Management of

Sporting Events
~ G OBJECTIVES
Functions of Sports Events Manag . . . .
1.1 . s Committees & thei R (~lanrung, Organising, Staffing, Directing & Controlling)
1.2 vanou d th . p d r esponsibihties (Pre, During and Post)
fixtures an eir roce ures-Kn k
1,S and Combination Tournaments oc out (Bye & Seeding) and League (Staircase, Cyclic, Tabular method)
I tramural & Extramural tournament s - Meaning,.
Objectives & Its Significance
1,4 n ·t rt
5 coromum y spo s program (Sports D H . •
1, ay, ealth Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific Cause & Run for Umty)

The ey in @I field is P-roper p annir9g. One

achieve su . ~ss in any v,.enture without a ulan.
F 1.estress on co-cu •
educa 10n •
1 today's comp,etitive world~ moyi,pg @ead
witho o earning. 'Qhus, it is imperative to implement pre-
n • ou.ld-be s• iTar ' -determined and effective physical education and sports-
eof the related programmes in schools across India.
ACTIVITY 1.1
Plan any sports event which is to be organised in your school
- - -----
' it is essential to implemente
... 4 -.... ... -· - .. ,__

Therefore,
effective physical education programmes in schools F~ncti_ons of Sp.Orts ~Ev~~ts '"'p OS :D
across the nation. Manageme".'t (~lanning, Organising,
Due to lack of appropriate planning of national and •Staffing, Directing & Controlling)
international sporting events, the participation of .. ... • .;....,i,...1; ... _...,.""" • • JI,., ~ ·- .. ... - - - ::,;,.,j: Ice~ .. ¥ -

players is limited and so winning medals only remains We use and manage every item and service according
a dream. Therefore) it is im~ort.ant:to set effective lonl to our needs in our daily life. Similarly, there is need
~plinsin the field ofphysical education and:Spo~. to manage any event in sports whether it is on a large
scale or a small scale. The growth and professionalism
\l!!!fioiial£urriculum Framewoti, 2Q051il!\!iff
of sport h~s driven changes in the management of
sporting events and organizations at all levels of sport.
U ra"'...IMmleOO.Il e t s m • - sLV
g..ii s..set. .. J!OlW~ris7
, :, 10n o ports..competitim1.cand.mark r
--=-.::..~~~.,;.:;·~ Sports Manag nt,...,.......,....,....__
' . ns
.
contro an
The term S_gorts Management can be defined as the

--~ ~:,.,ta~
,efficient use of available resources of a sporting event
t ' ' n!:alQ" -

Figure 1.1 Planning in SportS

11

L
 1
Sport event managers deal with a plethora of issues Coordination
related to planning, organizing, leading and delivering This is the planning phase of every event i.e. theme,
sport events. Their areas of responsibility can be very
budgeting, establishing timelines, selecting and rese~
broad or very specific depending on factors like the size
of the sport event. event venues, planning the food, selecting speakers,
arranging for equipment and facilities, coordinating
Management in sport organizations provide sports transportation, contingency planning and so on.
develop~ent, general planning activities in the field
of sports, organizes all relevant resources, processes Control
and functions, exercises a policy of human resources Event control compares event progress to the actual plan,
development, organises sports and business functions, measures resources with scheduled work and adjusts
provides communication and coordination, decides the what needs to be done to avoid delays and to ensure that
implementation ofmost appropriate solutions, controls event is delivered on time and withi;n budget.
and eliminates destructive conflict.
Culmination
Joint Committee of the Association for physical
education and sports management in North America The activities in event c~lmination include event tealll
for the evaluation/certification program of education of management, supplier/vendor coordination, crowd
sports managers in the universities of North America, . control, security, frontline management, backend
has established the standard facilities to study sports management and communication.
management. Management and Leadership in Sport; Closeout
Ethics in Sport management; Marketing in Sport;
Communication in Sport; Budget and Finance in These include revi~w and evaluation, reporting, quality
Sport; Legal Aspects of Sport; Economics of Sports; improvement, reward and recognition to team members,
Management of sports facilities and events; Governing and formal termination ofcontractors where applicable.
bodies and structures in sport; Practical experience
in sports management are some of the functions
. 1.1.2 functions of Sports Managementl
discharged by the sports management of a sports event. L Planning: Planning in sports means that
organizing a game or event is a program designed
At today's high level of sports achievements in
the world, and the application of sports science and for the future to achieve predetermined goals by
simulation technology, more attention is paid to anticipating it, which includes our past experience.
human resource maµagement in sport and business Planning is the process of deciding what, when,
positions in sports organizations." In this regard, it is where, how, and who is to be done.
generally known that the high level of sports science, Ac.cording to A.K. Fern, "Planning is a process
training and management technology, are implemented which is adopted to solve problems and make work
and practiced by the human resources in sports easier during the fulfillment of an objective.
organizations. Similarly, without adequate qualified, 2. Organizing: Organizing sports is the second
and creative human resources development policy, function of sports management after sports
science and technology in any control system in society ~, planning. Organizing the event in accordance
cannot be implemented. ! •• , •. /
• 'wit}iithe plan helps to accomplish the organization
In this connection it, is well known, that every goals smoothly. An effective organization is one in
human activity follows some technology work, or more which all the officers and empioyees do their work
specifically speaking, it is impossible in any human smoot~ly so that there is no obstacle in doing any
enterprise, to achieve a highly valuable product, without work. It identifies the activities required to achieve
the implementation of highly developed technology. In . .the .objectives and implement the plan.
the field of sports management, any highly accomplished ' '~

3. Staffing: Skill~d and capable pers?ns who have

sports event can be made successful by application of
. I . full kn~wledge of sports program and act~vities
high technology work. .
need to be recruited. Their appointment 1s the
The p~ocess of planning an event from st~rt to finish main function of the management. This ensures
y be divided into 5 basic phases, which we have called . . that people with appropriate skills, techniques,
[ ;e 5 Ct These are as under- . • knowledge, and experience can be available on
Concept :-: '. ·. -t
I "j.. •,.t :
r ••, ·L'
time at the appropriate place..
In conceptualizing an event, it is un~rt&nt to de~rmine For this,. its main task is to conduct selection,
the WHY, WHO·, WHEN, WHERE and WHAT of the .. .r . appointment, training, refresher courses of officers
event. :, ·· •• ·1 • • ' • ., • .,. . , and employees. Therefore, sports management

Physic<:1l Education-XII
 . ts various sports officers c h
1\0JJl . , oac es s
8 pr- ers, sports supervisors, etc. bas , Ports
8
i11flll gf a sports organization. ed on the Various Committees & their
lflll 0 Responsibilities (Pre, During and
P. cting: The poten~i~l talents of child
4. V1eveloped by pr~v~d1ng them with a re~ can Post)
be. ble and good trarmng by using the ri p per, To ensure that activities related to competitions
soite. nents and techniques. Talent d g~t fitness and physical education are well organised and well
c0JllP~ also will produce the greate:;e ~e.nt f 0
executed, committees are set up for various tasks.
pJ'Ogr'"ilS consistently without any failur ~o ential Different responsibilities are allocated to different
8t}lle1.w~,, sports act·1vi•t·1es. Talent Devele 1or every .
kine iv d 'th opment 1n committees.
"'r had been use Wl varying degree f
..ti:
The first step is creation of the manageme
5p01""' . . . s o success.
wn)ling: Ii 1s the art of acting on indi 'd al committee. This co • • o representatives
5,
con11selves.
~" This 1s • called t h e heart ofmanVl u s or from the sc ool/class.
Management committee further
theJll
. ._,...........b
ue which,mst • .agement• -sets up sub-committees as per the requirement of the
ltl. the sports mangement hi • • •In event. The work is then divided among the various sub-
s, . t· f ac eves the goalsofthe
rogtaIIl or orga~za 10n o the games by orderin committees to be completed in the stipulated time. The
P ·ding and lea_d1ng the subordinate em lo g, management committee has an Administrative Director
gut • th m
supervising e , an mo 1vating them. d t· · 1 p yees, who guides the executive committee and the organising
committee to fulfil their responsibilities.
V . .
ano~ Sub-Committees for Organising Competition
Administrative Director

