GNOME graphical user interface

UBUNTU distribution
DEBIAN operating system

LINUX

UBUNTU GUIDE
22.04 LTS
Ver. 20221218

Ubuntu's zealous name comes from South African

"Ubuntu" ideology and is often translated into
"humanity to others".

www.ubuntutor.com
Twitter @LaoYa14
 Table of Contents

Page Contents

3 Introduction
General Information about Ubuntu 22.04 LTS

5 Ubuntu instructions
Presentation of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Desktop
Pre-installed applications
Find the command ;-
Some tips
Some thoughts before going on

11 Presentation of graphical user interface (GUI)

Presentation of Folder / Directory Structure
Files Application ( Nautilus)
Files handling
USB / SD memorys
Different working areas, Windows, Several windows
File handling; copy, move and paste
File handling with mouse

27 Presentation of basic settings

WiFi, Network, Bluetooth, Background, Appearance, Notifications, Search
Applications, Privacy, Online Accounts, Sharing, Sound
Power, Displays, Mouse & Touchpad, Keyboard Shortcuts
Printers, Removable Media, Color, Region & Language, Universal Access
Users, Default Applications, Date & Time, About

47 Introduction to installed Ubuntu applications

Utilities, Archive Managers, Backups, Devices & Locations, Disks, Logs
System Monitor, Screenshot, Calculator, Characters
Software Updater, Command Prompt (Terminal)
Install apps, LibreOffice, Shotwell, Calendar, ToDo
Deja Dup Backup

59 Appendix
gThumb image viewer / editor / sorting images, naming images
Reduce the size of the images
Self-defined Screenshot area, Image Scanning
Renaming storage media ( USB / Card )
Ubuntu installation, Create a bootable Ubuntu USB stick
Upgrade Ubuntu
Ubuntutor web page

2
 Introduction
Welcome to study the Ubuntu operating system.
About Ubuntu:
It is a free operating system (cf. Windows, MacOS).
It also works well on older computers.
It needs little memory.
It can also be installed alongside your existing operating system.
Your own files (Windows, MacOS) also work in Ubuntu.
Ubuntu is Linux (also Android is Linux).

A few years ago I realized that my XP Windows laptop was old. I bought an inexpensive HP
Stream laptop (2 GB central memory and 34 GB working memory). The Windows installation
was 28 GB. I uninstalled Windows and installed just Ubuntu. Ubuntu needed 9 GB.
I installed Ubuntu Mate alongside Windows on an old Windows XP laptop.

With this guide, I aim to introduce the features of the Ubuntu graphical operating system to
beginners.

Here are a few examples of Ubuntu applications:

Libre Office - includes word processing, spreadsheet and presentation graphics
Document viewer - viewing and using PDF documents
Thunderbird - email
Firefox - web browser
Chromium - web browser (= Chrome)
gThumb - organizing, editing and naming photos
Google Earth - map program
Gimp - image processing
VLC Media Player - video + music
OpenShot - video editing
Skype - video calls
Dropbox - cloud services

Attention!
This English-language guide includes a separate text file. The text of the guide is numbered
and the same numbering is in the text file. The text file is easily translated by Google
Translator into any language, which allows you to read the text of the guide in all languages.

Best regards, Hannu

Feedback: [email protected]

This guide book you find from www.ubuntutor.com

This work is licensed Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) .

This guide book / file is freely copyable.

If you discover any errors in this tutorial, please notify me at [email protected]

3
 General Information about Ubuntu
Look: Ubuntu Desktop Guide

There seem to be a lot of Linux operating systems; which operating system do I choose?

The applications that a home user needs are email, web browser, pdf file viewer, video and
music playback software as well as office program including spreadsheet, word processing and
presentation graphics. Today, cloud services, web calls and other social media applications are
also often needed.

Although Linux has many different operating systems (distros), the above mentioned
applications can be found in all these systems and look the same. In this sense, the home user
can choose any Linux operating system.

