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Q1. Assertion: A ray incident along normal to the mirror retraces its path. (3) Real, at 10 cm in front of the mirror
Reason: In reflection, angle of incidence is always equal to angle of (4) Virtual, at 10 cm behind the mirror

reflection.
Q6. An object of height 3 cm kept in front of a concave mirror, gives a
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct
real image of size 6 cm. The magnification of the
explanation of the Assertion.
mirror is
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not explanation
(1) −2
of the Assertion.
(2) 2
(3) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(3) −0.5
(4) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(4) 0.5
Q2. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle of 60 . If a
∘

Q7. A, B, C in the diagram represent rays of light incident upon a face

ray of light incident on the first mirror is parallel to the second mirror,
of a right-angled prism. Before emerging from the prism, which ray (or
then it is reflected from the second mirror,
rays) will experience total internal reflection?
(1) perpendicular to the first mirror.
(2) parallel to the first mirror.

(3) parallel to the second mirror.

(4) perpendicular to the second mirror.

Q3. When an object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a mirror, the

magnification is m . But the magnification becomes m , when the
1 2

object is moved 15 cm farther away with respect to the earlier position

m1
and m2
= 4 , then find the focal length of the mirror and what type of
mirror it is? (1) Ray A
(1) 20 cm, convex
(2) Ray B
(2) 20 cm, concave (3) Ray C
(3) 10 cm, convex
(4) Ray A and C
(4) 10 cm, concave
Q8. The graph between angle of deviation (δ) and angle of incidence (i)
Q4. In case of reflection from curved surface for a triangular prism is represented by:
(1) the normal is considered to be tangent to the spherical surface at the
point of incidence

(2) the normal is considered to be drawn at the pole of the spherical

surface only.
(3) the normal is the principal axis only.

(4) the normal is not required.

Q5. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm is placed on a plane mirror. An

(1)
object is placed at 30 cm from the lens. The image

formed is:
(1) Real, at 30 cm in front of the mirror
(2) Real, at 30 cm behind the mirror

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(3) 2 sin −1
μ

μ
(4) 2 sin −1
(
2
)

Q11. A beaker contains water up to a height h and kerosene of height

1

h2 above water so that the total height of (water + kerosene ) is

(h1 + h2 ) . Refractive index of water is μ and that of kerosene is μ
1 2.

The apparent shift in the position of the bottom of the beaker when

viewed from above is

(2)
(1) (1 − 1

μ1
) h2 + (1 −
1

μ2
) h1

(2) (1 + 1

μ1
) h1 + (1 +
1

μ2
) h2

(3) (1 − 1

μ1
) h1 + (1 −
1

μ2
) h2

(4) (1 + 1

μ1
) h2 − (1 +
1

μ2
) h1

Q12. An objective is kept at a distance of 16 cm from a thin lens and the

image formed is real. If the object is kept at a distance of 6 cm from the

same lens the image formed is virtual. If the size of the images formed
are equal, then find the focal length of the lens?
(3)
(1) 11 cm
(2) −11 cm
(3) √11 cm

(4) √−11 cm

Q13. Consider the following statement(s):

I. The focal length of the objective of a microscope is less than the focal

length of the eyepiece.

II. The minimum distance between an object and its real image formed

(4) by a convex lens of focal length f is equal to 4f .

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

Q9. A ray of light passes from a medium A having refractive index 1.6
(1) Only I.
to the medium B having refractive index 1.5. The value
(2) Only II.
of critical angle of medium A is
(3) Both I and II.
(1) sin −1
(
16
)
(4) Neither I nor II.
15

(2) sin −1 16
√
15

(3) sin −1
(
1
)
Q14. A certain far-sighted person cannot see objects closer to the eye
2

than 100 cm. The power of lens which will enable him to read at a
(4) sin −1
(
15

16
)

distance of 25 cm will be
Q10. A ray of light passes from vacuum into a medium of refractive (1) 3 dioptre
index μ, the angle of incidence is found to be twice the angle of
(2) 1 dioptre
refraction. Then the angle of incidence is (3) 4 dioptre
μ
(1) cos −1
(
2
)
(4) 2 dioptre
μ
(2) 2 cos −1
(
2
)