•
Executive Committee
••

• Organising Committee

•
. ,.
Programme
Committee
•
Finance
Committee
•
Decoration
and
•
Welcome
Committee
•
Registration
and
•
Boarding
and
•
Playground
and
Cleanliness Transport Lodging Equipment
Committee Committee· Committee Committee

-•
Announcement, Technical •
• First-Aid
Publicity and (Jommi~~~ . •: .. 9ommittee
•
Prize and
Award
• •
Discipline Committee for
Committee Seating
• Record . Committee 'Arrangement l •

Committee '
' - - .,.. . - -
~, 1 • • • ,

Keeping in view, the budget of the event, this

•

For the successful organisatiQn of competitions,

the responsibility lies with the sub-committe·es. committee kee s a control over the ex enditu
responsibilities of these committees are listed below: and a record of all costs 1ncurre . location of
f'unds to other committees 1s the responsibility of
1. Programme Committee: This committee
the finance committee.
're are •the 'com lete • framework of the 3. Decoration and Cleanliness Committee: This
competitions sends in - -- -committeeJooks after the up-keep and decoration
~ls to the various institatiees 'reeeiv9s entries of the venue ofthe competition. They also take care
m}d also prepateia the 6xtui:9s fur tho eompetitiou , of the, cleanliness of the venue before, during and
They also prepare a detailed handbook which after the event.
... ifti;i IHiifhMit·Ui ,
covers all aspects of the competition, and is then
sent to all involved in the competition. • • •
2, Finance Committee: This ~nmmittee takes care · , Pr,~.-. a fQlkA,1 Rangoll to welcome the Chief Guest \
2!J11 the expenditures related to the competition. ~git~! ~~.,~!.~our ~~~:.-.--..2.--~
Management of Sporting Events ,~3\

L
r.:
l
--
4. Welcome Committee: This committee is 13. Committee for Seating Arrangement: The
responsible for the welcome of a11 the spectators, task of this committee is to arrange the seating
guests and the teams. They a]so have to organise of the officials and spectators in such a manner .Jj.
the opening and closing ceremony of the event. that no obstruction is caused to the players
5. Registration and Transport Committee: This during the competition. Their responsibility 1.3
committee receives the confirmation of participation
of the teams and arranges the transport for includes providing enclosures for different teams,
commuting to and from the venue. They also co- additional officials, special seating arrangements Let
ordinate with the programme committee regarding for distinguished guests, etc. Added to these fud
the anival and departure of the teams. duties, it is also their responsibility to provide the St«
6. Boarding and Lodging Committee: The stay necessary furniture for the table officials. tea
of the teams and the officials is taken care by 2,~
ACTIVITY 1.2 1ft
this committee. They also take care of the food
arrangements and provision of refreshments The students of the class will be divided into different groups. ! thE
I
during and after the event. Each group will play the role according to the responsibility : St•
of the Organising Sub-committees. _ _ _ _ ___ J thi
7. Playground and Equipment Committee: This
committee is in charge ofthe marking, maintenance ---.,-..., tot
and upkeep of the playground before and during Fixtures and their Procedures- th•
1
the events. They are also responsible for the Knockout (Bye & Seeding) and I
availability of the necessary equipments for the League (Staircase, Cyclic, Tabular I tOl
competition. ,.
method) and Combination 11
8. Announcement, Publicity and Record
Committee: This committee is responsible for the Tournaments 11

broadcast of all necessary announcements before, Fixture:-TQ_e process of creating pairs for competition S1
during and on completion of the event such as-
is known as 'fixture'. A fixture is a sports match that de
the time of the events, venue, rules to be followed,
details of organisers, etc. Other than this, they has been arranged for a particular time and place=- U'
provide the running commentary of the event. The Bye: A team is exempt to play in the first round. It is, te te
other important responsibility of this committee is due 1,? any of the following reasons: tl:
to keep a record ofall the results ofthe competitions.
Normally bye is given to previm}s winners in same lo
9. Technical Committee: The task ofthis committee .
is to take decision regarding technical issues,
accreditation activities and makes arrangements for
-
iUp to create even competition.
IAn uneven distribution . of teams in tournament.
• tl

various officials such as-referees, umpires, track here is an odd number of team in league
umpires, time keeper, lap scorer, ·etc. Only people _.rnament.
with t.echnical knowledge about the competition can -
Seeding: !._he process of seeding involves placing _Qf
be a part of this committee.
good teams with ranking, position from last year, etc,
10. First-Aid Committee: Providing quick and such that they do not play with each other at early sta~
timely first aid to the players is the responsibility
of this committee. The members of this committee, ,,,-1. -of tournament. Jt is followed to reduce the chance Qf :E
. t. f , • rl . 1 l t,
need to be trained and adept for providing first-aid. 1m1ua 10n agaa team at an ear y stage_ ,b
11. Prize and Award Committee; This committee There are different procedures and objectives for -·~
is responsible for procurement and distribution drawing fixtures for different kinds of tournaments. _
of gift for the honourable guests-• at the opening Let us try to understand the process of drawing fixtures
and closing ceremony and prizes for the winners in detail. • • •
of the competitions. They also look after the The following points must be taken into consideration
•arrangement and distribution of medals, trophies • . : • • , ·• .,....,.. • -· ,, I

. and certificates. • ., !.
w¥.e preparing fixtures: , . . ,. . 1
12. Discipline Committee: The responsibility of . p.·
The total number
t\,_ \
of ~ea~s participat~ng_
•
in
• •
the 1
l
maintaining decorum and discipline before; during tournament. , "l •. , .. ·~ • . . .·· .. ,. , :: , .
and after th~ competitions lies wi~ this conmuttee. • } JI'he total n~ber ofbyes.'l""-N : :: . _.... j
There are often instances. wher~1the-,~~~nce/ The number_ofteams in each half or quarte·r~ ••• ·i
spe~tators ~rupti~ns during the _ev~11-ts or
Itry to "disttact the players/Such·is'sues 'are :taken . The number of byes to be given in each half or
car~ ~fby the ~embers 9fthe ~plirie ~onufilttee. quarter. . . , . ~.
l. • .-
i'.",-.- ·- ~· • --:-- - .. - - - .... - ~ . _____ ...... ~.____...,,., .._---::.---::f.......

Physlccil Educa~on-+-XII
......
___J
 ()

/__ e total number of rounds. L 7 V'\

N -1 17 -1 16
~ e total number of matches. N-1 For Lower Half= - - = - - = - = 8
2 2 2
Method of Preparing Fixture i'!,,- Upper Half= 9 teams, Lower Half= 8 teams
131
·, • Knockout Tournam ent Step 4: This step of drawing a fixture involves
8 understand the stepwise
procedure for preparing calculating the 'byes' which we will discuss in detail.
Let u 5 in Knockout Tournaments. We reduce the number of teams with the next power
fixture
. Before preparing the fixture, if the number of of 2.
Step 1• power of two-for example
5 is equivalent to the For example, number of teams is 14 so the next
teaIJl8 l 6 32, 64, .............. then the fixture is prepared: power of 2 is 16. /
24, ' • 1
' h' number is not equ1va ent to a power of two ' then Therefore, 16 - 14 = 2 byes /
1ft e ocess of 'byes' 1s • used t o prepare the fixture
the P r . • ·
2 • Calculatio n of Number of Matches•• In Method of Calculating Byes
Step •
.hi8 phase, let's count the number of matches in the As already discussed, if the number of teams is not
t ament. The following is the formula for calculating equivalent to the power of 2, we give a bye.
~~umber of matches:
Example 3: If there are 14 teams in a tournament, how
For example, if 19 teams are participatin g in the many byes will be given?
tournament, what will be the number of matches?
As you have learnt earlier that the number of the teams
Formula, N -1 (here, N = Number of teams)
is subtracted from the next number with a power of 2.
19-1 = 18·.
Number of teams= 14
Number of matches will be = 18
The next power of 2 after 14 is 16.
Step 3: Firstly, the number of participatin g teams is
So, 16-14 = 2
determined and then they are divided into two parts -
Upper Half and Lower Half. In case the number of Thus, 2 byes will be given.
teams is even then both halves have equal number of If the byes are even in number, which teams will
teams. Otherwise in case of'an odd number of teams, get the byes and if the byes are odd in number, which
the upper half always has one team more than the teams will get the byes?
lower half. The following calculation is used to divide
The formula for calculating byes in case of an even
the teams into two parts:
number = NB (NB is the 'number of byes')
If the number of teams is even - 2
• NB 2
(N = Number of teams) . As per the above example of 2 byes = = =1
2 2
If the number of teams is odd - • Upper Half= 1 bye
N+l N-1 Lower Half= 1 bye
(For Upper Half) (For ~wer Half) _
2 2 Both the halves get 1 bye each.
Example 1: If there are 12 teams participatin g in a f' -. 1
tournament, how many teams will be there in the upper Method of Fixing Byes l