There are plenty of tutorials of Ubuntu, as well as a very useful forum where you get advice very
quickly.

The previously mentioned applications are similar in appearance on the screen, whether you
are running Windows or Ubuntu. Ubuntu does not need antivirus protection. The firewall has
also been built inside Linux itself.
Ubuntu with all its applications is free.
Ubuntu needs much less memory compared to Windows.

When you start using Ubuntu instead of Windows, perhaps the most significant difference is the
folder structure. These differences are presented in this guide.

Ubuntu is updated annually and the so-called ”Long-term support” (5 years) versions are
published every two years with the symbol of year and month and the letters LTS (long-term
support). For example, version 22.04 LTS has been released in April 2022 and will be supported
until 2027.

If you have an old computer running Windows XP or Vista, for example, you can install
Ubuntu Mate or Lubuntu (distros). Both are exellent with an old PC like XP or Vista.
You can work with XP or with Ubuntu distros, and distros can use files from the XP area.
Very useful! And you can use this guide with distros too!

How to open Ubuntu?

To unlock your computer, raise the lock screen curtain by
dragging it upward with the cursor, or by pressing Esc or Enter.
This will reveal the login screen, where you can enter your
password to unlock. Alternatively, just start typing your password
and the curtain will be automatically raised as you type.
When you lock your screen, or it locks automatically, the lock screen is displayed. In addition
to protecting your desktop while you’re away from your computer, the lock screen displays the
date and time. It also shows information about your battery and network status.

4
 Ubuntu instructions

1.Every window has a HELP!

You get order to that window!
Dock!
F1 = Show HELP

2.Here are various instructions.

3.Excellent Guide in English can be found at
http://ubuntu-manual.org/ ( Ubuntu 16.04 )
The guide is in pdf format and
it can be downloaded to your computer.

4.Ubuntu's excellent discussion forum.

If you have a problem, look here.
Be brave, and ask.
This forum is very good.
More information on the web
https://ubuntuforums.org/forum.php

5. LibreOffice documentation
https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/
5
 Presentation of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Desktop
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Visual overview of GNOME

1.Click the clock on the top

bar to see the current date,
a month-by-month calendar,
a list of your upcoming
appointments and new
2.Click Activities! notifications.!
Access your windows and
applications

3.Clock and day of the week and tasks

4.System Information
- network connections
- bluetooth, wifi
- battery charge / network
- the volume of the sound
- system preferences
5. Directories / Folders and files 6.Image scroll bar up / down,
- directories, files will appear when
- additional memory / devices mouse cursor is moved to
(USB, CD, DVD) the edge.

7.Shopping bag
- download new software
8.The program icons
- start the program
- icons can be added or removed
- icon size can be changed
- the sequence of icons can be changed
- the icons can be hidden
- the icon shows the number of windows
9.The Dash
Selecting and starting
programs. The dash
shows you your favorite
and running applications. 10. The size of icons can be changed.
If all the icons do not fit on the screen, they are either
above or below the screen (move mouse to bottom or top of bar).

11.Tip: You can zoom in to the smaller or larger screen by pressing ctrl and scrolling with your
mouse.
6
 Pre-installed applications
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Start applications

1.Two working
areas!

2. You can see the whole text!

4.Two pages!

3.Click the grid button at the bottom of the dash to display

the applications overview. This shows you all the applications
installed on your computer.

4. You can make your own groups (folder)

like Utilities. Move some icons together
and write a name.

7
 Find the command ;-)

1.Earlier all commands were found in the menu bar

2. Nowadays the command can be found in many places!

3. The same applications are now used on computers, tablets and phones.
Because of this, menu commands are not convenient and new solutions
have to be developed.
The solutions are slightly different for different applications, unfortunately.
8
 Some tips
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Your desktop

1. If you are copying or moving multiple files, or updating or installing a program, you may
not know if anything is happening on your computer?
In this case, the program progress bar may be hidden under the window.
There are also sections on the Ubuntu screen that show the progress of the event.
The icons may show a line that is not easily noticed because the bar is moving slowly.
Click on the icon for more information!