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Q15. A thin lens of focal length f and its aperture has a diameter d. It Q19. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave mirror of focal
forms an image of intensity I. Now the central part of the aperture upto length 30 cm are kept with their optic axis PQ and RS parallel but

diameter (d2) is blocked by an opaque paper. The focal length and separated in vertical direction by 0.6 cm as shown. The distance between
image intensity would change to the lens and mirror is 30 cm. An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm is
(1) placed on the optic axis PQ of the lens at a distance of 20 cm from the
f I
,
2 2

(2) f, I

4
lens. If A B is the image after refraction from the lens and the reflection
′ ′

3f
(3) 4
,
1

2
from the mirror, find the distance of A B from the pole of the mirror and
′ ′

(4) f, 3I

4
obtain its magnification. Also locate positions of A and B with respect
′ ′

to the optic axis RS .

Q16. A thin plano-convex lens fits exactly into a plano-concave lens
with their plane surface parallel to each other as shown in the figure. The
radius of curvature of the curved surface R = 30 cm. The lens is made

of a different material having refractive index μ 1 =

3

2
and μ 2 =
5

4
as
shown in the figure. If the plane surface of the plano-convex lens is
silvered, then calculate the equivalent focal length of this system (in cm

).

(1) −1 ⋅ 8 cm

(2) −2.0 cm
(3) −18 cm
(4) −20 cm

Q20. The principal section of a glass prism is an isosceles triangle ABC

with AB = AC. The face AC is silvered. A ray of light is incident

Q17. A thin lens made of glass of refractive index μ = 1.5 has a focal normally on the face AB and after tworeflections, it emerges from the

length equals is 12 cm in air. It is now immersed in water base BC perpendicular to the base. Angle BAC of the prism is

(μ =
4
). Its new focal length is (1) 30 ∘

(1) 48 cm (2) 36 ∘

(2) 36 cm (3) 60 ∘

(3) 24 cm (4) 72 ∘

(4) 12 cm Q21. Dispersion without deviation is produced by two thin (small

Q18. A convex lens and a concave lens, each having same focal length angled) prisms which are combined together. One prism has angle 5 and ∘

of 25 cm, are put in contact to form a combination of lenses. The power refractive index 1.56. If the other prism has refractive index 1.7, what is

in dioptres of the combination is its angle?

(1) Zero (1) 3 ∘

(2) 25 (2) 4 ∘

(3) 50 (3) 5 ∘

(4) Infinite (4) 6 ∘

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Q22. The refractive index of a prism for a monochromatic wave is √2 Q24. The magnification produced by the objective lens and the eye lens
and its refracting angle is 60 . For minimum deviation, the angle of
∘
of a compound microscope are 25 and 6 respectively.

incidence will be The magnification of this microscope is

(1) 30 ∘
(1) 25
(2) 45 ∘
(2) 50

(3) 60 ∘
(3) 150
(4) 75 ∘
(4) 200

Q23. In astronomical telescope, which of the following statement is Q25. Astigmatism (for a human eye) can be removed by using

NOT applicable? (1) concave lens

(1) The telescope is light weight. (2) convex lens
(2) The telescope is very heavy and bulky. (3) cylindrical lens

(3) The telescope suffers spherical aberration. (4) prismatic lens

(4) The telescope suffers chromatic aberration.

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Answer Key
Q1 (1) Q2 (2) Q3 (2) Q4 (1)

Q5 (3) Q6 (1) Q7 (2) Q8 (3)

Q9 (4) Q10 (2) Q11 (3) Q12 (1)

Q13 (3) Q14 (1) Q15 (4) Q16 (60.00)

Q17 (1) Q18 (1) Q19 (1) Q20 (2)

Q21 (2) Q22 (2) Q23 (1) Q24 (3)

Q25 (3)

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Q1. The normal to the curved surface along the centre or radius
of the spherical surface, i.e., the normal is considered to be
The incident is along with the normal means the angle of
tangent to the spherical surface at the point of incidence.
incidence is i = 90°, so from laws of reflection the angle

of incidence is equal to angle of reflection, the angle of The geometrical centre of spherical surface is called pole,
reflection will be i = r = 90°; means the reflected ray while in lens it is called optical centre.
retraces the same path, which conclude both Assertion and
Q5. 1

F
=
f1
1
+
1
+
1

f1
=
2

f1
+
1

∞
⇒ F =
15

2
cm
fm
Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation 2 1 1
= + , v = 10 cm
15 30 v

of the Assertion.
∴ image is real, 10 cm in front of mirror.

