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Complex Numbers PPQs Paper 1 MARKSCHEME

The document discusses complex numbers and solving equations involving complex numbers. It contains multiple parts asking to express complex numbers in polar form, find the roots of equations, and use De Moivre's theorem. It also involves finding the area of triangles on an Argand diagram and showing an expression is equal to zero by considering real and imaginary parts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
224 views19 pages

Complex Numbers PPQs Paper 1 MARKSCHEME

The document discusses complex numbers and solving equations involving complex numbers. It contains multiple parts asking to express complex numbers in polar form, find the roots of equations, and use De Moivre's theorem. It also involves finding the area of triangles on an Argand diagram and showing an expression is equal to zero by considering real and imaginary parts.

Uploaded by

kixazu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex numbers PPQs Paper 1 [77 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 18] SPM.1.AHL.TZ0.11


(a) Express −3 + √3i in the form reiθ, where r > 0 and −π < θ ⩽ π

. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to find modulus (M1)

r = 2√ 3 (= √ 12) A1

attempt to find argument in the correct quadrant (M1)

√3
θ = π + arctan (−
3
) A1


=
6
A1

5πi 5πi

−3 + √ 3i = √ 12e 6
(= 2√ 3e 6
)

[5 marks]

Let the roots of the equation z3 = −3 + √ 3i be u, v and w.

(b) Find u, v and w expressing your answers in the form reiθ, where
r > 0 and −π < θ ⩽ π. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to find a root using de Moivre’s theorem M1


1 5πi

12 6
e 18
A1


attempt to find further two roots by adding and subtracting 3
to the argument
M1
1 7πi

12 6
e

18
A1
1 17πi

12 6
e 18
A1
Note: Ignore labels for u, v and w at this stage.

[5 marks]

On an Argand diagram, u, v and w are represented by the points U, V and W respectively.

(c) Find the area of triangle UVW. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempting to find the total area of (congruent) triangles UOV, VOW and UOW M1

1 1
1 2π
Area = 3(
2
) (12 6
) (12 6
)sin
3
A1A1

1 1

Note: Award A1 for (12 6
) (12 6
) and A1 for sin 3

1
3√ 3
= 4
(12 3
) (or equivalent) A1

METHOD 2

1
2 1
2 1 1

UV2 =

(12 6
) + (12 6
) − 2 (12 6
) (12 6
)cos
3
(or equivalent) A1

UV = √ 3 (12 6
) (or equivalent) A1

attempting to find the area of UVW using Area = 1

2
× UV × VW × sin α for example
M1

1 1
1 π
Area = 2
(√ 3 × 12 6
) (√ 3 × 12 6
)sin
3

1
3√ 3
= 4
(12 3
) (or equivalent) A1
[4 marks]

(d) By considering the sum of the roots u, v and w, show that

= 0. [4]
5π 7π 17π
cos + cos + cos
18 18 18

Markscheme

u+v+w= 0 R1
1
7π 7π 5π 5π 17π 17π
12 6
(cos (− ) + i sin (− ) + cos + i sin + cos + i sin ) = 0
18 18 18 18 18 18

A1

consideration of real parts M1


1
7π 5π 17π
12 6
(cos (− ) + cos + cos ) = 0
18 18 18

7π 17π
cos (−
18
) = cos
18
explicitly stated A1

cos

18
+ cos

18
+ cos
17π

18
= 0 AG

[4 marks]
2. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i.

(a) By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that u = 2e


i

3 . [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

2
2
|u| = √ (−1) + (√ 3) (= √ 1 + 3) A1

= 2 AG

reference angle = π

3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR

arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π

3
A1

Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that

arg u =
3
.

and so u . AG
2π i
= = 2e 3
3

METHOD 2

π
reference angle = 3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR

arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π

3
A1
Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that
arg u =

3
.

=

3
AG

2π 2π
r(cos + i sin ) = −1 + √ 3i
3 3

−1 −1 √3 √3
r = 2π
= 1
OR r = 2π
= √3
A1
cos − sin
3 2 3
2

= 2 and so u = 2e AG
i
3

[3 marks]

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that un is a real number. [3]

Markscheme

u
n
∈ R ⇒
2nπ

3
= kπ (k ∈ Z) (M1)(A1)

Note: Award M1 for noting that sin 2nπ

3
= 0 from

2nπ 2nπ
).
n n
u = 2 (cos + i sin
3 3

Award (A1) for a multiple of 3 considered.

n = 3 A1

[3 marks]
(b.ii) Find the value of un when n takes the value found in part (b)(i). [2]

Markscheme

substitutes their value (must be a multiple of 3) for n into un (M1)

3 3
u = 2 cos 2π

= 8 A1

[2 marks]

(c) Consider the equation z3 + 5z2 + 10z + 12 = 0, where z ∈ C.