2. The sector is filling up! This is important!

3. Program update, white bar progressing.

4. Program update, orange bar progressing.

5. Copying or transferring files, bar progressing.

6. If this does not appear, click the icon! Click!

7. Program installation, bar progressing.

8. Loading ISO-file

How to use mouse and touch pad

6.How to operate with the mouse 7.How to operate with the touch pad

With left or right button With one finger (left or right button or in
Click the midle of touch pad)
Click click Click
Click and press and move Click click
Press a letter and move mouse Click and press and move

With mouse scroll button With two fingers at the same time

Scroll Click
Press and scroll Click click
Cllick and press and move

9.If you move the cursor quickly, the cursor will move a longer distance. 9
 Some thoughts before going on

Ubuntu works in a little different way than Windows. This guide presents the differences.

Ubuntu does not always show the rotating arrow even though the computer is working.
This is a bit embarrassing. Wait patiently and be cautious in such a situation.

Sometimes the rotating arrow may be hidden behind the active window, so it is not noticeable.

When your computer updates the program, be patient. Click Details to see the update,
otherwise you do not know what is going to happen.

If the mouse does not move for a long time, the computer has apparently stopped
for some reason.

Anyway, it is a good idea to take backups often.

Structure of the File System

The folder and file structure differ substantially from the corresponding structure in
Windows!

A good thing compared to Windows:

All user files are located in the "Home" and ”Media” folders and in its subfolders, which
essentially facilitates backup.

Ubuntu does not use letters to mark different memories (A, C etc.).

External memories (CD, DVD, USB sticks, SD cards, etc.) can be found under
their own names.

In the file names big and small letters make a difference

(test.txt is different from Test.txt).

In front of a hidden file name there is a dot (.sale.txt). You can make a file hidden by taping
a dot.

Clicking this symbol will disconnect a separate memory (eg USB, SD card).
Wait until a message appears on the screen to remove the memory!

Please wait, the USB storage

can still be written!
Disconnect when this text
has appeared!
10
 Presentation of Folder / Directory Structure
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Files, folders & search

1.By clicking here you can

go back in the folder path 2.Note
HOME and DESKTOP

HOME is the main folder and

all other folders are subfolders!

3.Desktop is
"Home screen"

HOME DESKTOP

DOCUMENTS

DOWNLOADS

MUSIC

PICTURES
4. 31 GB VOLUME is a USB Stick.
32 GB VOLUME is a memory card.
VIDEOS
Ubuntu 22.04 L... is your PC.

Other Locations DROPBOX

- this is not usually required
for home use
.MOZILLA .THUNDERBIRD
5.Hidden files, dot in front of the name.
These include user bookmarks,
emails and addresses.

6.The HOME directory stores all user files!

Under the home directory you can see its
subdirectories (desktop etc)
Some of the directories may be hidden, in front of
them there is a dot
(.THUNDERBIRD = emails and addresses)

Attention! The directories and files in external

memory (CD, DVD, USB) are not displayed in the
HOME directory.

11
 Presentation of Folder / Directory Structure

1.Home folder
is the subfolder, where
all your data is.

2.Hidden folders can be seen

3.Folder tree-structure.
The triangle open/cloce the structure

4.Media folder
is the (home)folder, where
all external files are:
- usb stick and hard drive
- sd card
- cd and dvd disc
etc.

5.The file can be renamed: Edit - Rename

6.The folder can be renamed: Edit - Rename

7.USB / SD can be renamed if you format it (where all old data is deleted!)
or later by the "Disks" utility. See attachement.
12
 Files (Nautilus)

1.Click! You will see 2.Folders are shown here. 3.NB! There is no menu bar in the Files
the Files application. Grey activated Folder. (Nautilus) app!
Use the touch pad to touch with two
fingers!
or with the mouse the right / left click.