Q2.
Q6.

Given,

The height of the object, h o = 3 cm

The height of the image, h i = −6 cm (Real images are

always inverted and hence the negative sign)

The magnification, m =
hi −6
= −2
ho 3

When light ray is incident on the first mirror parallel to the Q7.
second mirror, the angle of incidence at first mirror
For ray B, angle of incidence is 0°, so angle of refraction
becomes 30°.
(r1 ) at first face will also be zero.
From the laws of reflection, we know that the angle of And we know for a prism, r 1
+ r2 = A , where r and A
2

reflection and angle of incidence are equal. So, the light represents angle of incidence at second surface and angle
ray reflects from the first mirror and is incident on the of prism respectively.
second mirror with an angle of incidence 30° and finally ⇒ r2 = A − r1

reflects, as shown in figure. As final reflected ray makes an We can observe from above relation, that r will be 2

angle of 60° with the second mirror then i can be maximum for minimum r , and it will be maximum for
1

concluded that reflected ray from second mirror is parallel ray B.

to first mirror. Also, to give T I R effect r should be greater than critical
2

f
angle, and is only possible for ray B.
Q3. m = −
v

u
=
f −u

f f
so, m1 =
f − ( −25 )
=
f +25
Q8.
f
Similarly, m2 =
f +40

m1
For a prism, as the angle of incidence of light increases the
and = 4
m2

f +40
angular deviation of light decreases upto a certain value
∴ = 4
f +25
and after a particular value of angle of incidence, the
f = −20 cm

angular deviation starts to increase.

The correct graph that represents the variation of angular

Negative sign shows that the mirror is concave.
deviation with angle of incidence is shown below.
Q4.

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h2
Q12. m = h1
=
v

u
=
f

f+u

f
for real image m is negative − m = ----(1)
f−16

f
for virtual image m is positive m = ----(2)
f−6

from (1) & (2)

f f 2 2 2
− = ⇒ 6f − f = −16f + f ⇒ 2f = 22f
f−6 f−16

f = 11 cm

Q13.

Q9.

As the law of refraction we have,

sin ( ic )

sin ( 90 )
=
1.5

1.6
,

where i is the critical angle.

c

15
sin(ic )=
16

−1 15
ic = sin ( )
16

Q10.

Let i be the incident angle and r be the refracted angle.

When we see an image through a compound microscope,
Given,
i = 2r
our image is usually very close to the objective lens. So, in
i
r =
2
order to get a real image with objective lens (convex in
The refractive index of vacuum is 1 and that another nature), the focus is kept small.
medium is μ. From Snell's law.
1 sin i = μ sin r

i
sin i = μ sin ( )
2

i i i
2 sin ( )cos( )= μ sin ( )
2 2 2

i
[2 cos( )−μ]= 0
2

μ
−1
i = 2 cos ( )
2

The angle of incidence is

μ
−1
∴ i = 2 cos ( )
2

Q11.

Apparent shift due to a transparent material of thickness h is give by, From the above ray diagram,
object distance, (u)= d − x,
1
Δ h =(1 − )h
μ

∴ Apparent shift produced by water image distance, (v)= x,

△ h1 =(1 −
1

μ1
)h1 distance between object and image= d,

And apparent shift produced by kerosene focal length= f .

△ h2 =(1 −
1

μ2
)h2 Using lens formula,
1 1 1
1 1
− =
△ h = △ h1 + △ h2 =(1 − )h1 +(1 − )h2 v u f
μ1 μ2

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1 1 1

x
−
− ( d−x )
=
f
Q17. Focal length in air is given by
2 1 1 1
x − xd − f d = 0 =( μg − 1)( − )
a
fa R1 R2

Real image must be real means roots of the equation The focal length of lens immersed in water is given by
should be real. 1 1 1
=( l ng − 1)( − )
f1 R1 R2
2
∴ d ≥ 4f d
When, R 1, R2 are radii of curvatures of the two surfaces of lens and l ng
∴ dmin = 4d

is refractive index of glass with respect to liquid.