half and lower half? ' ;

The main features of the rule to give byes are as 1

Note: There is an even number of teams. 1

follows:.
!
J

N 12
-2 -- -2--6 J ,.
I
First bye is given to lowest t~am in the Lower
Half. -_ ' •. ·-
. . .
-• • • . .·- I

Upper Half= 6 teams, Lower Half= 6 teams . . 1. •• Second bye is given to the uppermost team in ,
,___
.
.- the Upper Half. . .
Example 2: If there are 17 teams participatin g in _a
tournament, how many teams~ ~ there in the Upper
r Thii'd by, is given to the· uppermost team of the "l
. ;
f Lower Half. •· ·•
Half and Lower Half? . • (' . .,, , , .-

t Fourth bye is given to the lowest team. in the \

Note: There Js an odd num~r of teams. :
;
l,Tpper Half.•
t
. .
_~rest of the byes are given as per the above
For Upper Half=
N +·1
=17+1 =218 = 9
2
2 - ~~-~.,,_- - f _: • - • , •• ,; ••-~ • ••~• ! • . , -• I

Management of Sporting Events

 If the number of byes is odd in number, the calcula-
tion will be as follows: NB-1 5-1 4
Upper half= = - - = =2
2 2 2
NB-1
ForUp perHa lf= ---;Fo NB+l
rLow erHa lf= - -- 2 byes will be given in the Upper Half.
2 2
In a tourna ment, 14 teams are participating. We NB+l 5+1 6
will write the names of all of them in a serial order. Lowe rhalf= - - - = --=- =3
2 2 2
We will ,then divide the teams into two halves. (As per
Example 1).i Let us now give byes. Lower Half will be given 3 byes.
Number of teams participating = 14 Step 5: Calculation of Number of Rounds: ThE
following method is used to calculate the number 01
The power of 2 after 14 is 16, so 16 - 14 = 2 rounds while drawing fixture:
Therefore, 2 byes will be given.
The number of' power of two (22) or the upcoming

/
NB 2 higher number of power of two to take out the rounds
As per Example 3, = =--1
2 2 in case 8 teams- are participating in the tournament'.
rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 = 3 rounds. •
Team Round-I Round-II
(2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8) i.e., multiply 2 upto the numbe
1 -Secon d Bye 1
of teams.
2 If 18 teams are participating then rounds will be
3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 round s = (2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8 x 2 = 1€
4 x 2 = 32). Here the numbe r of teams is not in power 01
two, so multiply 2 upto the number of upcoming highe1
5 number of power of two to find out rounds i.e., 32.
6 If21 teams are participating then rounds will be 2 x
x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 round s = (2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8 x 2 = 16 x 2 =
---- - - ---- --- - - -- -.-
8
7
-. -. 32). Here, also the numbe r of teams is not in power o:
wo; so multiply 2 :upto the numbe r of upcoming highe1
9 number,ofpower of two, to find out rounds i.e., 32.
10 , '
.Step 6:· Calcu lation of Numb er of Team s h
11, Quarter: If the numbe r of teams in the tournamentf
12 is excessive, then the teams are divided into 4 quarters
The teams. are divided into 4 quarte r to decided by 4
13 If the r.emainder, is divided by 4, then an additiona
_ _1:
14 -First Bye team. is placed·in the first quarte r. If the remainde1
comes to 2, then one additional team is placed in thE
Example 4: In a tournament, 11 teams are participating, .first and third quarte rs. If the remain der
comes to 3.
so the next power of 2 is 16. • • then one additional team is placed in the first, seconc
Therefore, 16r 11 =. 5,byes::wilLbe given, and third q~arters~ Lees try to unders tand the above
(The.-number- of byes:-is odd); method :through the following table:
Team. Round-I Round-II'. 's. No.of No.of. No.of ·No.o f No.of
I 1
No. Teams . Teams Teams Teams Teams
-Secon d Bye •
I'
..
'in First. m in Third •
m
I• 2
I ,.; Quarter Second. Quarter Fourth
Upper , 3 _ J i - - .- - •''
..
Quarter Quarter
Half I 1. 33:
I 8+1 8 8 8'
I 2.; 341 8,
I.
I : I Ii 3.: 35·
8 +·l
8 +•l
:8
8+ 1.
8 +-1
8+:l. 8
1
6. - Fourth Bye -.- - - · 4. 36' 9 9 9 9;
- - - .- __J _ - ,.. - - -·- - - .. -~- - .. - - - - - .... 9·
5.. 37' 9l+·-1 9 9·
:. 1: -Third Bye - - -.... ,_ '9
6.. 38· 9·+ 1 9 +-1 9i
8 7. 39i 9l+ll 9,+,1· 9 9:
tower : _ __.-I;- -......~.,...._,,..1... +>1
Half I 9 8 .. 40 10 10 10 10,
I
I 10. - Fifth Bye _,...,. .,__ In the above table.·a t S.No. 1, 33team s .are divided
I . •by~4, the-rem ainder is 1. Hence an add~tional te~m ha~
I lll - FirsttBye _ . , . . , . , ~ j f , f j been placed in the first quarte r. At S:No. 2, 34 teams are

Physical Education-XII
 4 the remainder is 2. Hence add. t.
•vided b~ i~ the first and third ci,uarter. l/~nal teams
!

di plilce divided by 4, the remainder is 3

:r~s 9rel teams each is placed in first • erefore,
o. 3, 35 r: _ N + 1 _ 11 + 1 = 12 = 6 teams
- 2 - 2 2
"e . ·0118 ' second and Number of teams in the Lower Half
add1tl arters .
. -~ qu _ N -1 _ 11-1 = 10 = 5 teams
thlfV h B . .
fi)ctLJre on t e as1s. of Knockout - 2 - 2 2
1.3.l 5. prepare a Knockout Fixture i-0 6 t The next higher number as per power of2 = 16.
pe1 • vr earns
EsaJ!l mber of teams = 6. • Therefore, 16 - 11 = 5 byes
Tt9ltlU
o bet of teams in the Upper Half and Lower H If
Nlllll N 6 a Number of byes in the Upper Half
= -=-=3 = NB -1 = 5 -1 = 4 = 2
2 2
2 2 2
tllber of byes-the next power of 2 after 6 = 8
NU 8 - 6 = 2 byes / Number of byes in the Lower Half
So, NB=2=1 / = NB+1=5+1=6= 3
Therefore, 2 2 2 2 2
Number of matches= N -1 = 11-1 = 10 matches
1 bye each will be given in the Upper Half and the
tower galf. Team Round Round Round Round
I II III IV
Team Round-I Round-II Round-III I 1 -Secondy .
- Second Bye 1
J2
I 2
' 1 Bye ~..._ . I

uJ;: 32 = f+- 2______r i

Upper• 3
Half: 4

I----------------- -- -------
:~:Y4
I
1 Winner •

.-~::- : : f+- 4 ~
Half 1 _____j 4 _ ___,

J-.
: Bye 4 Winner
1 6 - First Bye ---,--------------
7 -Third
1
--------------
1 Bye
Js
8
ACTIVITY 1.3 8
Lower:
Your school is organising an inter-school cricket tournament r Half 1 9 8
I I
between six schools. Prepare a fixture (knockout tournament • 1 10 - Fifth Bye]+·
I I 10
11 - First Bye
4

