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Woven Gauze dressings, compression bandages, plasters,

scaffolds, vascular prostheses, surgical gowns, drapes
and hospital textiles such as sheets, blankets,
pillowcases, uniform and operating room textiles,
implants, knee supports and braces

Nonwoven Surgical gowns, caps and masks, absorbent layers,

fleeces, wipes, protective clothing, diapers, feminine
hygiene products, incontinence products, wound
scaffolds, implants, and antidecubitus
dressings,
fleece
Knitted Compression bandages, vascular prostheses, stents
heart, valves, ligaments and tendons, surgical hosiery
blankets, wound dressings, stockings, elasticated net
garments, pressure garments, fingerknee
bandages, flat
bandages and spacer materials for braces,
implants, nets and hammocks

Crochet Compression bandages for compression therapy, cast

cloth for orthopaedic casting bandages, wound
dressings, bandages and implants
Embroidery Implants
Braided Sutures, soft tissue ligaments and implants
Composite materials Diapers, feminine hygiene, incontinence products,
wound dressings, scaffolds, implants and support

NOTS SMMENTS
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Abdominal wall Polyester

Blood vessel (vascular Polyester,
graft) polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), polyurethane
Bone plant Carbon, PGA
Cartilage Low density polyethylene,
polyester, PTFE, carbon
Dental bridge Ultrahighmolecular weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE),
carbon, glass, aramid
Dental post Carbon, glass
Dural substitute Polyester, PTFE,
polyurethane, collagen
Heart valve (sewing Polyester
ring)
Intervertebral disc Polyester, PTFE
Intramedullary rod Carbon, glass
Joint Polyester, carbon, UHMWPE
Polyester, carbon, glass,
Ligament
aramid
Orthodontic arch wire Glass
Skin Chitin
Spine rod Carbon
Suture Polyester, PTFE, polyamide,
polypropylene,
polyethylene, collagen,
polylactic acid (PL
polyglycolic acid (PGA)
D-Laat DTFE

A NOTES COMMENTS e
Fabrication Foam/sponge Nonwoven Woven Braided Knitted

Pore size (um) 0.5-500 10-1000 0.5-1000 0.5-1000 50-1000

Porosity (%) 0-90 40-95 30-90 30-90 40-95
Pore distribution Random to uniform Random Uniform Uniform Unifo
Reproducibility Poor to good Poor Excellent Excellent Good toexcellent
of porosity
Pore connectivity Good Good Excellent Excellent Excellent
Processability Good Good Excellent Excellent Good
Other comments Current techniques are Equipmentcostis Shapes are Limitedto tubular Limited bythe low
associated with high. Control limited or uniform bending
Over porosity is cross-sectional properties of
processing
undesirable residues always shapes current
such assolvents, salt questionable biodegradable
particles fibres
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Suture

Probably the largest group of devices implanted in humans and can be

used in skin, muscle, fat, organs and vessels.
Although they seem to be of small concern to the medical community,
few devices have been made of so many different materials

By definition: a suture is a thread that either approxiamates and

maintains tissues until the natural healing process provide sufficient level
of wound strength or compresses blood vessels in order to stop bleeding

NGT MME
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Sutures Tensile Tissue Handling Knot Memory

strength reactivity security

Nylon, monofilament High Low Poor oor High

Nylon, braided Moderate Good Fair Fair
High Good Fair
Polyester High Moderate Good
Polyglycolic acid Good Low Fair Good Low
Polyglycolide-lactide Good Low Good Fair Low
Polycapro lactone Good Low Poor Poor High
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Classification of sutures
Sutures can also be classified into two categories: absorbable and non
absobsorable

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Polyester and nylon based textiles in biomedical

engineering
Absorbable sutures
Absorbable sutures haveability to be 'absorbed' or decomposed by thee natural reaction of the
body to foreign substances
They are used internally and are designed to lose strength gradually over time by chemical
reactions such as hydrolysis
Itabsorption,
is important to note that not all absorbable sutures have the same resistance level to
but each can be formulated

or treated in order to obtain adesired decomposition rate and be excreted in urine or faeces, or
carbon dioxide in expired air [82-84].
Currently, the most commonly used absorbable sutures are synthetic substances: polyglycolic
acid and polyglactic acid.
Nonabsorbable sutures
Do not lose their tensile strength for a long period of time.

Generally, these sutures are used for closing cutaneous or oral incisions where the sutures can
be easily removed e.g. nylon, braided polyester

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Properties Polyester Polyamide

Initial modulus 600-1200 gftex 200-300 gftex
Degree of elasticity 90-98 at 2% elongation 95-100 at 2% and 10%
70-90 at 10% elongation elongation
Moisture regain 0.4% at 65% RH 2.8-5.0%
Breaking elongation 12-55% 16-65%
Tenacity 25-54 gftex 32-65 gftex
Thermal conductivity 0.141 W/m K 0.243 W/m

NOTES COMMENTS