Q14. a ng
Also, l
μg =
a nl

For the required lens, Given, a ng = 1.5, fa = 12 cm, a nl =

4

( a ng −1 )
Image distance v = −100
fl
cm ∴ =
fa ( l ng −1 )

Object distance u = −25 cm

⇒ f1 = 4 × 12 = 48 cm

Using the lens equation:

1 1 1
Q18.
− =
v u f

1 1 1

−100
−
−25
=
f
The focal length of convex lens, f 1 = +25 cm and the
100
⇒ f =
3
= 33. 33 cm focal length of the concave lens, f 2 = −25 cm .
Power of the lens: 1

f
=
0.33
1
= 3 D Power of combination in dioptres of the combination of

lenses is given by,

Q15. I ∝ aperture 2

2 2 2
P = P1 + P2 =
100

f1
+
100

f2
=
100

25
−
100

25
= 0 .
πd πd d
I1 ∝ ⇒ I2 ∝( − π( ) )
4 4 4

I2 ∝
πd
2

(1 −
1
) ⇒ I2 ∝=
3
⋅
πd
2
Q19. Rays coming from object AB first refract from the lens and then
4 4 4 4

I2 3 3 reflect from the mirror.

= ⇒ I2 = I1
I1 4 4

Refraction from the lens

μ = −20 cm,f = +15 cm

Using lens formula, 1

υ
−
1

u
=
1

1 1 1
− =
υ −20 15

υ = +60 cm

and linear magnification, m 1

=
υ

u
=
+60

−20
= −3

i,e., first image formed by the lens will be at 60 cm from it ( or 30 cm

from mirror ) towards left and 3 times magnified but inverted. Length of
Q16.
first image A1 B1 would be 1.2 x 3 = 3.6 cm ( inverted).
(i) P eq = 2Pl1 + 2Pl2 + Pm . . .(1)

For plano-concave lens : fl1

1
=(
3

2
− 1)(
1

∞
−
1

30
)

100 5
fl1 = −60 cm ⇒ Pl1 = ⇒ Pl1 = − D
fl1 3

For plano-convex lens : ​ 1 5 1 1 1 1

=( − 1)( − ) ⇒ =
fl2 4 30 ∞ fl2 120

100 5
fl2 = +120 cm ⇒ Pl2 = ⇒ Pl2 = + D
fl2 6

For plane mirror : P m = 0 since fm = ∞

Effective power of the combination is

Peq = 2Pl1 + 2Pl2 + Pm

2×5 2×5
Peq = − + + 0
3 6

10 1
Reflections from mirror Image formed by lens ( A1 B1) will behave
⇒ Peq = − D ∵ Peq = −
6 feq

like a virtual object for mirror at a distance of 30 cm from it as shown.

⇒ feq = 60 cm

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Therefore u =+ 30 cm, f =- 30 cm. Q20. From the figure

Using mirror formula, 1

υ
+
1

u
=
1

or, 1

υ
+
1

30
= −
1

30

∴ υ = −15cm

and linear magnification,m 2

= −
υ

u
= −
−15

+30
= +
1

i.e., final image A' B' will be located at a distance of 15 cm from the
mirror ( towards right) and since magnification is + , length of final 1

image would be 3 ⋅ 6 × 1

2
= 1 ⋅ 8cm.