• • - i>~kt;, t~ be N.;ted ri·uri~g ,~- - .-•--r-~

. .
Example 7: Prepare a fixture for 27 teams on the basis
Preparation of Fixture of knockout. •
+ The number of matches is always one less than Number of teams= 27
the number of teams. - • Number of matches= N -1, 27 -1 = 26 matches
+ In case of odd number of teams participating in ; Number of teams in the Upper Half
a tournament, the Upper Half will have more _ N + 1 _ 27-+ 1 _ 28 _ t
number of teams than the Lower Half. - - - - - - - - - 14 earns.
,f
l 2 2 2
'
+ The Lower Half always gets more byes. ·1 Number of teams in the Lower Half
+ ~the number of byes is odd, there are m?re ~yes :j , N -1 27-1 26
mthe Lower Half. .. • • • . •. · • . •. j • = - - = - - = - = 13 teams.
2 2 2
In fixture, the line between the Upp~r Hili and ·j · • The next higher number of team (27) as power of
1-0wer Half is drawn o~y to divide in th_e final
. round. • .
1 1
2 = 32 ' . .
~.... """'•.; ,,_ -- • ..:,., .~ " " " ' ~ " ' .... • ......... • , •• -.'). - ~ ·. . , , _ ... ..__,:....,;: ~ : . ~ ~ ! . . . , , . ' ·~•...:.,6. . . :-.,...... "1.1 ..,.,.. _,,,,,,,Je.,,.~,J • Therefore, 32 - 27 = 5 byes
Xlnlple 6: Prepare a fixture for 11 teams on the basis .
Number. .
of byes in the Upper Half
'

fKnockout. , NB-1 5-1 4 • •

Number of ~ams in the Upper Half
-
2
-
2
= 2
= 2 byes.

:r"\
Management of Sporting Events 17
I
II
 I
r Number of byes in the Lower Half Note: If the teams are excessive, then divide in four qua"
as per Step 6 in procedure to draw fixture. _
NB+ 1 5+ 1 6
- - - = - = 3 byes.
2 2 2 Fixture of 27 teams on the basis of team dividing i
Number of Rounds= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 Rounds quarters:

Round-II Round-Ill Round-IV Round-V

Team Round-I
1 - Bye -----,1_._
I
2 ~ 2 _,1' 1
3 5-~

&
i 4
5 ~5.=]-5----'
6
~6 5 _ ___,
7
8

=j
;.
9
10
11
~lO__j
9
9--~
=
&
12
13
14
12
- Bye _ _ _ ___,
f-- 14 _ ___..
________ _ --------
5 Winner
~---~:--~Bye--------~~:-----------
;. 17 16 _ ____,
18
iii 19
& 20
19--

21 26-----'
22
23
24
24 24 26 _ ____.
25
26 -Bye ~26_J
27 -Bye----~

1.3.3 Consolation Tournament Example 8: Prepare a fixture for 8 teams.

The meEHUllg of consolation is to proride carof2!:_t Looser Team Round-I Round-II Round-ID
Team
or reassurance.Jo provide reassurance to tJ!e
12ing teams, they are given anotlier opportunity
2+-C! ~17-...3
to compete and get the consolt.ttieB f ' ~ This
-=~=:-~:---:::~=.,.......,
maintains the interest orthe -~----=------
I
players and motivates 4+-C! ~3___J 3 Winner
them to perform better. Therefore, this tournament is ------------------ - -------
appreciated. 6 +[:: ~5]--.5
There are two types of Consolation Tournament.
First Type of Consolation Tournament
s~; ~7

In this type of Consolation Tourn~ment, the teams that Note: The circled teams are the ones that lost.
have lost in their first match compete with each other.
team that have got byes may lose in the second Team Round-I Round-II
round, ,but this is their first _match. Therefore, tqe teams
that lo$e in their first match compet~ with each other 2
2
nd the winner is declared. I
' 4
2 Consolation
It is also kept in consideration that in .the consolation 6
round, only those teams get a bye which did not get a Winner
8
bye in the earlier round.

18 P~ysical Education-XII

J
 . prepare a fixture for 15 team
Je 9, s.
Ei,.iJll'
u,oset ,reaJJl Round-I Round-II Round-III Round-IV
fe
11
.,i ! 1
2 3 ~3--J3
.~4
3 Team Round-I Round-II Round-III

6 7 ~7--J5 2
8.-C 8 ------------- 3 Winner
-------
4 ~2J2
10.-e:r ~ 9 _- ~-- -- -- - 6
~6
1 11
124-1--12
=
j_.11 _ _ j
10
8
2 Consolation
Winner
9
r-13 ~ 1 4 12 ~lOJ
134-1--14 ------JJ-14---..1 10
15 Bye 13
~13
15
d Type of Consolation Tournament - - - -.- - - - -,- - - -
secon t 1
is type of tournamen not on y the teams losing in 4
Int? first match, but the teams having lost in all the
theird compete with each other. All the losing teams 5 6
roun sopportunity to compete in the round in which
get an • t ance, 1·r a team has lost in the
had lost. For ins 7 8
th
~ round, then that team will play in the fourth
fo dand not in the previous rounds. 9
roun
A Fixture for 9 Teams
Fixture: The number as per power of two after 5 is
Tealll Round-I Round-II Round-III Roun/ 8. So, 8 - 5 = 3 byes will be given.

2..-[~
3~
=:::=:J-
1}
1
Team Round-I Round-II ~und-III Round-IV

2 - Bye '------1....
4 ..-[4 __j""" _____J-. 3 : ~~__r--r-
3
5 +-- 5 - Bye
------------------
6 - Bye
1 Winner
--------- 7
9
-Bye
-Bye 7 } 3 Consolation
Winner
7 +C7 -Bye____J---- 6 } 6 8 6.
...,J8 - B y e ~ I • ) ,

9 8 Note: In above fixture, circled teams are 2nd & 3rd round
"'1_ 9 - Bye I '
looser teams. •

Note: In the first round, only teams 3 and 4 played a match. 1.3.4 Seeding Method
All other teams got a bye. All the other teams played their The teams that get seeding will go straight to play in
first match in the second round. Therefore the teams that lost the quarter final. This is called Seeding Method.
in the first and second round are kept together.
Why are we Seeding? -
Sometimes, duririg Knockout Tournaments; two' good
Teams that Teams that Teakns Lost teams compete with each other i~ the first _qr'· the
Lost in
First and
' Lost in
Third Round
secorid rou~d and, as a result, a goo~ te~ of !~.
tdtirnament at an early stage. To avoid this situation, the
Second teams are seeded as per their perf~rmance 'iii t~e ~r~vious
Rounds matches and this is given careful consideration: while
preparing fixtures. Let('us suppose thete are four·:very

- 2 3 good teams in1 a tournament. We will seed them in such

a manner so that the byes can be given as per the ·ru1es.

Management of Sporting Events 19

a
 Exa
te mpl e 10·• p repare a fixture for 10 team Number of teams in Upper Half and Lower Half
ams have to be seeded. s where 4
N 10
Number of teams = 10 = -=-=5
2 2
Number of byes= 6 Number of byes in Upper Half and Lower Half

J
Team Round-I Round-TI NB
1 - Bye
Round-Ill Round-IV =
l 2
2 -Bye - 6
: ~37~
= -=3
..... 1 2
3
6 - Bye (Seed Number of matches= N -1 = 10- 1 = 9 matc
--- --- ---ing)___f7"
--- --- --- --- --- ---1 Winn
--
~r- hes
1.3.S Special Seeding
~•g:~6
In this tournament, the seeded teams are sent
straig]
to the quarter final or semi-final level. If
there ai
1:0 =: : . ·( ~ 9 } 20 team
• s in a tournament, 4 teams are b& cnven spe •
seed1ng.

