Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOL DIVISION OFFICE OF NUEVA ECIJA
NUEVA ECIJA HIGH SCHOOL
BURGOS AVE., BRGY. SANGITAN WEST, CABANATUAN CITY, N.E., 3100

PROBABILITY
3rd Quarter Topic
S. Y 2023-2024

Submitted by :
Group 4

Group Leader :
Crystal Raine Villagomez

Assistant Leaders :
Joefrey Mae Bundalian
John Lhamcen Adriano

Group Members :
Diadem Grace Cerdenola
Julianna Gwyneth Santos
Khrystel Rhian Villareal
Alfonzo Jandrei Dizon
Apollo Javier Bote
SPA 10

Submitted To :
Ma’am Antonette M. Manabat
FACTORIAL NOTATION (!)
- n factorial is denoted by n!. It is the product of all positive integers less than or
equal to n.

Example:
5! → 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

Activity:
Evaluate the following:
1. 5! + 2!

2. 8! - 5!

3. 4! 2!

6!
4.
3!

7!
5. 7
(7 − 2) !

FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE (FCP)

- If one event can occur in n1 ways and a second event can occur in n2 ways, and
a third in n3 ways, and so on, then these events can occur in n1 x n2 x n3 x …
ways.

Example:
Sarah Geronimo is a popular concert artist, Suppose she is planning a concert tour in
three cities - Manila, Cebu, and Davao. In how many ways can she arrange her tour
schedule?

First Stop Second Stop Third Stop Number of Possible Ways

3 x 2 x 1 = 6

Activity:
1. Tossing a coin thrice.

2. A bus has 6 vacant seats in the last row. If 2 additional passengers enter the bus, in
how many ways can they be seated?

3. A clown has 4 different colors of balloons. If 2 children will receive one balloon
each from the clown, in how many ways can this be done?

4. In how many ways can the 1st, 2nd , 3rd prizes be awarded in a math contest with 15
contestants?
5. Lucky Chinatown Mall is offering a date night special: Pick one movie from four
choices, one restaurant from six choices and either flowers, chocolates or wine. How
many possible date night are there?
TREE DIAGRAM
- A device used to list all possibilities of a sequence of events in a systematic
ways.

Example:
A coin is tossed twice. Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the possible outcomes.

Activity:
1. Suppose that a family has three children. Using the tree diagram, we can find all the
possible outcomes for the genders of the children.

2. Jo-Ann plans to go out for dinner and then see a movie. If she has a choice of four
restaurants and three movies, in how many ways can Jo-Ann spend her evening.

3. A coin is tossed thrice. Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the possible outcomes.

4. Tossing a coin four times.

5. A die and a coin are tossed. Find the probability of getting at least 3 and a head.

PERMUTATIONS
- The arrangement of objects in which order is important. The permutation of n
objects taken r at a time is denoted by nPr.

Formula:
n!
nPr =
¿¿

Example:
Let’s say you have a set of 5 distinct elements (A, B, C, D, E), and you want to find
the number of ways to arrange 3 of them.

n! 5!
nPr = = = 60
¿¿ 2!

Activity:
Evaluate:
1. 5P3 4. 6P0
2. 4P1 5. 7P3
3. 6P6

CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
- Is the arrangement of objects in a circular manner.

- The number of circular permutations of n different things is :

Formula:
P = (n - 1)!

Example:
How many ways can 10 different colored toy horses be arranged in a merry-go-
round?
n = 10
P = (n - 1)!
= (10 - 1)!
= 9! = 362, 880

Activity:
1. In how many ways can 9 people be seated at a round table?
2. A spinner be divided 15 equal parts, how many ways can you arrange 5 colors in it?
3. In how many ways may the vertices of a regular heptagon be named with the letters
A, B, C, D, E, F, & G?
4. Snow white arranges the seven dwarfs around a many - pole? How many ways can
she arrange them?
5. Find the number of different ways that a family of 6 can be seated around a circular
table with 6 chairs.

- The number of permutation of n different things around a key ring and the like:

Formula:
(n −1) !
P=
2

Example:
In how many ways can ten keys be arranged on a key ring?
n = 10
(n −1) ! (10 −1)! 9 !
P= = = = 181, 440
2 2 2

DISTINGUISHABLE PERMUTATION
- Arrangement of objects with identical objects.

Formula:
n!
P=
n1 ! n2 ! n 3 ! ... nk !