′ ′
∴ A B = 1 ⋅ 8cm

Point B is 0.6 cm above the optic axis of mirror, therefore, its image B'
would be (0 ⋅ 6)( 1

2
) = 0 ⋅ 3cm. above optic axis. Similarly, point A is 3

cm below the optic axis, therefore, its image A' will be 3 × 1

2
= 1 ⋅ 5cm.

below the optic axis as shown below

i1 = 90° −(90° − A)= A

and ∝ = 90° − 2i1 = 90° − 2A

∴ i2 = 90° − α = 90° −(90° − 2A)= 2A

∴ β = 90° − i2 = 90° − 2A

From the geometry of the figure

A + 2A + 2A = 180°
Total magnification of the image,
1 3 ∴ A = 36°
m = m1 × m2 =(−3)(+ )= −
2 2

′ ′ 3
∴ A B =(m)(AB)=(−
2
)(1 ⋅ 2)= −1 ⋅ 8cm
Q21.
Note that, there is no need of drawing the ray diagram if not asked in the Dispersion without deviation by combining two prisms of angles A and 1

question. Note With reference to the pole an optical instrument ( whether A2 with refractive indices n and n is given by
1 2

it is a lens or a mirror) the coordinates of the object (X0, Y0) are (n1 − 1)A1 = (n2 − 1)A2 . . .(i)

generally known to us. The corresponding coordinates of image ( Xi, Yi) Here n 1
, ,
= 1. 56 A1 = 5° n2 = 1. 7

are found as follows From equation (i),

1 1 1
X1 is obtained using ± = ⇒ (1. 56 − 1)×5 =(1. 7 − 1)×A2
υ u f

Here,υis actually X0 and u is X ie, the above formula can ⇒ A2 = 4°

be written as 1
±
1
=
1

Xi X0 f Q22.
Similarly, Y is obtained from m = I

0 Using the prism formula and snell's law, under the condition of
Here, I is Y and O is Y i.e., the above formula can be written as
minimum deviation, we have,
m = Yi /Y0 orYi = mY0 sin (
A+δm
)
2

μ =
A
sin
2
60°+δm
sin ( )
2

√2 =
60°
sin
2

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Q24.
1 60°+δm
= sin( )
√2 2

Or sin 45° = sin(

60°+δm
) Given M 0
= 6 ⇒ 25Me
2

Therefore, the minimum deviation is, ∴ magnification of this microscope is

δm = 30° M = M0 × Me

And, the required angle of incidence for it, = 25 × 6 = 150

Or i =
A+δm

2
Q25.
60+30 90
= = = 45°
2 2

Q23.

The astronomical telescope is used to observe district

images of heavenly bodies like stars, planets etc. It is two
lens system first one is an objective lens which has a large

aperture and large focal length because it forms the image

of a distant object at its focal length, and the second one is

the eyepiece, which behaves as a simple magnifier with When the lens is perfectly spherical rays refracts equally
which to see the image formed by the objective. from each portion and converge at one point. But when
The astronomical telescope is quite heavy and bulky. lens is not spherical rays from one side of the lens gets
Aberration is a property of optical systems like lenses that refracted more than the other. This causes blurry image.
makes light to be spread out over a region of space rather Person will not be able to see the whole image of the object
than focused to a point. This consists of lenses so, it will but can see only some portion of it at a time. This type of
suffer spherical and chromatic aberration. optical defect of eye is called Astigmatism. This can be
corrected by cylindrical lenses in the spectacles.

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Q1. If a thin film of thickness t and refractive index μ is placed in the path of Q7. A Young's double slit experiment uses a monochromatic source. The
light coming from a source S , then increase in length of optical path is shape of the interference fringes formed on a screen

(1) μt (1) Straight line

(2) μ/t (2) Parabola
(3) (μ − 1)t (3) Hyperbola

(4) None of these (4) Circle

Q2. Which of the following conditions of path difference represent Q8. Two wavelengths of light, λ 1 = 4500 A and λ 2 = 6000 A are sent
destructive interference? through a Young's double-slit apparatus simultaneously.

(1) 37λ Then:

(2) 12.5λ (1) no interference pattern will be formed.
(3) 26λ (2) the third order bright fringe of λ will coincide with the fourth order
1

(4) 19λ bright fringe of λ . 2

(3) the third order bright fringe of λ will coincide with fourth order bright
2
Q3. In Young's double slit experiment, amplitude of the coherent sources are
fringe of λ . 1
in the ratio 3 : 1, then ratio of maximum to minimum intensity of the fringe
(4) the fringes of wavelength λ will be wider than the fringes of wavelength
1
system will be
λ2 .
(1) 3 : 1

(2) 1 : 3 Q9. While light is used in the Young's double slit experiment. Then
(3) 9 : 1 (1) The central fringe will be white.
(4) 4 : 1 (2) There will not be a completely dark fringe.

