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Lab Report 1

1) The document describes an experiment to measure the voltage gain of single-stage and double-stage common-emitter amplifiers. 2) For the single-stage amplifier, the measured voltage gain was 5.35V. For the double-stage amplifier, the measured voltage gain was 4.38V, which is lower than the single-stage gain. 3) The objectives of calculating the cumulative voltage gain of cascaded amplifiers and showing the loading effect were not fully met, as the measured double-stage gain was lower than expected. Measurement discrepancies may have been due to internal resistance effects.

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9 views

Lab Report 1

1) The document describes an experiment to measure the voltage gain of single-stage and double-stage common-emitter amplifiers. 2) For the single-stage amplifier, the measured voltage gain was 5.35V. For the double-stage amplifier, the measured voltage gain was 4.38V, which is lower than the single-stage gain. 3) The objectives of calculating the cumulative voltage gain of cascaded amplifiers and showing the loading effect were not fully met, as the measured double-stage gain was lower than expected. Measurement discrepancies may have been due to internal resistance effects.

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Inimatic .Syndrome
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND
The emitter serves as the common terminal, or ground, for an alternating current signal in the
common-emitter (CE) setup. CE amplifiers feature a high current gain in addition to a high
voltage gain. (pp. 6–3). When two or more amplifiers are linked in a cascade, Moreover, the
input of one amplifier is driven by the output of another. In a cascaded design, each amplifier is
referred to as a stage. (Floyd, 2011, pp.6-6).

• OBJECTIVES:
- To calculate the cumulative voltage gain of the cascaded common-emitter amplifiers.
- To show how cascading common-emitter amplifiers have a loading effect.

EXPERIMENT TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

● Dual trace oscilloscope


● Signal generator (sinusoidal function generator)
● Digital multi-meter (DMM)
● DC Power supply

COMPONENTS

● Resistors (5 x 10kΩ, 3 x 1kΩ, 3 x 4.7kΩ, 3 x 100Ω, 3 x 330Ω) Capacitors (5 x 1µF, 3 x


33µF)
● Transistor BC109 (3 units)
PROCEDURE
Single-stage amplifier
1. A method to measure β of the transistor has been identified
2. The open-circuit voltage gain of a single-stage was measured, the following common
emitter amplifier circuit shown in Figure 1 was connected.

Figure 1
3. The no-load ac output voltage Vo as well as the phase shift of the output with respect to the
input was measured with the signal generator set at 50mVp-p@1kHz .
Double-stage amplifier
4. The effects on overall voltage gain of cascading two common emitter amplifiers was
demonstrated, and the following interconnection of two identical amplifiers (stages) shown in
Figure 2 was made.

Figure 2
5. The output voltage VL across the load resistor and the phase shift with respect to the input
voltage Vs were measured with the signal generator set at 50mV p-p at 1 kHz.
RESULT
Single-stage amplifier (Simulation)
Single-stage amplifier (Practical)

Figure 1 shows input signal waveform (1.24Vpp)

Figure 2 shows output signal waveform (6.64Vpp)


V p-p

V in 1.24 V

V out 6.64 V

Voltage gain:
Av = Vo ÷ Vi
= 6.64 V ÷ 1.24 V
= 5.35 V
Double-stage amplifier (Simulation)
Double-stage amplifier (Practical)

Figure 3 shows the input signal waveform (1.28Vpp) and output signal waveform (5.60Vpp)

V p-p

V in 1.28 V

V out 5.60 V

Voltage gain:
Av = Vo ÷ Vi
= 5.60 V ÷ 1.28 V
= 4.38 V
DISCUSSION
1) a)Calculations
Input resistance,
β =100
VB = [R2÷(R1+ R2)]VCC
= [4.7k÷(10k+ 4,7k)]12V
= 3.837V
VE = VB - 0.7V
= 3.837V - 0,7
= 3.137V
IE = VE ÷ RE
= 3.137V ÷ 330 ohm
= 9.506mA
re = 25mV ÷ IE
= 25mV ÷ 9.506mA
= 2.63
Rin = β ÷ 330 ohm
=0.303 ohm
Rin(total) = R1llR2||Rin(base)
= 10k || 4.7k || 0.303
=0.303
RC1 = 1k || (10k ||4.7k)
= 0.762k
1st stage Voltage gain (Ao1) = - RC1 ÷ (RE1 + re)
= - 0.762k ÷ (100ohm + 2,63)
= - 7.425
2nd stage Voltage gain (Ao2) = 1
Total voltage gain = (-7.425)(1)
=-7.425
1)b)Compare between calculated voltage gain and the actual measured voltage gain obtained.

Internal resistance in voltage sources can result in a voltage drop across the source itself. This
may have an impact on the voltage that the load perceives, resulting in discrepancies between
measured and computed values.Measurements are the actual dimensions of the object. However,
calculations are accomplished by utilizing the measured numbers and a formula. Measurement
takes the front stage, while calculating comes in second.

2.

3. In this experiment, the waveform of the output voltage, VL with the respect to the input
voltage, Vs has been observed. For a single stage amplifier the peak voltage of the input signal
is 1.24 V while the peak voltage for the output signal is 6.64 V. For multistage amplifier the peak
voltage of the input signal is 1.28 V while the peak voltage for the output signal is 5.60 V. In
general,the output waveform of a single-stage amplifier may occasionally be higher than the
output waveform of a multistage amplifier depending on the specific circuit design and
operating conditions. The output signal for single stage amplifiers was higher than multistage
amplifiers might be because of the changing electronic components such as resistors and
capacitors. Changing components can introduce unintended effects, such as changes in parasitic
capacitance or inductance, which can affect the stability and noise performance of the amplifier.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, for the single-stage amplifier, the voltage gain was 5.35 V while for the
double-stage, the voltage gain was 4.38 V. While the voltage gain of the double-stage is lower
than the single-stage, the objectives have not been met.

REFERENCE
Boylestad, R. L., & Nashelsky, L. (2013). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (11th ed.)
[Ebook]. Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-26

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