanisms.The major
polymerase involved in the replication is DNA polymerase III, which is a dimer,
with two similar multi subunit complexes.
• Dna G primase: As the replication bubble is formed, the DNA .G primase
initiates the synthesis of RNA primer, a sequence of about 10 RNA nucleotides
complementary to the parent DNA template. RNA primer provides a free 3-OH end
for the addition of the base pairs by the DNA polymerase. The RNA nucleotides in
the primers are then replaced by DNA nucleotides. ~ Second the replication can
only proceed in 5′→3′ direction.
Leading strand: The strand which is synthesized continuously is known as the
leading strand, in which the direction of daughter strand elongation is same as the
direction of unwinding.
Lagging strand: The other strand, known as lagging strand, experiences the
unwinding from the 3′ end. The primase synthesizes the primer with 5′ end.
Okazaki fragments: the replication of the lagging strand takes place in
discontinuously as a series of short fragments of DNA. These fragments are called
Okazaki fragments, and are about 1000 to 2000 nucleotides long in
prokaryote.Enzyme DNA ligase joins the adjacent Okazaki fragments to the
lagging strand
“Hence one of the important feature of Replication is that the synthesis of the
leading strand is continuous, while that of the lagging strand is discontinuous.”
Termination:
Replication of the circular chromosome initiates at a origin, with two replication
forks proceeding in opposite directions. The two forks move in the opposite
direction around the circular chromosome and finally move towards the site
opposite to the initiation site. This region is known as the replication terminus.
Termination sites:The replication terminus contains series of sites called
Termination or ‘Ter’ sites. Ter sites sequences are recognized and bound by
the Tus protein monomers.
As the Tus protein dislodges, the replisomes replicates the the two strands,
creating two complete daughter copies.
1. Disengagement of the replication machinery from the DNA.
2. Completion of DNA strand synthesis.
3. Formation of two complete copies of the DNA.
Conclusion:
These steps mark the end of the replication process and result in two identical
copies of the original DNA. It’s like the final act of a captivating performance.

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