(3) Fringe next to the central fringe will be red.

Q4. Two wavelengths of light λ and λ are sent through Young's double slit
1 2

(4) Fringe next to the central fringe will be violet.

apparatus simultaneously. If 3 order bright fringe of λ coincide with the
rd
1

fourth order bright fringe for λ , then Q10. In a Young's double slit experiment, the fringe width is β. If the entire
λ1
2 =
λ2

(1) 1

2
arrangement is now placed inside a liquid of refractive index μ, the fringe
(2) 1 width will become,
(3) 1

1
(1) μβ
2
β

(4) 4 (2) μ
3
β
(3) μ+1

Q5. If the fringe width obtained in Young's double slit experiment is 1.33 mm
(4)
β

μ−1

, then on immersing the whole set up in water with refractive index 1.33, new
fringe width will be Q11. In YDSE, the wavelength used is 600 nm. A transparent slice of

(1) Does not change thickness 36μm is placed in the path of one wave. The central fringe shifts to

(2) 1.0 mm 30
th
bright fringe from the centre, then find the refractive index of the slice.

(3) 2.0 mm (1) 1.5

(4) 2.69 mm (2) 1.8

(3) 2.0
Q6. In Young's double slit experiment, the intensity on the screen at a point
(4) None of these
where path difference λ is K. What will be the intensity at the point where

path difference is λ
: Q12. Two coherent sources produce a dark fringe, when the phase difference
4

(1) K between the interfering beams is

4

(2) K (1) zero

2

(3) K (2) 2π

(4) Zero (3) nπ

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(4) (2n − 1)π Find the final intensity of light (I ), if the angle between the axes of two
′′

polaroids is 60 ∘

Q13. First secondary minima in case of diffraction due to single slit is

3I0
(1)
obtained at a distance x from central maximum position, 2

(2)
I0

then 2

(3)
I0

(1) x = λa

D
4

I0
(4)
(2) x

a
=
D

λ
8

(3) x = λDa Q15. When an unpolarised light falls on a polaroid:

(4) x = λD

a
(1) The electric vectors oscillating perpendicular to the pass-axis of polaroid

pass.
(2) The electric vectors oscillating parallel to the pass-axis of polaroid pass.
(3) Depending on the direction sometimes all the electric vectors are passed.

(4) Depending on the direction none of the electric vector passes.

Q14.
1st polaroid 2nd polaroid

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Answer Key
Q1 (3) Q2 (2) Q3 (4) Q4 (4)

Q5 (2) Q6 (2) Q7 (3) Q8 (3)

Q9 (1) Q10 (2) Q11 (1) Q12 (4)

Q13 (4) Q14 (4) Q15 (2)

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ϕ
Q1. Increase in optical path = μt − t =(μ − 1)t Also by using I = 4I 0 cos
2

ϕ
2 1
cos ( )
2

Q2. ⇒
I1
=
I2 ϕ
2 2
cos ( )
2

According to Young's double-slit experiment, the condition for 2 2π

cos ( )
2
K 1
⇒ = =
I2 π 1
2

destructive fringe (minimum intensity) is given as,

cos ( )
2 2

K
⇒ I2 =
Δx =(2n + 1)
λ

2
. 2

Here, n is integer and λ is wavelength. Q7.

Checking all the given options now,
(i) 37λ = Δx

λ
(2n + 1) = 37λ⇒ n = 36. 5
2

(ii)12. 5λ = Δx

λ
(2n + 1) = 12. 5λ⇒ n = 12
2

(iii) 26λ = Δx

λ
(2n + 1) = 26λ⇒ n = 25. 5
2

(iv) 19λ = Δx

λ Q8.
(2n + 1) = 19λ⇒ n = 18. 5
2

So, from the above analysis, it is clear that for path difference Let n bright fringe of λ overlap with m bright fringe of λ .
th th
1 2

12. 5λ , we have destructive interference. Distance of n

th
bright for λ1 = Distance of m
th
bright for λ2

⇒ nβ1 = mβ2 , where β is fringe width.

