eel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN 1. Comment on Plato's views on poetry. Plato's views on poetry, as expressed in his dialogues, particularly in "The Republic" and "Ion," are complex and multifaceted. While he recognized the power and influence of poetry, Plato was generally critical of its role in society and its impact on the human psyche. Herete some key aspects of Plato's views on poetry: 1 Imitation and Mimesis: Plato considered poetry to be a form of imitation (mimesis) that imitates the physical world, which he regarded as a mere copy or illusion of the realm of Forms. He believed that poetry and art, by imitating the Sensory realm, could lead individuals away from truth and reality. Emotional Manipulation: Plato was concerned about.the emotional and psychological effects of poetry. He argued that poetry appeaisto the irrational and emotional aspects of human nature, arousing desires,“passions, and potentially disruptive emotions. Plato believed that such emational manipulation could lead to moral corruption and irrational behavior. Truth and Knowledge: Plato held’a Strong emphasis on reason and the pursuit of knowledge. He saw poetry as a form of artistic creation that deviated from the pursuit of truth and knowledge. According to Plato, poetry and literature were far removed from the realm of philosophical inquiry and intellectual rigor. Ethical and Political Concerns: Plato expressed concerns about the moral and political influence of poets‘and their ability to shape public opinion. He believed that poets often portrayed gods and heroes engaging in immoral or morally ambiguous behavior, which could éorrupt society and challenge the established ethical norms and political order. Cetisorship and Ideal Society: Plato's criticism of poetry led him to propose the Cerisorship and regulation of poets and artistic expression within his ideal republic. in “The Republic,” he advocated for the exclusion of poets from the ideal state, deeming their works as potentially harmful and disruptive to the harmonious functioning of society. CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mai ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN While Plato's views on poetry were largely critical, it is important to recognize that they are situated within his broader philosophical framework and his vision of an ideal society. His stance on poetry reflects his concerns about its potential negative influences on individuals and society, particularly in terms of emotions, ethics, and political stability. However, his views have been subject to critique and have sparked ongoing debates about the nature.and value of poetry in human culture and artistic expression. 2. Attempt a critique of Romanticism. Romanticism was a literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism, and it often celebrated the beauty of nature. Romanticism was 4‘teaction against the Enlightenment, which had emphasized reason and order. There are a number of potential critiques of Romanticism. One critique is that it is too individualistic. Romantics often focus onthe individual's inner experience, and they may neglect the importance of society andccommunity, This can lead to a sense of isolation and alienation. Another critique of Romanticismns that it is unrealistic. Romantics often idealize nature and the past, and they may ignofe the challenges and complexities of the real world. This can lead to a sense of dissatisfactidn and frustration. Finally, some criticsSargue that Romanticism is ultimately conservative. Romantics often glorify the past,-and they may be reluctant to embrace change. This can make it difficult for Romantics toradiress the problems of the present day. Despite these critiques, Romanticism has had a profound influence on Western culture. It has Inspited Some of the greatest works of art, literature, and music. Romanticism has also helped to'shidpe our ideas about the individual, nature, and the imagination. Here are some specific examples of how Romanticism has been criticized: ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN «The Romantic emphasis on emotion has been criticized for leading to an excessive focus on the self and a neglect of the wider world. This can lead to a sense of isolation and alienation from others. + The Romantic idealization of nature has been criticized for being unrealistic andfor ignoring the destructive power of nature. This can lead to a sense of disappointment and disillusionment when people realize that nature is not always as beautiful or benevolent as Romantics imagine it to be. + The Romantic belief in the power of the individual has been criticizad for being naive and for ignoring the constraints of social and historical forces. This\can lead toa sense of frustration and despair when people realize that they cannot always control their own destiny. Despite these criticisms, Romanticism remains an important and influential movement in Western culture. It has inspired some of the greatest wofks of art, literature, and music, and it has helped to shape our ideas about the individual;hature, and the imagination. SOLVED BY WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN 3. “Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation are directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry.” Comment. The statement "Honest cfiticism and sensitive appreciation are directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry‘highlights an important aspect of engaging with literary works. It suggests that when @Valuating and interpreting poetry, the focus should primarily be on the text itself rather than the personal characteristics or intentions of the poet. Here are a few points to consider regarding this comment: 1. (Objectivity: By directing criticism and appreciation towards the poetry rather than the poet, the emphasis is placed on analyzing the merits and qualities of the literary work objectively. It encourages readers to evaluate the poem based on its own inherent qualities, such as language, imagery, themes, and structure, rather than being influenced by personal biases or preconceived notions about the poet. ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN 2. Autonomy of the Text: This perspective acknowledges the autonomy of the literary work, emphasizing that a poem exists as an independent entity separate from the author. It suggests that the meaning and significance of a poem are not solely determined by the poet's intentions or personal background but are open..to interpretation by the reader. 3. Engaging with the Poetic Craft: By focusing on the poetry itself, ceaders are encouraged to engage with the artistic techniques, craftsmanship, ‘and aesthetic aspects of the work. This includes examining the skillful use of language, the manipulation of poetic devices, and the overall impact of the poem on the reader. 4, Multiple Interpretations: Recognizing that poetry can\be subject to diverse interpretations, the comment suggests that readers should approach the poem with sensitivity and open-mindedness. Different readers may bring their own perspectives, experiences, and emotional responses to the poem, leading to a variety of valid interpretations. Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation invite a plurality of viewpoints and foster dialogue and appreciation of the poem's richness and depth. While itis essential to appreciate the poetry ifSel, itis also worth noting that understanding the context and background of the poet-can provide valuable insights into their creative choices and thematic concerns. Howeyer,the primary focus should still be on the text and its inherent qualities, allowing for an. exploration of the poem's artistic merits and meaningful engagement with its themes andideas. How do Marxists understand literature? Support your points with suitable examples. Marxists approach literature through the lens of Marxist theory, which views society as being divided int) Social classes and analyzes the relationships and conflicts arising from the production and distribution of wealth. In understanding literature, Marxists explore how it reflects, critiques, and reinforces the dominant ideologies and power structures of the society in’Which it is produced. Here are some key points on how Marxists understand literature: 1. Class Analysis: Marxists analyze literature by examining the portrayal of social classes and their relationships. They focus on how literature reflects the struggles, ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN inequalities, and contradictions between different social classes. For example, in Charles Dickens’ novel "Hard Times,” the stark depiction of the working-class characters and their exploitation by the bourgeoisie reflects the Marxist concern with class struggle and the dehumanizing effects of capitalism. 2. Ideological Critique: Marxists analyze literature to uncover the dominant ideoogies embedded within it. They examine how literature supports or challépges the prevailing ideology of the ruling class. For instance, in George Orwell's dystopian novel "1984," the portrayal of a totalitarian society ruled by a privileged elite highlights the Marxist critique of state power, surveillance, and the manipulation of language and truth. 3. Representation of Labor: Marxists pay attention to howiliterature represents labor and the working class. They examine how work is depleted, whether it reinforces the alienation and exploitation of labor under capitalism or presents a more idealized vision of workers and their struggles. The play "Mother Courage and Her Children" by Bertolt Brecht explores the hardships faced.by’3 war profiteer and her family during a war, providing a Marxist critique of capitalism and war. 4. Historical Materialism: Marxists analyze literature within its historical context and economic conditions. They conside? how literature reflects the material conditions of its time and the conflicts arising from the mode of production. For example, the literary works of the Harleni Renaissance, such as Langston Hughes’ poems, explore the experiences of Afritan Americans in the early 20th century and their struggles for equality and cultural Identity within the context of racial capitalism. 5, Emphasis on Social Change: Marxists view literature as a potential agent of social change. They look for literary works that challenge the existing social order and offer alternatives to the prevailing capitalist system. One example is Upton Sinclair's novel “The Jungle," which exposed the harsh working conditions and exploitation of iffmnigrants in the meatpacking industry, sparking public outrage and contributing to Jabor reforms in the United States. Marxists understand literature as a reflection of social and economic relations, a means to expose and cri ique existing power structures, and a potential tool for envisioning a more equitable society. They emphasize the analysis of class dynamics, ideological critique, the representation of labor, historical context, and the transformative potential of literature. ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN SOLVED BY WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN 5. Assess the contribution of Mary Wollstonecraft to the emancipation of women, Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneering feminist thinker who made significant contributions to the emancipation of women. Her most famous work, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), is a powerful and eloquent argument for the equality of womien. In the book, Wollstonecraft challenges the traditional view of women as being inferior to men, and she argues that women should have the same rights and opportunities 3st™en. Wollstonecraft’s ideas were radical for her time, but they haveshad a profound impact on the development of feminism. Her work helped to inspire thirst wave of the women's rights movement in the 19th century, and it continues to be influential today. Here are some of the specific contributions.tHat Mary Wollstonecraft