Team Round-I Round-II Round-III Round-IV Round-V

1 - Bye (Seeding)
2
3 ~2~1

4___r

1--

14
15
16 11- --- '

r
17 ~16~18-~
18
19 18 __ fr • 20- ---- '
20 - Bye (Seeding) _ _ _ _ _ ___,_

1.3..6 Fixture on League, Basis League tournaments as each team plays with
On the basis of League, three methods are all othe
used to participating teams. The result is declared on
• pre ~e the fixture: the basi
of points.
y focl ic Method The formula to calculate the number of matc
hes is
j/ Staircase Method
3. Tabular Method
L N(N:- Here, N = Number of team
Let us suppose that the number of teams is
1. CycUc Method 6, ther
N(N -1) _ 6(6 -1) _ 6(5) _ 30 •
As the name suggests, this method moves --- - ----
like the 2 2 2 2
wheel of a cycle. Number of matches is = 15 matches
more in
I
lO Physical Education-XII . j
 Round-I , . Roun ~dL- In1:- -1--:: ------- .------ ,------ ---i
~----//
I
6
~--~J
'1 TIT--:~-===;~~·-
/: : 5 ' ( 1.
1

1
Round-V ~~
+.·~R~o~u~n~d~-~I~II~l~Ro~1~1n~d~-IV~-1·ll-.~~~
r:
-1
.. .__
..-,1 'I'
I

'I'
•
/ - · · ,.. :
'I'
I
I
I
. ,,
'1"•,:
. ~JlL~'~,~ ~~'Lli
',1 I

~,~~
\1I
I
4 I

J.---',~~:-777 3 1 1 .

i-}:~ 1 2'
1 I
\.../!
::--_:',~ :--·+: i ', ' , •; : :
/1 I
''
,,... 2 i '"
I
i 5 4 : i ' I
' 6
I I
2 4 ~3 I
I I : I I 3 ~5 I
I
I
I
I I
6 I
I: I : : I
I I I I
I
I I
4 3 3 2 : : I I I I I

t
I I I I
2 6 6 5 4
-•
I
I I : I
5
-
I -------• I~

. ;;:r:-:~,-~te~a~m~n~u~m~b~e;r~;,-:r::~:-::~i~~:~~~.~~th~•~-~-~-~-=-~=---~•1_~i,..~-==~-~•! ..l_i:,..~ ~-=-=-= ~:!J

1

teams move
In tbtS .se direction. This continues till th e same position throughout all rounds. The other
~l~west number (except-1 ) comes in front of 1 in the left column.
in 8 c1oek~-·- _,....- -·-- ~-- - -· ·---, ....., . - __ .,._ ...
--i
..... ..... .. .. , ... - • .. . . . . . "' •• ,~. _ • .,..--"' - ,., ,--l> ••• ___ .,,. _ _ _ .,._ .., ---·-

~..... •

Impor tant Points 1

.... i
• • umber of teams is even then th • • of rounds is always one less than the total number of l
• • If
11 the n ' . e n~mber I
teaJllS, • .
• l
umber of teams is odd then th l
Ifth~ n b ft . ' e number of rounds is same as the number of teams.
l
W}len the n~ er o earns is odd, each team gets a bye.
\V)lile preparu_ig ~e_fixture, ~I t~-:_~~ ~-~ove ciockwise.
• • -- ...,. -
._,..____..,.,_ ____,____ ~---~--~--~~~~~--J
Jfthe number of teams is odd, then:
Let us suppose 5 teams are participating in the tourn~ment:.
Round-I'
. . Round- Il Round-III Round-IV . . Round-V
.,. I •

'I'
I

I I I
I 5, I
I
4, I 1,
II ' I
I '
'-
I '
I ' I ' I •' I I ' I
1• II I ' I I
: 4
I
I I 3 5 I : ·2 4 : : 1 ~3 : : 5 ~2 :
I I I I

.
I I I I I I I I
I I I
I

I I I I •• I I I

-•
I I I ..
I
1
: 3 . 2 2 5
:1,._ 1_______ __ : 5 .4
:~!------~--•
I I I I I
-------- - - - - _, ,
1,._ - - - - - -- - - -• •

clockwise
If the number of teams is odd, in place of 1 we write bye. The rest of the numbers continue moving in
order.
Number of matches = N(N -1) = 5(5-1) = 5(4) = 20 =10
2 2 2 ·2
2. Staircase Method / ' • • •.
number of teams
This method is the simples t method in a league. In this method, it does not matter whether the
is even or odd.
Let us suppose there are 7 teams:
.. •J
i 1-2
,,
I • ,
J · -1 3 2-3
i 1-4
1
1
2-4 - . 3-4 . .. i
4-5
•
l 1-5'···2~5 .. , 3-5
• I

1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6

..'
I
1-7_ . 2-7 •.• 3-7 4-7 5-7· -6-7
In the above method, the fixture is like a staircase. If it does not appear like a stairca~e, it would be incorrect.
• ~N(N -1) .7(7 -1) _ 7(6) = 42 =· 21
•• '
N he. 2 .. •
um r of matches = . . 2 = 2 - 2 • • I

Management of Sp~rting Events t21 •

:' J
·l
,
3. Tabular Method Tournaments. Thereafter, the winners and runners-Q~
In this method columns are drawn both horizontally of the Zonal Tournaments participate in the nation~
as well as vertically. Fixtures are drawn in a tabular and international level knockout and league-base~
~orm. For even number of teams, the number ofcolumns competitions. Finally, the national and internation~
1s N + 1 and for odd number of teams it is N + 2. For
winners and runners-up are declared. Usually, the~
even number byes are not given but for odd number tournaments are organised in four ways:
byes are given. 1. Knockout-cum-Knockout
2. League-cum-League 3. Knockout-cum-Leagu1
Fixtures of 6 Teams, Tabular Form
4. League-cum-Knockout
"' A B C D E F, 1. Knockout-cum-Knockout Tournament: Int~
type oftournament, teams are divided into four zon~
A "' 1 2 ·3 .4 5. Each zone has knockout competition. Thereafter, t~
B "\_a ~ 5 2 winner of each zone then competes with each oth~
in knockout matches. The team that wins in t~
C ""5- 1 4 inter-zone competition is declared the winner.
1
Example: Zonal Tournament on Knockout Bas~
I"' 2 1
D This example shows four teams in each zone an1
E 3 the fixture has been prepared accordingly:
Zonal Tournament on Knockout Basis
F ~v
Tabular form of round robin fixture for 7 teams (odd 1y1
teams) 2 L1-- w·
A B C D E F G Bye
Zone-E ast
!Y 4S mner

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i"'

"'
B 3 4 5 6 7 2
' 5 6 ·7 1 4 Zone- West Winner
C
D 7 1 2 6

E I"' 2 3 1

F 4 3
Zone-S outh Winner
G 5
'

y· -"~ .
·• J

Bye \
1~.
The winner of the league tournament is decided on the
•I

2 __r-- 2
basis of the points. The team which scores maximum
• !Y s ·- · •
Zone-N orth . , - _ 2 ~- Winner
point is the winner of the tournainerit. ; : ,. ·
. (i) For a win 2 points is a warded.
, (ii) For a defea~ 0 points is awarded._ . ..
(_ i_ii) For a draw_ ~tc_h 1. P~.i_ni'.is ~;a,·r.· ed.·;·_·--.:.·..•..· • • • • 1 • Int~r-:-zonal To~am ent on Knockout Basis
. • ,.
(Winner of Zone ·Teams)
,1_
" '. ' • ':.' '{ I I\ ' j ·,:\ ' •
I, ' .'. ) ' ). • f • • \
I .. , ,. J ., I ' ,·· • • ' ••
J I • ', I • , I t

:
!,
. .
• ·· t, • '. I I •• ; , ' .... •• • '
I I J t 1
, • . !, • f , • ,

1.3.! Combination Tournament , . , ·' •. • 1

1

Zone
1

: •

~e number o~t.e~ is~ many, the competition •; ~: . • • • E~st • •; . . ·

1splayedas-aCombmat1onTournament,,Forexample,· _· :._ •
;
•
est. . . . .
Eas
. .
tf: Y !
E . t w·
•Y 1 1
l• !; :-; • ••

in national and international level games, all state I I' I

•tea~s •~nd national· teams· can_ ~ot tteaeh_ thei~ ,;_::_,- . S?u~~ ~ - ··: • ... _ ~ . :.