Q3. Given a

b
=
3

2 2 D D
Imax. ( a+b ) ( 3+1 ) 16 4
⇒ nλ1 = mλ2
d d
∴ = = = =
Imin. 2 2 4 1
( a−b ) ( 3−1 )
⇒ nλ1 = mλ2

Q4. ⇒
n
=
λ2

m λ1

n 6000
⇒ =
The expression of the distance of n order maximum from the th m 4500

n 4
⇒ =
central maximum in Young's double slit experiment is given as, m 3

Therefore, 4 bright fringe of λ coincides with 3 bright

th
2
rd

yn =
nλD

d
, here λ is the wavelength, n = 1, 2, 3. . ., D is the
fringe of λ .
distance between the slits and screen, d is the distance between
1

slits. Q9.
The position of 3 order bright fringe, y .
rd 3λ1 D
1 =
d

The waves of each wavelength form their separate interference

The position of 4 order bright fringe, y .
th 4λ1 D

2
=
d

pattern. Therefore, the central fringe is white, violet fringe

Given third order bright fringe coincides with the fourth order
appears next and red fringe last according to their respective
bright fringe.
wavelengths.
Thus, y 1
= y2 .
3λ1 D 4λ2 D

d
=
d
Q10.
Hence, the ratio .
λ1 4
=
λ2 3

The fringe width,

β
Q5. β '
=
μ
=
0.133

1.33
= 0.1 cm
β =
λD
⇒ β ∝ λ .
d

= 1 mm
When the entire arrangement is placed inside a liquid, the

wavelength of light changes. The new wavelength becomes,

Q6. By using phase difference ϕ = 2π

λ
(Δ)
λ
λ' =
For path difference λ , μ

β λ β λ
= ⇒ =
Phase difference ϕ 1
= 2π and for path difference λ

4
, phase difference β
′
λ
′
β
′
(
λ
/μ )

.
β
.
π
ϕ2 = β' =
2 μ

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Q11.

Given that the wavelength, thickness of the slab and the shift of
the central fringe by the number of fringe widths are,

λ = 600 nm, t = 36 μm, n = 30 .

If the central bright fringe is shifted by 30β, then at the centre
point of the screen, 30 bright fringe will have a path difference
th

of 30λ. Here, β = Fringe width.

For a bright fringe at the centre of the screen, path difference is, Condition for the minimum, asin θ = mλ.

nλ =(μ − 1)t . Since, (sin θ ≃ tan θ) and from the figure tan θ = D
x
, thus

30(600 × 10
−9
)=(μ − 1)(36 × 10
−6
) mλ =
ax

D
. . .(1) , here m = 0, 1, 2, 3. ., λ is wavelength, a

(μ − 1)=
1
⇒ μ =
3
= 1. 5 is width of slit and D is the distance between slit and screen.
2 2

Now, for the first secondary minima from the central maximum
Q12.
position, the path difference is an integral number of

We know that intensity in Y DSE is given by wavelengths.

I = I1 + I2 + 2√I1 I2 cos ϕ Thus, for first secondary minima, m = 1 and a sin θ = mλ.

There is a dark fringe, it means waves interfere destructively. From equation (1), we get ax

D
= λ ⇒x =
λD

So, intensity is minimum.

Q14. From first polaroid the unpolarised light will become polarized with half
Now, intensity is minimum when
the intensity.
cos ϕ = −1
So, I
I0
'
=
2

⇒ ϕ =(2n − 1)π; n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . .
From second polaroid
In this case minimum intensity is given by '' ' 2 I0 2 I0 1 I0
I = I cos θ = cos (60)= =
2 2 4 8
2
Imin = (√I1 − √I2 )

Q15.
Q13.
An unpolarised light consists of electric vectors in all possible
In the case of Fraunhofer single slit diffraction,
directions. When it falls on a polaroid, the electric vectors of a
light wave which are parallel to the direction of aligned
molecules of polaroid, get absorbed. The electric vectors which

are parallel to the pass-axis of polaroid are passed. Neither all

the electric vectors are passed nor all the vectors are absorbed in
any condition.

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