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Quantum Physics

The document discusses various topics in quantum physics including blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, X-rays, diffraction of X-rays by crystals, the Compton effect, the dual nature of light and matter, the wave function, and the uncertainty principle. Key concepts covered are Planck's law of blackbody radiation, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, de Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves, and Schrodinger's wave equation.

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JEATHRO JEANNE DELPOSO
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23 views22 pages

Quantum Physics

The document discusses various topics in quantum physics including blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, X-rays, diffraction of X-rays by crystals, the Compton effect, the dual nature of light and matter, the wave function, and the uncertainty principle. Key concepts covered are Planck's law of blackbody radiation, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, de Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves, and Schrodinger's wave equation.

Uploaded by

JEATHRO JEANNE DELPOSO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum Physics

Edmar G. Pantohan
Blackbody Radiation
• An object at any temperature (unit Kelvin) emits
electromagnetic radiation, called thermal
radiation.
• A blackbody is an ideal system that absorbs all
radiation incident on it.
• With increasing temperature, the peak of the
distribution shifts to shorter wavelengths.
(Wien’s displacement law)
• Intensity is the power transferred per unit area of
a plane in perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the energy.
Blackbody Radiation
• In 1900 Planck developed a formula for blackbody radiation that was
in complete agreement with experiments at all wavelengths.
• He hypothesized that blackbody radiation was produced by
submicroscopic charged oscillators (resonators).
• n is positive integer called quantum number.
• f is the frequency of vibration and h is the Planck’s
• constant

(Good approximation of Black body)


The Photoelectric effect
• Photoelectric effect- light incident on certain
metallic surfaces caused the emission of electrons
from the surfaces.
• The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.
• -ΔVs is the stopping potential,
no electrons reach C and the
current is zero
• Intensity is power transferred per unit area,
area of the plane perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the energy.
The Photoelectric effect
• Cannot be explained with classical physics:
• No electrons are emitted below cutoff frequency fc (Wave theory
predicts that photoelectric effect should occur at any frequency,
provided the light intensity is sufficiently high);
• KEmax of photoelectrons is independent of light intensity (In wave
theory, light of higher intensity carries more energy and thus eject
photoelectrons having higher kinetic energy);
• KEmax increases with increasing light frequency (Wave theory predicts
no relationship between photoelectron energy and incident light
frequency);
• Photoelectrons are emitted from the surface almost instantaneously.
The Photoelectric effect
• Einstein successfully explained the photoelectric
effect in 1905.
• Light energy is localized in a tiny packet or particle
called a photon.
• φ is the work function, the minimum energy
which an electron is bound in the metal.
• λc is the cutoff wavelength.
(Photon’s energy)
The Photoelectric effect
The Photoelectric effect
X-rays
• X-rays were discovered in 1895 by
Wilhelm Rontgen and later identified
as EM waves, suggested by Max von
Laue in 1912.
• X-rays have higher frequencies than
UV.
• Typical x-ray wavelengths are about
0.1 nm.
X-rays
• To observe sharp lines, the accelerating voltage
must exceed a certain value, called the threshold
voltage.
• The continuous radiation is sometimes called
bremsstrahlung.
• Painting and revising a masterpiece are being
revealed by x-rays.
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
• The diffracted radiation is detected by a photographic
film and forms an array of spots known as Laue
pattern.

NaCl crystal structure X-ray diffraction


pattern of NaCl
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
• X-ray diffraction has been used to
determine the atomic arrangement of
complex organic molecules such as
proteins.
• Crystallizing DNA is highly challenging
because there exist two crystalline
forms, A and B, which arise in mixed
form during preparation.
• In 1951 Rosalind Franklin managed to
obtain x-ray diffraction images of pure
crystalline DNA in B-form.
Bragg’s law, after
W.L Bragg (1890-1971)
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
• James Watson and Francis Crick used Franklin’s
work to uncover further details of DNA and its
function in heredity.
• Attached to each sugar-phosphate unit of each
strand is one of four base molecules: adenine,
cytosine, guanine, or thymine.
• The bases are arranged sequentially along the
strand (patterns), acting as codes for proteins
that carry out various functions for a given
organism.
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals

Solution
a) m=1

b) m=3
The Compton Effect
• Experiment conducted by Arthur H. Compton
in 1923 further justify the photon nature of
light.
• The scattered x-ray has lower energy (longer
wavelength) than the incident x-rays.
• Δλ is called the Compton shift.
• (h/mec) is called the Compton wavelength
and has value of 0.00243 nm.
• Compton wavelength is very small relative to
the wavelengths of visible light.
The Compton Effect
Dual Nature of Light and Matter
• In his doctoral dissertation in 1924, Louis de Broglie
postulated that all forms of matter have both particle
and wave properties.
• p=E/c is the relationship between energy and
momentum for a photon.
• The Davisson-Germer experiment (scattering of
electron) in 1927 confirmed de Broglie’s hypothesis.

(De Broglie wavelength)

(Momentum of (Frequency of matter waves)


a photon)
Dual Nature of Light and Matter
Application: Electron Microscope
• A transmission electron microscope, used
for viewing flat, thin samples.
• Typically, the wavelengths of electrons in
an electron microscope are smaller than
the visible wavelengths by a factor of
about 10-5.
• The “lenses” that control the electron
beam are magnetic deflection coils.
The Wave Function
• In 1926 Erwin Schrodinger proposed a wave
equation that described how matter waves change
in space and time.
• Solving Schrodinger’s equation determines ψ(x,t)
called the wave function.
• Each particle is represented by a wave function ψ.
• ψ(x,t)2 gives us probability (per unit volume) of
finding the particle in any given region.
Uncertainty Principle
• It is physically impossible to measure simultaneously the
exact position and exact linear momentum of a particle.
Uncertainty Principle

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