N rth ·__r-- South •.. . . .

destmation. There~ore,.~~s are ~vided into various _·, 1
•

zones. Each zone has' Knockou t ·ana Eeagµi! Basis',; ;.,,;·; . ?, ' " .•. l • ' . . ': :· ·, ., ; : ': ' ' ; •,
·. .. ..
l.

. ,,.,. ...

•22 Physical Education-XII •.,:

,'I 1• , ';•

. ..
 bove example, the four zon 1 .
tbe e. a winners . d I d
JJl 'JlJler. again played knockout matches and East Zone was ec are
J.i,e"'1
w cUJll•League Touma~
giie· •u.ent: In th.
2. V one plays matches on the bas· f is type of tournament teams are divided into four zones and
9
cb z is o leagu 10 ' h
eB. f}eague ,ormat and finally th . e rmat. Winners of each zone again play matches on t e
sis O e winne • d · • •
bB pie: Zonal Tournament on L r is eclared.
jiB111 eague Basis
. ~ample shows 4 teams in each
,r1\,1S e~ zone and th fi
'J..I>" zonalTourn e 1xtures have been prepared accordingly.
arnent on League Basis 1

t 4 ~: t 'a CD: t
Zone-East I
t
I
I
,
,
\
'..i
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
'
"-·
I
I
:
2
',~
CDl: Winner - East
: 2 ~\'A- :
I '• I

l
I

:.~~=-~--+ I
4 3 :
·~------·---' ·•---------'

Zone-West t I
I
I
4 ,
\
'..&
CD: I
I
I t 2, .
CD! Wmner-West
I I , ',.,.. 1

: 3 2 :
'
I I

·•---------' : 4 3 : ·
·•--------

Zone-South • ,,
4 l CD t: 3', fi\l t
\!:.) 2 (D!
., ! ',~ : Winner - South
I

3 2 :
:,._ ________ : 2
• I '~ It
I
I I
4 I
I : 4 3 :
·•-------·' ·•---------•

4
Zone -·North • ,, 'I':
t3 '\!:.), CD l:· I
I ', I
t
:
2 (D:
',,.,.. : Winner - North
: 3 2 : : 2 4
I '.,l, I

'
I I
I I
I : 4 3 :
·•--------' ·•------- I•---------' • •

Note: 1. Circled team is fixed, other teams are moving.

2. Winner is declared on the basis of points.

Inter-zonal Tournament' on League Basis

. (Winner of Zone Teams)

t South ( East ) ! t North ( East) l '._ •. t West~· (East)!

:
' '~, t ', I

: .... I ',~ : : '

l .........
• '~ ••
I

,l
I
i: •

l North • West • : ! West South : : South North :

.J

' .
Note: Winners are declared on the basis of points in League Competitions. The team with
. ~aximum points is declared the winner. On the basis of points at zonal level, teams play inter- \ ·• ' ) • • •
zonal matches. Once again, the team that scores the maximum points is declared the winner.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - .- - - - - - - - - - - - - ! . . - - - - - -
. - . . . I' '
• ,_
. • • • -., I
'
3
•Knockout-cum-Leagiie Tournamen~: In this type of tournament, the teams are divided into zones where,
• they play knockout matches. The winners of each zone then play inter-zonal matches on the basis of league
format and the winner is declared accordingly. · · ·•··•:• i : ;· • .. •.. _. ! • .- • •• • - :• • • • : i

EX&Dlple: ZonalToUl"Ilamento~KnockoutBasis r _:· · ;, . :::.!.•: :-~ . . . . . ,-,• •• . . ;:~ , •••• , •• •

In this example, each zo~e has four teaihs ·and the fixture has b~en"~~~p~red ~c~or~ingly. • ~-: '. • : ·_ : : . .

Management of Sporting Events 23

~I--------------------•=---,
Zonal Tournament on Knockout Basis

~=r2]-
1y1
I Zone-South 1
j
Zone-East 3 2 Winner !=1-4]- '

4Ya
I' 1
2
=1-1
Zone-West
1y2
2
]- 4
•
Winner
Zone-North
3
=1-4 J-4 Winn~

!Y4 • 4

Inter-zonal Tournament on League Basis

(Winner of Zone Teams)

t
I
South,
',
( East ) /
t
t: North
',,
(East)!
. • West
',
(East) j
'
: ''4 : 'I ''4 :
I ' ''4 :
: North West : l West South y : South North :

Note: Inter-zone matches played in the League format will determine the winner on the basis
of points.

4. League-cum.-Knockout Tournament: In this type of tournament, all the teams are divided into four zon,
At the zonal level, the teams play matches in the league format till a winner is declared. Then, all the zor
winners compere with each other.in the knockout format, at the int.er-zonal level. Finally, a winner is declan
Example: Zonal Tournament on League Basis
In this example, each zone has four teams and the fixture is prepared accordingly.
Zonal Tournament on League Basis

Zone-East

+ 2:. CI): .
Zone-West : 4 '>4 3
I
:
I
Winner - West·
• • •
I , I

:•---------•

Zone-South
+ 4 lt'i ·+ 3 01
2, CI):' .• +
i Winner - South
I ' I
, i '~
I ' I
I ', I I ', t

i 3 ~2 i
I W:
: 2 ~4 : : 4
I . 3 : I

'•---------",. :•---------• :•---------•

,. . . • t
. . I .• CI)':
Z one - . N o rth . , .4,', 1 , II 3,.', 1
©' . . +2 CI) ·1 ,, ·
• ! S •2 ! ·• , · 2 •. •4 ! l 4 ',~ : Winner - North
I ... I
1
- 3. I
I •
I
I
.
W W
·•---------" ·•--·------" ' ·•------·--.-Y: .. .•
I • • I I W .

. . .
Note: On the basis of maximum points, the winner is decla,:-ed from each zone.
- .

Physical Education--XII
 zonal Tournament on Kn
10.ter-- (Winner of Zone Tea:~;out Basis 3. Motivates Students to Participate
in Competitions: During the Intramural

J-
zone competitions, students observe their friends
and classmates participating and this motivates
iast
ttrest
f West them, too, to participate. During childhood and
North-w· adolescence, the influence of the peer group is the
VY
5outh f North Inner maximum. Due to this, they are also motivated to
participate in sports.
North
4. Develops Leadership Qualities: To participate
in Intramural competitions, various teams are
Intramural and Extramural formed from all the Houses. Each team has a
competitions-Meanings, . • captain and a vice-captain who manage the team.
Objectives and th~i_r. ~i~nificance This results in developing leadership qualities
among the students. Other than the captain, there
are other roles of responsibilities within a team.
,, 1 Meaning of Intramural Compe t·t·
1.11, 1 10n
•
All these activities help in the development
word 'Intramural' comes from th L . of good leadership skills.
The , d 'M l' , , e atin
words '[nt~l~ 'an ura lils • Intra' means within 5. Experience in Organisation and·,
'Mura 1s means wa s. This literal! Management: The Intramural competitions
and . • 'th' h Y means
a coJJl~e_tit1on w1 in t e _four walls. These are organised and conducted by the students
competitions are conducted within the school themselves, therefore the students experience the
premises for the students, by the students of the various challenges faced during the organisation
schools: Intramural ref~rs. to the competitive and management of these competitions. Various
activities cond~cted w1th1n the school for the committees ar~ set up for the organisation·of such
students o~the1r own school. The students divide events and students are a part of it. This provides
themselves into Houses, and organise competitions students the opportunity to learn about all
for themselves. These competitions are limited to aspects of organising a programme.
students of the same school. The students from other 6. Develop a Team Spirit and a Spirit of
schools do not participate in these competitions. •; Collaboration: The responsibility of organising
:.; '
:,
an event is given to one House. The students take
1.4.2.~bjed:ives of lntrall)ur~l Competition •. care of the various aspects of the organisation.
Intramural competitions help in the holistic ,, • They learn to be a part of a team, and to co-operate
development of the students. Through this· ' and collaborate with each other.
· medi~, the students not only get the opportunity 7. Identification of Talent: The mai:r~ aim of
tg participate in the games, but also to organise the Intramural _competitions is to ~otivate more and
events. . more students to participate. Some students are
,• ' 11 '

