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Basic Knowledge of
Turbine Supervisory
Instrument (TSI) System
Galih Nurhidayat 17 articles Follow
Recycle Present, Save The Future

July 3, 2020

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A. Turbine Supervisory Instrument (TSI)

Focusing Area

The items that should be monitored and protected due to

increasing steam turbine parameters, generally have this
following parameters:

1. Axial displacement monitoring: Continuous

monitoring of the relative position of the thrust disk to the
thrust bearing to ensure that there is no friction between
the rotor and the stator components, to avoid major
accidents. When the axial displacement is too large, an
alarm or shutdown signal is issued.

2. Differential expansion monitoring: Continuously

detect the expansion of the rotor relative to a certain
reference point on the cylinder (usually thrust bearing).
Eddy current probe is used for measurement (generally). A
linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) can also use
for measurement

3. Cylinder expansion monitoring: Continuously

monitor the expansion of the cylinder relative to certain
reference point (usually an absolute dead point) on the
basis. Due to the large expansion range, LVDT is generally
use for cylinder expansion monitoring

4. Zero speed monitoring: Continuously monitor the

rotor zero speed status (low speed). When the rotation

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speed is lower than certain value, the alarm relay is

activated.

5. Speed monitoring: Continuous monitoring of the

speed of the rotor. When the speed is higher than certain
value, it will give an alarm signal or stop signal

6. Vibration monitoring: monitor the relative vibration

of the axis relative to the bearing housing and absolute
vibration of the bearing housing

7. Eccentricity monitoring: continuous monitoring of

peak-to-peak and instantaneous value of eccentricity.
Generally, when the rotation speed is 1 – 600 RPM, the
eccentricity peak-peak value is measure once per revolution
of the axis, this value is synchronized with the key phase
pulse. When the speed is lower than 1 RPM, the
instantaneous eccentricity meter reading should be the
smallest, which is best indicator for rotor stop position

8. Phase monitoring: A phase meter is used to

continuously measure the phase of the selected input
vibration signal. The input signal is taken from the key
phase signal and relative vibration signal then it converted
by mathematical calculation to convert as phase monitoring
in display

B. Basic parameters monitored by TSI system

B.1 Vibration parameter

It includes 5 aspects:

a) Amplitude: It can be used to indicate displacement,

velocity or acceleration and sign of strength. Use proximity
probe measurement to obtain accurate data on vibration
amplitude.

b) Frequency Spectrum: The frequency of vibration is

usually expressed as a multiple of machine speed. This
mainly depends on the tendency of the machine’s vibration
frequency in the case of a several cycle. This machine
vibration can simply express as 1x, 2x, 3x, 4x, etc.

c) Key Phase: Key phase displacement sensor is used to

acquire the phase parameter signal of the shaft. The phase

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angle is the angle from the leading edge of the pulse to the
first positive peak of the vibration. When the rotor passes
through the vibration input sensor, the first positive peak of
its vibration coincides with the highest point of the rotor.
By determining the positions of these high points, the
positions of the rotor balance condition and unbalance
deviations can be determined. Phase angle is also very
valuable for determining the position of the rotor’s
balanced critical speed

d) Vibration form: It is the key to analyzing vibration

data. The vibration form refers to its own inherent vibration
form, which can be displayed on the oscilloscope. It can
also use rectangular coordinates or polar coordinates to
help operator understand the rotor’s movement and status.
In addition, basic parameters such as amplitude, frequency
and phase angle can determined from vibration pattern
image

e) Vibration mode: There are 2 type of vibration

monitoring, first is relative vibration. Any pair of XY probes
of the monitoring unit can provide the movement of the
rotor at specific position. Using another pair of probes to
monitor the different positions of the unit can determine
the rotor’s inherent model, its help to estimate the axial gap
between the rotor and the stator component more
accurately and estimate the position of the rotating shaft.