made to the emancipation of women: + She argued that women are rational beings who are capable of independent thought and action. This challenged the\traditional view of women as being emotional and irrational. ‘+ She called for equal education for women. This was a radical idea at the time, but it is, now a widely accepted principle. © She argued thatWomen should have the right to vote and to hold political office. This was another-fadical idea at the time, but it has since been achieved in many countries. + She wrdte ‘about the importance of women's economic independence. She argued that women should be able to earn their own living and not be dependent on men. Wollstéietraft’s work was not without its critics. Some people accused her of being too radical and of advocating for the destruction of the family. However, her ideas have had a lasting impact on the development of feminism. She is rightly considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of the women's rights movement, ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN In addition to her work on women's rights, Wollstonecraft was also a pioneering writer on education and childrearing. Her book, Thoughts on Education (1787), is a classic of educational thought. In the book, Wollstonecraft argues that children should be educated to be independent and rational thinkers. She also argues that girls should be given the same educational opportunities as boys. Wollstonecraft's work on education has also had a lasting impact. Her ideas. Have been influential in the development of progressive education, and they continue tobe debated today. Mary Wollstonecraft was a brilliant and groundbreaking thinker who. made significant contributions to the emancipation of women and to the development of educational thought. Her work continues to be influential today, and she is rightly considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of Western thought. 6. Evaluate either Freud’s or Lacan’s contribution to the understanding of literature. Sigmund Freud's contributions to the understanding of literature are significant and continue to influence literary criticism and afiaiysis. Freud's psychoanalytic theory delves into the unconscious mind, exploring humdi) desires, drives, and the dynamics of the psyche. Here are some key points evaluating Freud's contribution: 1. Unconscious Motivations: Freud's concept of the unconscious and the influence of repressed desités and conflicts on human behavior and creativity have greatly influenced litérary interpretation. Freud argued that literature, like dreams, offers a window into the unconscious mind, revealing hidden desires and psychological tensiohs. This understanding enables readers to analyze the underlying motivations of characters and narratives, providing deeper insights into the text. 25.Dedipal Complex and Family Dynamics: Freud's notion of the Oedipal complex, which involves the complex relationship between parents and children, has been employed to explore the familial dynamics and power struggles in literary works. For instance, William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet" has been interpreted through the lens of the ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN Oedipal complex, examining Hamlet's unresolved desires and conflicts with his mother and stepfather. 3. Symbolism and Sublimation: Freud's ideas on symbolism and sublimation have contributed to the interpretation of literary symbols and the understanding of creative processes, He suggested that artistic expression, including literature, seryes-as a sublimated outlet for repressed desires. Analyzing symbols in literature allows readers ‘to uncover hidden meanings and explore the deeper psychological layersf the text. 4, Psychoanalytic Criticism: Freud's theories have provided a foundation for the development of psychoanalytic literary criticism, which examine’ the psychological motivations of authors and characters. This approach considers how an author's own experiences, traumas, and desires may influence their:work, shedding light on the author's creative process and the text's thematic concerns. While Freud's psychoanalytic theories have greatly contributed to the understanding of literature, they have also faced criticism. Some critiques argue that his theories are overly deterministic, reductionistic, and rely too heavily dn Sexuality as a driving force. Additionally, Freud's theories have been questioned for their limited applicability across cultures and historical contexts. In conclusion, Freud's contributions t6:the understanding of literature have been significant, particularly in terms of exploring\thé unconscious motivations, analyzing family dynamics, interpreting symbols, and fostering the development of psychoanalytic literary criticism. While his theories have fated criticism, they continue to offer valuable insights into the psychological depths of literary works and their connections to human desires and conflicts. SOLVED BY WWWAHELPBOOKS.IN 7. Write short notes on any two of the following: (a) Rasa ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN Rasa is a Sanskrit word that means "flavor" or "essence." In the context of Indian aesthetics, it refers to the aesthetic flavor of any visual, literary, or musical work that evokes an emotion or feeling in the reader or audience, but cannot be put into words. The theory of rasa was developed by Bharata Muni, a sage-priest who lived sometifne between the Ist century BCE and the 3rd century CE. He wrote a treatise on the performing arts called the Natya Shastra, which is considered to be the foundational textSoF Indian aesthetics. In the Natya Shastra, Bharata Muni identifies nine rasas: + Shrngaara: Erotic love * Hasya: Humor + Karuna: Pathos + Raudra: Anger + Vera: Valour + Bhayanaka: Terror « Vibhatsa: Disgust + Adbhuta: Wonder © Shanta: Peace The nine rasas are not mutually exclusive. A single work of art can evoke multiple rasas, and the relative predomirign¢e of each rasa will vary depending on the work. For example, a love story might evoke\thé rasas of shringara and karuna, while a tragedy might evoke the rasas of raudra and, bhaVanaka. The thepry-of rasa is still influential in Indian aesthetics today. It is used to analyze and evaluate Works of art, and it is also used to teach artists how to evoke the desired rasas in their Work. Here are some additional points about Rasa: + Rasais not a literal emotion. It is an aesthetic flavor that is created by the artist and experienced by the audience. ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN © Rasa is not something that can be descr experienced. -d in words. It is something that must be + Rasa is a complex and subtle concept. It is not fully understood even by experts in Indian aesthetics, Despite its complexity, the theory of rasa is a powerful tool for understanding and appreciating the arts. It can help us to understand how artists evoke emotions in their work, and it can help us to experience those emotions ourselves. (b) Aucitya Aucitya, also known as appropriateness or propriety, is'@:concept in Sanskrit poetics that pertains to the aesthetic quality of a literary work. It refer’ to the skillful and appropriate use of language, figures of speech, and poetic devices to'effectively convey the intended meaning and evoke the desired response from the audleitce. Aucitya is a key aspect of the broader Indian aesthetic tradition and plays a, sighificant role in evaluating the beauty and effectiveness of a poetic composition, Key Features of Aucitya: 1 Language and Expression=Aucitya emphasizes the use of language thats suitable and appropriate for thé given context. It involves selecting words, phrases, and expressions that cOnvey the intended meaning accurately and effectively. The language showtdalign with the subject matter, tone, and emotional nuances of the composition 2. Figurative: Language and Poetic Devices: Aucitya also encompasses the skillful use of figlifative language, such as similes, metaphors, and symbols, to enhance the poetic expression. Poetic devices, like alliteration, rhyme, and rhythm, should be employed Judiciously and harmoniously to create an aesthetically pleasing effect. 3. Context and Audience: Aucitya considers the cultural, social, and historical context in which the composition is presented. It takes into account the expectations and sensibilities of the audience, ensuring that the language and expression resonate with ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN the readers or listeners. Aucitya demands an understanding of the conventions and norms of the literary tradition in which the work is situated. 4. Harmony and Balance: Aucitya seeks to achieve harmony and balance in the composition. It requires the proper arrangement of ideas, imagery, and emotionéto create a cohesive and aesthetically pleasing whole. Aucitya encourages a balance between the creative imagination of the poet and the requirements of.tie subject matter, 5. Transcendence and Impact: Aucitya aims to transcend the ordinaryand mundane by elevating the language and expression to a higher artistic levelaltstrives to create a profound impact on the audience, evoking emotional, ifiteliectual, and aesthetic responses that resonate deeply, Aucitya is considered a fundamental principle in Indian poéties, guiding poets and scholars in the creation, interpretation, and appreciation of literary‘works. It highlights the importance of appropriateness, skill, and aesthetic sensibility inthe artistic endeavor. The concept of aucitya reflects the belief that language and expression have the potential to convey beauty, meaning, and transcendence when employed.with mastery and discernment. (c) Hamartia Hamartia is a literary term.detived from Greek tragedy, referring to a character flaw or error that leads to the downfall or tragic fate of a protagonist. It is an essential element of tragic storytelling and is offen considered a tragic hero's tragic flaw. Key Features of Hamarti 1. Character Flaw: Hamartia is a character flaw or error that typically resides within the protagonist. It can manifest as a moral weakness, a fatal decision, a lack of self- awareness, or a misguided belief. The flaw usually stems from the protagonist's own actions, decisions, or personality traits. 2. Tragic Consequences: The presence of hamartia sets in motion a series of events that lead to the protagonist's downfall or tragedy. It creates a sense of inevitability and ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN amplifies the dramatic tension as the au character's flawed actions. nce witnesses the consequences of the 3. Moral Ambiguity: Hamartia often presents moral ambiguity by highlighting the complexities of human nature. It demonstrates that even well-intentioned characters are susceptible to making grave mistakes or being driven by their flaws. Thiadds depth and realism to the character, allowing the audience to engage With their struggles and dilemmas. 4, Catharsis: The presence of hamartia contributes to the concept of éatharsis in Greek tragedy. As the tragic hero's flaw leads to their ultimate dewnfall, the audience experiences a purging of emotions, a sense of pity and’fear, and a deeper understanding of the human condition. 5. Symbolic Significance: Hamartia can possess symbdlié Significance within a narrative. It may reflect broader themes or moral lessdns, such as the consequences of unchecked ambition, the destructive natureof pride, or the dangers of excessive passion. Notable examples of hamartia can be found,in-classical works of literature, such as Oedipus in Sophocles’ play "Oedipus Rex," whosé'tragic flaw of hubris (excessive pride) leads him to unknowingly commit patricide andcfneest, resulting in his downfall. Another example is Macbeth in William Shakespeare's(play "Macbeth," whose ambition and unchecked desire for power ultimately lead to his tragic fate. Overall, hamartia serves,a~a vital element in tragic narratives, shedding light on the complexities of human.rature, exploring moral dilemmas, and evoking a profound emotional response from the auidience. (d) Death\of the Author The concept of the “Death of the Author" is a term coined by the French literary critic Roland Barthes in his essay of the same name. Published in 1967, Barthes argues that once a text is créated and released into the world, the author's intentions and personal identity should no longer be the primary focus in interpreting the work. Instead, the meaning of the text is produced through the interaction between the text and the reader. ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel pees ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN Key Points about the Death of the Author: 1 Textual Autonomy: According to Barthes, the text exists as an independent entity separate from the author, It has its own internal structure, language, and meaning that can be explored and analyzed without being reliant on the author's intentiohor personal history. Reader's Interpretive Role: Barthes emphasizes the importance of the readle’’s role in constructing meaning. He argues that the reader brings their ow “experiences, perspectives, and cultural context to the interpretation of a text, influencing the way they understand and engage with the work. Multiple interpretations: The death of the author allows fér multiple interpretations ofa text. Since the meaning of a workis not fixed or determined solely by the author, different readers can derive various meanings fromthe same text, reflecting their unique perspectives and backgrounds Focus on Language: Barthes suggests that the focus of literary analysis should be on the language and structures within the txt itself. By analyzing the formal elements, stylistic choices, and linguistic patterrig; readers can uncover layers of meaning and engage with the text's aesthetic andiiterary qualities. Cultural and Historical Coptéxt! While the author's intentions are de-emphasized, Barthes acknowledges tHat the cultural and historical context in which a text is produced can still inflllnce its meaning. However, he argues that this context is not solely determined by the author and should be examined in relation to the text itself and the reader's interpretive framework. The concept of the Death of the Author has had a profound impact on literary theory, contributing t0.the rise of reader-response criticism, poststructuralism, and a greater recognition of the reader's role in the meaning-making process. It challenges the notion of a single, duthoritative interpretation of a text and opens up possibilities for diverse and subjettive readings. ‘SOLVED BY WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mai ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WWW. PBOOKS.N [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ates ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN (e) Matthew Arnold as a Critic Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) was a prominent Victorian poet, cultural critic, and literary theorist known for his influential contributions to the field of literary criticism. His critical works, such as "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time" and "Culture and Anarchy," established him as a key figure in Victorian intellectual circles. Here are some key aspects of Amold's approach to literary criticism: L Culture and Criticism: Arnold believed that the role of the critic was to. promote and uphold the values of high culture. He advocated for a "sweetness anid light" approach to criticism, which aimed to elevate the intellectual and moratstandards of society through engagement with the best that has been thought.avid said in literature and art. Evaluation of Literature: Arnold emphasized the importance of evaluating literature based on its intrinsic merits and its capacity to address timeless human concerns. He argued for the primacy of "the best that is known and thought in the world,” asserting that great works of literature offer intellectual and aesthetic pleasure while providing insights into universal human experienées. Function of Criticism: According.t.Amold, the primary function of criticism was to provide a disinterested evaluation of literature. He believed that criticism should be objective, impartial, and guided by a high standard of taste and judgment. The critic should help shape public ‘opinion by guiding readers towards the works of enduring value and exposing thém to intellectual and moral refinement. Historical Perspéetive: Arnold emphasized the importance of historical context in evaluating litécary works. He believed that works of literature should be understood within thei historical and cultural framework, with attention given to the social, political, and intellectual forces that influenced their production. he" Touchstone" Test: Arnold introduced the concept of the "touchstone" test, which Involves subjecting a work of literature to rigorous scrutiny to determine its value and ificance. This approach aimed to separate enduring works from transient or lesser ones, based on their ability to withstand critical examination and maintain their significance over time. CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mai ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.INeel ‘WhatsApp on +918800002552 This Paper is Solved By WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN Amold’s approach to literary criticism emphasized the pursuit of intellectual and moral refinement through engagement with the best works of literature. While his ideas have faced criticism for their elitist tendencies and narrow conception of culture, his contributions to the field of literary criticism and his efforts to elevate the role of criticism in society have had a lasting impact on subsequent generations of scholars and critics. SOLVED BY WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN ‘ONLY FOR IGNOU STUDENTS OSOLVED BY WW/W.HELPEOOKS.IN CALL WHATSAPP 88 0000 2552 | WEB: WWW.HELPBOOKS.IN | Mail: [email protected] [1SaRBOOKS.IN