hesitant to participate. These competitions make

1. Provide·s· Opportunity to Students to
them participate compulsorily and help overcome
Participate in the Games ~f their Interest: It
hesitatio~. The p~rticipation of all students
is often seen that, in inter-school (extramural) helps identify talent.
competitions, only the best players get· the
opportunity to participate leaving the other students 8. Developing Interest Towards Sports: When
disappointed. In Intramural competitions, more students watch their friends and classmates
number of students are able to participate. playing, they,_ too, feel interested in the game.
They are free to choose the game of their interest .• During Intramural comp·etitions, the entire
because all the Houses of the school come together • • environment of the school becomes sporty
to compete ~th each other. • and competitive. This enhances the interest of
students towards sports.
2. Opportunity to Learn the Skills of the
. 9. Developing a Sportsman Spirit: Sportsman
Games: As the students get the opportunity
spirit means respecting opponent's team
to participate in various games, they are able
members & officials and being humble after
to learn the rules, skills and techniques
winning and accepting defeat with dignity.
related to those games. In the attempt to h~lp
Intramural competitions help practise and develop
their House win, the students excel in the game_
the above~men~io~ed qualities. Apprecia~ing the
resulting in grooming of good players.
Management of Sporting Events

I
 l
perf'ormance of the opponent team is the best their skills and talents. To participate i
example of sportsman spirit. Extramural competitions the player works harl
to improve his/her level of performance to give th
1.4.l Significance of Intramu ral Competition best output during the competition. t
The main purpose of Intramural competitions is to 2. Provides Understanding of Game Strategy: 1·
pro,1de opportunities t-0 each student lo participate compete with teams from different schools, a Pla~
in different sports. This can be better explained by of action or strategy needs to be prepare~
the stateme nt- "Each ga.me for each child and each This helps students understand various strategies
child for ea.ch game.tt 3. Develo ps Relatio nships: The teams tha~
This statement reinforces the significance of compete with each other stay at the same venue
Intramural rompetitions for students. During this period, players get to know eac~
1. Psychological Satisfac tion: Play is a part other and this also helps to develop a health)
of the basic nature of a child. The child begins relationship between the schools.
to p)ay l'OOn after birth. This brings a sense of 4. DevelopsRespectforSchool: Afterrepresen~
happiness and peace to the child. Thereafter, the school and winning games, students develop
the play becomes a lifelong feature. a sense of respect for their schooL
2. Ov«!rall Development: Intramural competitions 5. Provides Opportunity to Examine the Leve}
enhance development of the student. This includes of Play: Players may excel in their own school
physical, mental and social development of a and this gives them a sense.of superiority over
student. These competitions help to develop the other players, but they come to know their
body, develop emotional stability, and also help actual level when they participate against good
the student learn social skills. players from different schools.
3. De,,elopment of Moral Values: Intramural
competitions help to develop moral values. When 1.4.6 .Importance of Extramural Competition
a student participates in a sport, the qualities of 1. Opportunity for Participation: Extramural
obedience, tolerance, respect for opponents, competitions provide an opportunity for players
time management, etc. are developed. For to participate in events outside the school.
example, obeying the referee, appreciating the They get inspired by other schqols and start
opponents and respecting the time-frame of the participating in other games, too.
game are the qualities learnt by a sportsperson 2. Improv ement in Perfor mance : When
during a match.
students go to other schools to participate, they
4. Entertainment: Intramural competitions provide ensure that they keep up the dignity of their
entertainment to the students. The students who own school and, for this, they practlse hard and
are spectators enjoy the performances of their try to put up their best performance and win.
friends and classmates and cheer them. This improves the level of competition.
5. Provide s an Opport unity for Partici - 3. Introd.uctionofNewGaineTechnique: While
pation; Intramural competitions are conducted
competing with players from different schools,
in sports and other disciplines, too. So students
can easily participate in at least one activity. the students become aware of new techniques
and different strategies being used~ This helps
1.4.4 Meaning of Extramural Competition them to improve their level of performance.
When sports compe titions are conduc ted
between two or more schools, they are called Commu~ity Sport~ -·_-1
Extramural Compe titions. When a school· (Sports Day, Health Run~ Run· for • ;•
organises a competition and teams from other schools Fun, R~n for a Specific Cause· & .. :· . .i
to the host school to compete with each other, Run for Unity) .. ,_· :, :· . :. : ... :.-: .·.:.:.,. :~ .• .. ;.
it IS an Extramural Competition. These may also be· • ·" • · • ·•• ·"' •· :,: i ...•· ' ..... :J••: _ -.r..., •:•' ... •:· -~•! \.._ .; ..

~ed Inter-School Competitions. . • . :_rhe m~in purpose of ~ommunity sports programmes

. , . . . . . 1s to ~nng about awareness among citizens. They are
1.4.5 Objectives of Extramural Co~petiti~n • organise~ to create an environment of alertness and
~- Provides Opport unity to Demon strate aw~~eness towards a specific cause. For example,'
• Skills:- Extramural competitio~s provide a chanty matches between cricketers and actors Run for
golden ~pportunity to students to perform a Cause at India Gate~ which would ensure m'aximuro
participation and viewe~ship .. • •
Physical Education-XII •

I
 -------·

,5,1
S ortS DOY
pf sports Day is to ensure the a . . .
committee, prize distribution com~ittee, etc •. ~~ch
the mentioned committees fulfils its respons1b1hty t
!
0

1
Tbe O tudents of the school. It is p ~icipation of
9ifll
eftflltlfll s each child is involved in sue a sporting
make the Sports Day a successful event.
Ill t wbere one way or th The activities for the event are selected keeping
evell e
in view the availability of resources and space in the
otber•
school.
Objectives of Sports Day
Holistic development of students.
Giving opportunities to students to play the sport
of their choice.
Development of leadership quality.
Development of healthy competitive spirit.
Development of social value.
Figure 1.2 Sports Day 1.5.2 Health Run
As per the National
. Curriculum
• Framework 2005 Health Run is organised to spread awareness among
. ·pation 1n co-curricular activities h been' people towards good. health. The aim is to promote
part1c1 p t• • t• . as
. blighted. ar_ 1~1?a ion in curricular as well a healthy lifestyle among people and motivate them to
big ..w-icular actIVIties are extremely im t s give up unhealthy practices. The Run is undertaken
co-eu1P 1· t· d I por ant for
student's ho 1s. 1c eve h opment
. • On s t
por s ayD by a large gathering. Along with the run, the
8
school 0 rgaruses sue activities where all t ' message of social goodwill is generated. There is no age
the ·t to participate. ge an specification for participation in such events, neither
opPortunl y . .
uring the academic session, one day is k ept as1•de is there any kind of competition.
D d . h'
for Sports ~ay, ur1ng W ich the students participate
enthusiastically.
The purpose ofSports Day is to ensure participation of
students and to de-~~lop interest in sports. These activities
develop good qualities such as co-operation, association
healthy spirit of comp~tition, tolerance, discipline~ tea~
spirit, respect and unity. • . .
Apart from this, it prevents unnecessary stress
pressure, depression, frustration, etc. among student~
and make therri feel unconventional. These positive
feelings ~elp them to remain healthy and motivated. ' .
The day after the Sport Day is declared a holiday, Figure 1.3 Sports Day
making the students even more happier. • To make the event ~ore attractive, T-shirts and caps
Organisation of Sports Day. are distributed among the participants. Banners with
messages promoting good health are put at various
\