Where:
n = total no. of objects
n1 = objects of the first kind
n2 = objects of the second kind
n k= objects of the kth kind

Example:
How many ways can we arrange the letters in the word COMMITTEE?
n = 9, C = 1, O = 1, M = 2, I = 1, T = 2, E = 2
n! 9! 9 x7 x6 x 5 x4 x3 x2! 9 x7 x6 x 5 x4 x3
P= = = =
n1 ! n2 ! n 3 ! ... nk ! 1! 1 ! 2 ! 1! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2! 2! 21
181, 440
= = 45, 360
4

COMBINATION
- An arrangement of n objects with no repetitions and the order is NOT important.
- Combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time where r < n: nCr

Formula:
nCr = n!/(n-r)!r!

Example:
7C4 n=7 r=4
= n!/(n-r)!r! = 7!/(7-4)!4! = 7!/3!4! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4/3!4! = 210/6 = 35

Activity:
1. 15C3
2. 30C3
3. 6C2
4. 42C6
5. 10C4

INTERSECTION
- Written A∩B, is the event containing the elements that are in both A and B. “and”

Example:
A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,3,5,7,11}
A∩B = {3,5,7}

UNION
- Written A∪B, is the set of all the elements that are in A, or in B, or in both A
and B. “or”
Example:
A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {1,2,3,4}
A∪B = {1,2,3,4,5,7}

Activity: Evaluate the following

A={1,3,5,7} C={2,4,6,8}
B={2,3,5,7} D={2,3,4,5}

1. A∩B 4. C∩D
2. A∪B 5. A∪B∪D
3. A∩C

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

- If they cannot occur at the same time or simultaneously
- In other word mutually exclusive events are called disjoint events

Formula: P = P(A) + P(B)

Example:
What is the probability of a dice showing a 2 or 5?

P(2) = 1/6 P(5) = 1/6

P(2 or 5) = P(2) + P(5)
= 1/6 +1/6
= 2/6 = 1/3
Therefore, the probability of a dice showing 2 or 5 is 1/3

NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
- Are two or more events that can occur at the same time.

Formula: P (A U B) = P(A) x P(B) – P (A n B)

DEPENDENT EVENTS
- Two events are dependent when the outcome of the first event influences the
outcome of the second event.

Formula: 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 ( 𝐵 / 𝐴 ) × 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) .

Example:
The first marble is not replaced.
X: Blue first
Y: Yellow second

P(X) x P(X/Y) = P(X and Y)

6/15 x 9/14 = 54/210 = 26%

INDEPENDENT EVENTS
- is an event in which the outcome isn't affected by another event.

Formula: P(A∩B) = P(A) · P(B)

Example:

The first marble is replaced.

X: Blue first
Y: Yellow second

P(X) x P(X/Y) = P(X and Y)

6/15 x 9/15 = 54/225 = 24%

Activity:

1. What is the probability of a die showing a number 3 or number 5?

2. Three coins are tossed at the same time. We say A as the event of
receiving at least 2 heads. Likewise, B denotes the event of getting no
heads and C is the event of getting heads on the second coin. Which of
these is mutually exclusive?

3. If A and B are two independent events, then A and B’ is:

4. If P (A) = 2 / 3, P (B) = 1 / 2 and P (A ∪ B) = 5 / 6 then events A and

B are?

5. Card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find

the probability that the card drawn is a king or an ace.
 Answer Key

Factorial Notation Fundamental Counting Principle

1. (5×4×3×2×1) = 120
= (2×1) = 2 1. 2×2×2=8.
= 120 + 2 2. 6×5=30
4×3
= 122 3. =6
2
15× 14 ×13
2. (8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1) = 40, 320 4. = 455
6
= (5×4×3×2×1) = 120 5. 4×6×3 = 72
= 40, 320 - 120
= 40, 200 Permutation
1.
3. (4×3×2×1) = 24
2.
= (2×1) = 2
= 24 × 2 3.
= 48
4.
4. (6×5×4×3×2×1) = 720
5.
= (3×2×1) = 6
= 720/6 Circular Permutations
= 120 1. (9−1)! = 8! = 40, 320
2. 5! = 120
3. 7! = 5040
5. (7×6×5×4×3×2×1) = 5040
4. (7−1)! = 6! = 720
= (5×4×3×2×1) = 120 5. (6−1)! = 5! = 120
= 5040/120
= 42 Combinations
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 References

Nivera, G. C. (2015), Grade 10 Mathematics: Pattern and Practicalities. Don Bosco

Press Inc. Makati City, Philippines.

BYJU. (2018). Permutation ; Definition, Formula, Types and Examples

https://byjus.com/maths/permutation/?fbclid=IwAR3JISyrv7yLP4N_t
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BYJU. (2018). Combination in Mathematics

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Hayes, A. (2022). Tree Diagram: Definition, Uses, and How To Create One
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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Mathematics
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Wow Math (2021). Circular Permutations || Grade 10 Mathematics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
si=WDyBVhI5huvX8kPE&fbclid=IwAR2

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