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z3 + 5z2 + 10z + 12 = 0, find the other

roots. [5]

Markscheme

−1 − √ 3i is a root (by the conjugate root theorem) A1

Note: Accept 2e−i 3 .

let z = c be the real root

EITHER

uses sum of roots (equated to ±5) (M1)

((−1 + √ 3i) + (−1 − √ 3i) + c) = −5 (A1)

−2 + c = −5 (A1)
OR

uses product of roots (equated to ±12) (M1)

(−1 + √ 3i)(−1 − √ 3i)c = −12 (A1)

4c = −12 (A1)

OR

2
(z − (−1 + √ 3i))(z − (−1 + √ 3i)) = z + 2z + 4 (A1)

compares coefficients eg (M1)

2 3 2
(z − c)(z + 2z + 4) = z + 5z + 10z + 12

4c = −12 (A1)

THEN

c = −3 (and so z = −3 is a root) A1

[5 marks]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise, find the


roots of the equation 1 + 5w + 10w2 + 12w3 = 0, where

w ∈ C. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

compares z3 + 5z2 + 10z + 12 = 0 and 1 + 5w + 10w


2
+ 12w
3
= 0

1 1
z =
w
⇒ w =
z
A2
1 1 −1±√ 3i
w = −
3
, (=
4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

METHOD 2

attempts to factorize into a product of a linear factor and a quadratic factor (M1)

1 + 5w + 10w
2
+ 12w
3
= (3w + 1)(4w
2
+ 2w + 1) A1

1 1 −1±√ 3i
w = −
3
, (=
4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

[4 marks]

(d) Consider the equation z2 = 2z , where z


*
∈ C, z ≠ 0.

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the equation. [5]

Markscheme

2
(a + bi) = 2(a − bi) A1

attempts to expand and equate real and imaginary parts: M1

2 2
a − b = 2abi = 2a − 2bi

= 2a and 2ab = −2b


2 2
a − b

attempts to find the value of a or b M1

2b(a + 1) = 0

= 2a ⇒ a = 2 (real root) A1
2
b = 0 ⇒ a

= −2 ⇒ b = ±√ 3 (complex roots −1 ± √ 3i) A1


2
a = −1 ⇒ 1 − b
[5 marks]
3. [Maximum mark: 18] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Let zn be the complex number defined as zn = (n
2
+ n + 1) + i for n ∈ N.

(a.i) Find arg(z0). [2]

Markscheme

z0 = 1 + i (A1)

π
arg(z0) = arctan(1) =
4
= 45° A1

Note: Accept any of these three forms, including an answer marked on an Argand
diagram.

[2 marks]

(a.ii) Write down an expression for arg(zn) in terms of n. [1]

Markscheme

1
arg(zn) = arctan( 2
n +n+1
) A1

[1 mark]

Let wn = z0z1z2z3 … zn−1zn for n ∈ N.

(b.i) Show that arctan (a) + arctan (b) = arctan (


a+b
) for
1−ab

, ab < 1. [2]
+
a, b ∈ R

Markscheme

attempt to use the compound angle formula for tan M1


tan (arctan (a))+tan (arctan (b))
tan (arctan (a) + arctan (b)) =
1−tan (arctan (a)) tan (arctan (b))

A1
a+b
=
1−ab

AG
a+b
⇒ arctan (a) + arctan (b) = arctan ( )
1−ab

[2 marks]

(b.ii) Hence or otherwise, show that arg(w1) = arctan (2). [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

arg(w1) = arg(z0z1) = arg(z0) + arg(z1) M1

1
= arctan (1) + arctan (
3
) (A1)
1
1+
= arctan(
3

1
) A1
1−
3

= arctan (2) AG

METHOD 2

w1 = z0z1 = (1 + i)(3 + i) (M1)

= 2 + 4i A1

) or labelled Argand diagram A1


4
arg(w1) = arctan(
2

= arctan (2) AG

[3 marks]
(c) Prove by mathematical induction that arg(wn) = arctan(n + 1)

for n ∈ N. [10]

Markscheme

let n = 0

π
LHS = arg(w0) = arg(z0) = arctan(1)(= )
4

π
RHS = arctan(1)(= ) so LHS = RHS R1
4

Note: Award R0 for not starting at n = 0, for example by referring to the result in
(b)(ii) for n = 1. Award subsequent marks.

assume true for n = k, (so arg(wk) = arctan(k + 1)) M1

Note: Do not award M1 for statements such as “let n = k” or “ n = k is true”.