A detailed plannipg is done for the Sports Day. It is

to make people aware and alert. Celebrities
decided as to which activitie~ ~ill be conducted during· places
are also invite·d to such events. This generates a lot
the Sports Day. The activities chosen are such that
among the particip~nts and ensures a
they would encourage maximum participation even of enthusiasm
gathering. Such events help many people g·auge
fro~ the lower classes. Thereafter, a particular date is large!
fitness and motivate them to focus
~ecided for the event. (In case the school does not have· their physical
.a ~ig playground, a stadium is booked and organised.) on their health. There is no particular preparation
required for such events. O1_1ly permissions from the
Aco~ordinator is nominated for the event, Then, local administration and selecting an open space and
V •
anous committees are set up, such as welcome
route for the run needs to be finalised. Moreover
CO~ttee, sports equipment committee, refreshment·
the participants also need to come dressed in shorts'
:~ttee, seating arrangement committee, first-aid
T-shirts and sports shoes to be able to participate. '
nunittee, record maintenance and announcement.
Management of Sporting Events

' I
, ,
Such events develop qualities such as tolerance, or collection of funds to help people suffering from a
self-confidence, brotherhood and awareness towards serious disease, or for a social cause such as collecting
health, among people. funds for a flood-affected or earthquake-affected area
etc.
DO YOU KNOW
•
FIT India Movement was launched by Hon·bte Prime Minister
Shri Narendra Modi on 29th August 2019 with on objective
to promote fitness of alt the people of Indio. A website viz.
www.fitfndla.gov.ln was launched under this programme which
comprises of valuable Information for promoting fitness. Also,
various Interesting quites are organised from time to time on
the website.

1.S.3 Run for Fun

Run for Fun is organised for the purpose ofentertainment
and fun. The participants are highly enthusiastic and
people come with a happy frame of mind. However,
such events not only entertain people but also help
Figure 1.5 Running for a Specific Cause
developing physical fitness that leads to good health.
The organisation of such Runs is taken up by many

,.r-··· /'~,&, institutions together. Before such events, a lot of

publicity is done so that there would be maximum
participation of the people in the event. Some people
"'."'".l~~~r.,w~
.. ti donate voluntarily towards the cause, while the rest of
the funds are collected through minimal registration
fee, participation fee, etc. .
The purpose of this Run is to generate awareness
regarding that section of needy people about whom
the persons who may want to do charity are not
aware of. Celebrities are invited to such events to
attract larger participation to achieve the determined
goal.
Figure 1.4 Run for Fun
Such Runs focus on highlighting the cause of the less
fortunate sections of society and developing empathy
In such kind of running events, people are stress- towards them and including them in the mainstream
free and usually participate to find a change from
society. It also makes people aware of their social
the routine everyday life. The body feels energized
responsibilities.
after participating in Fun Runs. We may call such
Runs friendly run as well. Sometimes such Runs are
organised for charity, too. The purpose in such cases is
1.S.S Run for Unity
to collect funds for a good cause. These Runs are usually The purpose of Run for Unity is to develop a sense of
organised by corporate houses as sponsors. They look unity and brotherhood. In this Run, religion, caste,
after the costs incurred for organising such Runs. creed, status or community have no role. It is done with
We may conclude that such events make a person the singular feeling of humanity.
happy, motivates him/her to 'follow a healthy lifestyle,
and energises him/her. Sometimes, such Runs are
organised with different distances etc. for various ••
age-groups and gender. Different categories are given
different coloured T-shirts and caps to be able to
differentiate. Finally, the purpose of the Run is to bring
feelin~ ~of joy and contentment.

1.5.4 .Run for a Specific Cause

Run for a Specific Cause is organised with a pre- .~~..,.
'
·- .\ • • • • f · _,

determined purpose or goal. For example, charity Figure 1.6 Run for Unity
r··-
\281 ·Physical Education-XII

\ .1
 h aiill of this Run is to spread the message of unity to their nation, with chanting of slogans such as 'We
. ~v:rsity, peace, friends~ip and cordial environment. are One'. Usually these Runs are long distant runs but
10
h ,,ents erase the soc1al-economic differences and there is no compulsion for any participant to run the
Sue ev
tes brotherhood. Such Runs are organised all . complete distance. .
promo f t· t .
the world rom ime O time. People participate Such Runs generate a feeling of goodwill among the
over • sueh event s t o sh ow t h e1r
voluntarily 1n • love and respect
citizens and witness large participation..

sports management is the efficient use of available resources of a sporting event to achieve its goals.
The five basic functions of management include planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.
Planning is a process to successfully complete a programme.
'-• organising is a process of establishing authority relationship among selected people, work and workplaces so that the
• roup can work together efficiently.
!taffing can be defined as filling and keeping filled positions in the organisation structure.
Directing is to encourage subordin~ted to work effectively and efficiently in both the short and long-run. .
Establishing standards for work performance, measµring performance and comparing it to the set standards and taking
corrective actions is part of controlling. • • ,
+ works like preparation and maintenance of the ground are.done by ground and equipment committee.
The management com~ittee appoints the ~dministrative director and conducts a competition by delegating the responsibility
-!• of organising tasks to various sub-committees. • ,_ ., •
,+'Th~ be~t_.te~m 'is declared as the ~inner by organising the match between the teams based on the prescribed
•: • method. .• . . . .'·.
. . . -. . ., '
• + In fixture, the line between the upper _Half and Lower half is drawn only to divide in_ the final round.
Bye is the advantage gi~en to a ~earn usually by drawing a lot, exempting the team from playing a match in the 1st rou~d.

• •
Combination tournament: A mixture of both the tournaments, viz., league and knockout tournaments. #

•+ Sports day,' run for unity, run for entertainment, run for specific purpose etc. are organised for awareness of he~lth and
fitness among the general public.· · -,~

•A.. Objective Type Questions 5. What is the main work of Finance committee in the
tournament?
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Tick the correct option:
(a) Registration of participants &<'
(b) Publicity of the tournament o<.. •
1. What is the most jmpactaRt prereq• ,isite for as, ,cce~ful
• • ~repare budget of the to~rnar:ne~t • _· ;
competitive event to hap~~-~ . .
• (a) P~~licising the e~e~t- Jl'J Appr?priate _P~ann~ng _ (d) Make transport arrangements
··.·(cl ·coordinating the event (d}° None of the above 6. The committee responsible for liaison with Print medi51 is:
• • • .'1 ' . J

2. Planning in.sp.orts leads to: (a) Technical ; (b) Logistics

• J • ,

,. ~arketing • (d) Finance. [CBSE, 2021]

(a~crease in expenditure"'f.. . -
Better coordination • (c) _Increase in mistakes • 7. In planning, defining procedure means:
-~
· (a) setting goals (b) making a policy .
(cf) Increase in last minute pressures
(c) formation of rules and regulation
3. Seeding is decided on the basis of : '
. ~efining cour_se of action • [CBSE, 2021]
.Jp{Previous performance (b) Future performance
(c) Current performance (d) Bad performance
s. In a knockout tournament, if byes are in odd -numbers

4. logistics committee deals w!~~ : -

- then number of byes in lower half is calculated by;..
-
{a) Accommodation . ,.JP'f Transportation _/!182+ 1 (b) • NB; 1 (c) N2B , ; (d) NB -1
(c) Medical Staff (d) All of the above.
. (f6.$f, 2021] ' r\ [CBSE, 2021]
,;J
e Management of Sporting Events •29
s:-'