Second is absolute vibration. Absolute vibration, known as

casing monitoring, is similar to shaft or rotor measurement
methods, and can also be described using parameters such
as amplitude, frequency, phase angle, vibration form and
mode. In addition to understanding the rotor operation,
mastering state of casing is also important for analyzing
entire system. Such as the resonance of the structural parts,
the looseness or breakage of the foundation and location
of external vibration source can be determined by
measuring the non-rotating parts of the machine. In the
comprehensive analysis of the mechanical performance of
the turbine, monitoring of the casing cannot be ignored

B.2 Position measurement

It includes 5 aspects:

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a) Eccentricity position: Used to measure the steady

state position of the shaft at the journal bearing. This
measurement is the best indicator of bearing wear and
misalignment due to severe stressing

b) Axial displacement: The relative position of the thrust

ring to the thrust bearing is measured. The purpose of the
measurement is to ensure that friction does not occur
between the rotor and stator components, to avoid
catastrophic accidents

c) Low speed eccentricity: It refers to amount of

bending when the rotor is working intermittently. This
amount of bending can be displayed by the slow change of
the DC peak value on the rotor when the rotor rotates at
low speed. If peak value change within an acceptable low-
level range, the machine can be started without worrying
about seal damage or friction or imbalance due to the
presence of bending

d) Expansion difference: Refer to the difference in

expansion between the rotor and the casing due to
inconsistent thermal expansion. Its existence will cause the
unit to produce axial friction and lead to major accident.
Therefore, in order to ensure the expansion difference
within certain range a proximity probe is relatively installed
between the end of the unit and the thrust bearing to
monitor the axial gap between the rotor and the casing

e) Casing expansion: Expansion measurement of the

casing is for the unit, providing data on the relative
expansion difference between the base and the casing.
Knowing the expansion amount and expansion difference
of the casing can determine which of the rotor and casing
has higher expansion rate.

B.3 Other parameters

It includes 3 aspects:

a) Speed: The measurement of rotor speed has long

been a standard procedure that must be carried out. The
correlation between the vibration measurement value and
the speed is very important for the final analysis of the unit
performance.

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b) Temperature: More attention has been paid for

temperature change of axial and radial bearings. The
temperature data of the working process can provide a lot
of meaningful information. The degree of correlation
between the vibration or position measurement value and
the temperature information helps us to make a clearer
judgment on the possible machine failure

c) Related measurement: The degree of correlation of

the temperature, pressure, flowrate and other parameters
that affect the operation of the machine is extremely
important for analyzing entire system.

B.4 Early shaft fracture monitoring

Many of the empirical tests and field records show that in

the monitoring of shaft breakage, the best sign is to
observe the change of vibration vector. The acceptable area
refers to the allowable variation range of the vector, and
specifically describes the available maximum-minimum
amplitudes limit and maximum-minimum phase angle limit.

The degree of correlation between the 1x and 2x vibration

and low speed rotation and bending vector are necessary
to determine the cause of the vector change. The reason
may also cause by asymmetric shaft crack, and it cannot be
ruled out that the vector change is caused by change in
load, steam condition or other operating parameters.

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Published by

Galih Nurhidayat
Recycle Present, Save The Future 17 articles Follow
Published • 3y

Steam Turbine Supervisory Instrument (TSI) is a permanent monitoring system that

combines protection and detection functions. It is a necessary protection system for
large rotating machinery TSI can reliably monitor and store some important
parameters of the unit during start-up and operation. It can not only indicate the
unit’s operating status, record output signal, realize value over-limit alarms, and
automatically stop the unit when a danger signal occurs. It can also provide data for
fault diagnosis #powerplants #powergeneration #turbines

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Dody Yuwanto • 3rd+ 3y

Foreman turbin boiler di PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim

Galih Nurhidayat TSI ini hanya memonitor ya pak ?

See translation

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Galih Nurhidayat • 3rd+ 3y

Recycle Present, Save The Future

TSI system umumnya memiliki fungsi monitoring, diagnostik dan

proteksi Pak Dody. Untuk fungsi proteksi, apabila process value
diluar range yang ditentukan, sistem TSI bisa mengirimkan signal
alarm atau signal trip ke DCS. Untuk fungsi diagnostik, sistem TSI
juga bisa mendiagnosis permasalahan yang timbul pada rotating
See translation

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Galih Nurhidayat
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