Subsequent marks can still be awarded.

arg(wk+1)

= arg(wkzk+1)(= arg(wk) + arg(zk+1)) (M1)

= arctan(k + 1) + arctan( 2
1
) A1
(k+1) +(k+1)+1

1
(k+1)+( )
2

M1
(k+1) +(k+1)+1
= arctan( )
1
1−(k+1)( )
2
(k+1) +(k+1)+1

1
(k+1)+( )
2

(A1)
k +3k+3
= arctan( )
1
1−(k+1)( )
2
k +3k+3
2
(k+1)(k +3k+3)+1
= arctan( 2
)
(k +3k+3)-(k+1)

3 2
k +4k +6k+4
= arctan( 2
k +2k+2
) A1

2
(k+2)(k +2k+2)
= arctan( 2
k +2k+2
) A1

= arctan(k + 2)(= arctan((k + 1) + 1)) A1

since true for n = 0, and true for n = k + 1 if true for n = k, the statement is

true for all n ∈ N by mathematical induction R1

Note: To obtain the final R1, four of the previous marks must have been awarded.

[10 marks]
4. [Maximum mark: 6] 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.9
Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + bi and z2 = (1 − b ) − 2bi, where
2

b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.

(a) Find an expression for z1z2 in terms of b. [3]

Markscheme

2
z1z2 = (1 + bi)((1 − b ) − (2b)i)

2
= (1 − b
2 2
− 2i b ) + i(−2b + b − b )
3
M1

A1A1
2 3
= (1 + b ) + i(−b − b )

Note: Award A1 for 1 + b2 and A1 for −bi − b3i.

[3 marks]

(b) Hence, given that arg(z1z2) =


π
, find the value of b. [3]
4

Markscheme

−b−b
3
π
arg(z1z2) = arctan(
1+b
2
) =
4
(M1)

EITHER
π
arctan(−b) =
4
(since 1 + b2 ≠ 0, for b ∈ R) A1

OR

−b − b
3
= 1 + b
2
(or equivalent) A1

THEN
b = −1 A1

[3 marks]
5. [Maximum mark: 8] 21M.1.AHL.TZ1.7
Consider the quartic equation
+ 80z + 400 = 0, z ∈ C.
4 3 2
z + 4z + 8z

Two of the roots of this equation are a + bi and b + ai, where a, b ∈ Z.

Find the possible values of a. [8]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

other two roots are a − bi and b − ai A1

sum of roots = −4 and product of roots = 400 A1

attempt to set sum of four roots equal to −4 or 4 OR


attempt to set product of four roots equal to 400 M1

a + bi + a − bi + b + ai + b − ai = −4

2a + 2b = −4(⇒ a + b = −2) A1

(a + bi)(a − bi) (b + ai)(b − ai) = 400

2
(a
2
+ b )
2
= 400 A1

2 2
a + b = 20

attempt to solve simultaneous equations (M1)

a = 2 or a = −4 A1A1

METHOD 2

other two roots are a − bi and b − ai A1

(z − (a + bi))(z − (a − bi))(z − (b + ai))(z − (b − ai))(= 0) A1

2 2 2 2
((z − a) + b )((z − b) + a )(= 0)
(z
2 2
− 2az + a
2
+ b )(z
2
− 2bz + b
2 2
+ a )(= 0) A1

Attempt to equate coefficient of z3 and constant with the given quartic equation
M1

2
−2a − 2b = 4 and (a A1
2 2
+ b ) = 400

attempt to solve simultaneous equations (M1)

a = 2 or a = −4 A1A1

[8 marks]
6. [Maximum mark: 5] 20N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_4
Consider the equation 2z

3−z*
= i, where z = x + iy and x, y ∈ R.

Find the value of x and the value of y. [5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

substituting z = x + iy and z*= x − iy M1

2(x+iy)
= i
3−(x−iy)

2x + 2iy = −y + i(3 − x)

equate real and imaginary: M1

y = −2x AND 2y = 3 − x A1

Note: If they multiply top and bottom by the conjugate, the equations
2
= 0 and 6y − 4xy = (3 − x) may be seen. Allow
2 2 2
6x − 2x + 2y + y

for A1.

solving simultaneously:

x = −1, y = 2 (z = −1 + 2i) A1A1

[5 marks]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2023

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