Chapter 27 Introduction To Animal Diversity Lecture 1
Chapter 27 Introduction To Animal Diversity Lecture 1
Learning Objectives:
- Placozoa (flat animal) and Parazoa (“beside animal”) do not have specialized tissues
derived from germ layers of the embryo
- they do possess specialized cells that act functionally similar to tissues
- Placozoa:
- Have only four cell types
- Parazoa
- Have nearly two dozen cell types
Eumetazoa (“true animals”)
Sexual Reproduction:
- Definition: haploid gametes of male and female individuals of a species combine through
fertilization
- Male gamete: typically a small, motile sperm
- Female gamete: typically larger, sessile egg
- Results in formation of a diploid fertilized egg known as a zygote
Asexual Reproduction in some animal species
- Ex: Sea stars and sea anemones
- Methods:
- Budding: form of asexuyal reproductionwhere new individual develops as an
outgrowth or bud from parent organism
- Fragmentation: involves the separation of a part of the parent organism which
then grows into new individual
- Produces genetically identical offspring
- Risk of accumulating deleterious mutations
Parthenogenesis
- Definition: form of uniparental reproduction found in some insects and few vertebrates
- Progeny develop from gamete without fertilization
- Only females can produce parthenogenetic offspring
- Nutrients stored ini eggs support development of offspring
- Primary germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm) established and reorganize to
form embryo
- Animal development begins with cleavage (series of mitotic cell divisions) of zygote
- Egg sub divided by cleavages into smaller cells with no cell growth
- Cells resulting from cleavages called blastomeres
- After further cell division and rearrangement of existing cells a solid morula
formed then a hollow structure called blastula
- Blastula only hollow in invertebrates
- Yolky eggs of vertebrates, yolk remains undivided; most cells form embryo layer
on surface of yolk that serve as food for developing embryo
- Gastrulation
- Formation of primitive gut (digestive cavity)
- Formation of embryonic germ layers
- Germ layers develop into specialized tissues then organs then organ
systems (organogenesis)
- Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers
- Endoderm forms wall of digestive tract
- Ectoderm covers surface of animal
- Triploblastic animals have three germ layers
- Third layer is mesoderm; differentiates into various structures between ectoderm
and endoderm and lines body cavity
Incomplete metamorphosis
- Insects
- Young resemble wingless adults; gradually produce larger wing buds during molts
Complete metamorphosis
- Embryo develops into one or more feeding larval stages that may differ in structure and
function from adult
- Adult body develops from one or more regions of larval tissues
- Larva and adult may have different diets
Hox Genes
- Responsible for determining the general body plan such as number of body segments of
animals, animal head-tail directionality
- First Hox genes to be sequenced were those from fruit fly
- They serve as “master control genes” that can turn on or off large numbers of other genes
- Do this by encoding transcription factors that control the expression of numerous
genes
- All vertebrates have four or more sets of Hox genes while invertebrates have only one set
Radial Symmetry
- Arrangement of body parts around central axis
- Animals have top and bottom, no left/right, front/back
- When divided, parts will be exactly the same
- Many animals in phyla Cnidaria, jellyfish and sea anemones
- Allows these sea creatures to experience environment equally from all directions
Bilateral symmetry
- Division of animal through midsagittal plane resultin gin two superficially mirror images,
right and left halves (butterfly, crab, human body)
- Animals have head and tail, front and back, right and left sides
- Cephalization
- Allowed for formation of anterior and posterior ends
- Refers to collection of organized nervous system at animals anterior end
- Allowed for streamlined and directional motion
- Uprooted active and controlled directional mobility and increased sophistication
of resource seeking, predator prey relationships
- Ectoderm forms outer epithelial covering of body surface, central nervous system
- Mesoderm gives rise to specialized mussel tissues, connective tissues (skeleton
and blood) and other visceral organs (kidneys and spleen)
Coelom
- Occur in triploblasts
- Internal body cavity derived from mesoderm (coelom)
- Fluid filled, houses organs
- Provides cushioning and shock absorption for major organ systems
- Organs housed within coelom can grow and move freely; promotes optimal organ
development and placement
- Provides space for diffusion of gasses and nutrients; body flexibility; improve motility
- Acoelomates
- Triploblasts that do not develop a coelom
- Mesoderm region completely filled with tissue; still have gut cavity
- Ex: Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Eucoelomates (coelomates)
- Animals with true coelom
- True coelom rises entirely withing mesoderm germ layer; lined by an epithelial
membrane
- Ex. annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
- Pseudocoelomates
- Coelom lined partly by mesoderm and partly by endoderm
- “False” coelom
- Ex: Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Embryonic Developement of Mouth
- Most animals have openings at both ends of gut (mouth at one end, anus at other)
- Blastopore
- Whe primitive gut forms, the opening that first connects gut activity to outside of
embryo
- One of openings (anus, mouth) develop near or at blastopore site
- Protosomes:
- “Mouth first”
- Mouth develops at blastopore
- Ex: arthropods, mollusks, annelids
- Deuterostomes
- “Mouth second”
- Mouth develops at other end of gut and anus develops at site of blastopore
- Ex: chordates and echinoderms
- Differences between Protosome and Deuterostomes
- Method of coelon formation
- Protosomes: coelom formed through schizocoely
- Mesoderm usually product of specific blastomeres (migrate into
interior of embryo and form two clumps of mesodermal tissue)
- Within each clump, cavities develop and merge to form follow
opening of coelom
- Undergo spiral cleavage (cells of one pole of embryo are rotated,
misaligned)
- Determinate cleavage
- Developmental fate of each embryonic cell already
determined
- Given cell does not have ability to develop into another cell
type
- Deuterostomes
- Coelom forms through enterocoely
- Mesoderm develops as pouches that are pinched off from
endoderm tissue
- Pouches eventually fuse and expand to fill space between gut and
body wall giving rise to coelom
- Undergo radial cleavage (cleavage ax3es are either parallel or
perpendicular to polar axis)
- Indeterminate cleavage
- Cells are not fully committed at early stage to develop into
specific cell types
Animal Phylogeny
- Metazoa divided into
- Eumetazoa
- Animals with true differentiate tissues
- Subdivided into radially symmetrical animals (Radiata) and bilaterally
symmetrical animals (Bilateria)
- Porifera (sponges) and Placozoa
- Animals that do not have true differentiated tissues
- Ancient fossils from South Australia (650 million years ago) marked transition between
the Cryogenian period and Ediacaran period
- Ediacaran fauna consisted of sessile (attached) animals; many of which may have been
benthic osmotrophs or sliding animals feeding on microbial mats
- Many scientists believe no life prior to Ediacaran period; animals evolved during the
Cryogenian period
The Cambrian Explosion on Animal Life
- Species during Cambrian period (542-488 million years ago) include body forms similar
to those living today
- Cambrian period marks most rapid evolution of new animal phyla and animal diversity
- Cambrian explosion: rapid diversification of animals that appeared during Cambrian
period
- Documented by the “Burgess Shale” in the Canadian Rockies
- Animals resembling echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods and chordate arose
during this period
- One of most dominant species during this period was trilobite (similar to horseshoe
crabs); arthropod that was among first animals to exhibit sense of vision
- Fauna consisted of many invertebrate phyla that survive today
- Vertebrate fish became dominant aquatic predators