4.Window management buttons

- Hide the program from view
SQUARE Change window size
X Close the program

5.Side panel.
Here are the various memory media attached to the computer,
such as computer mass storage, USB sticks, SD cards, CDs / DVDs, etc.

6.Application menu, located beside the Activities button, shows the name of the
active application alongside with its icon and provides quick access to windows
and details of the application, as well as a quit item.

13
 Files (Nautilus)

The top bar

1.Gray area of the bar = try right click!

Right click

Left click
Left click
Right click

14
 Files handling

1.You can change the order by clicking.

The icons are either by side or one below the other.

2.You can change the size 3.You can also change the size
of the icons by pressing of the icons and see the size
ctrl and + or ctrl and – buttons in %
several times.

4.Tip: You can zoom in to the smaller or larger icon by pressing ctrl and scrolling with your mouse.

15
 Files handling

1.Click! You will get a definition menu

for several things

2.Click !
New Window

5.Click !
4.Two tabs 3.Click the new tab. Tab is created New Folder
Pictures and Home in the same window.

6.Displays subfolders! Triangle in front of

the folder. The tree structure!
This is very useful!

7.Click triangle!

16
 Files (Nautilus)

1.Hidden files and folders,

dot in front of the name.

17
Files (Nautilus)

18
 Files (Nautilus)

File
Folder

Right click

Right click

19
 Files (Nautilus)

Folder File

20
 USB / SD memorys

1. Click the USB/SD memory

with mouse right

2.Click Properties
.

SD Card

USB

2. Remove the USB/SD

memory with a command
or from triangle, but wait
until you get permission!

4.NOTE!
With the command
Properties you can
see the capacity and
use of the memory.

5.If you are the only

user of the PC, these
are not essential things.

21
 Different working areas
1.There are different "work areas" in Ubuntu, which are briefly presented here.

Workspaces = collect different app windows in the same workspace and other app windows
in another workspace

Click!

2.Different workspaces

Windows = app windows in the same workspace. Maybe the most used way
3. Click Activities, 3.Different windows
you can see all
open Windows

Click!
Click right!

Tab = appears in the Files (Nautilus) program

4.Different tabs

6.In many apps, the work area can be divided

5.You should try these different methods into many tabs, such as with a spreadsheet
to get acquainted with them
22
 Click !
Windows

1.Add another window

2.A small dot on the left side of the

Icon indicates that there is one
window in use.

When there are two or more

windows on the screen, click
the program icon.
→ The windows are placed side
by side and you can move
to another window.
Note in the folder button two
red dots. 3.When there are two or more displays on
the screen, click the program icon.
→ The windows are placed side by side
4.Two windows and you can move to another window.
two dots

5.Three windows
three dots

6.Here are three windows

to choose from.
23
Several windows

1.If you move the window to the top of the screen,

the window will increase to full screen size.
If you drag down the full screen with the mouse,
the window returns to its original small size.
Try it!

2.If you move the window to the right edge of

the screen, the window will increase to half size
of the screen. If you then drag the window with the
mouse to the left, the window returns to its
original size. Try it!

3.If you move two windows to the right and left edge
of the screen, you get two half-size windows side by side.

4.Two parallel windows

24
 File handling; copy, move and paste
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Copy or move files and folders

A file or folder can be copied or moved to a new location by dragging and dropping with
the mouse, using the copy and paste commands, or by using keyboard shortcuts.

COPY AND PASTE CUT AND MOVE

Select the file(s) or folder(s). Select the file(s) or folder(s).
Right-click and pick Copy, or press Ctrl+C. Right-click and pick Cut, or press Ctrl+X.
Navigate to another folder, where you want to Navigate to another folder, where you want
put the copy. to move.
Click the menu button and pick Paste, or press Click the menu button and pick Paste, or
Ctrl+V. press Ctrl+V.

DRAG WITH MOUSE THE FILE(S) OR FOLDER(S)

You can do this with two different windows. move copy
Press and drag the item(s) from one window to another.
This will move it if the destination is on the same device, or copy it if the destination is
on a different device. Be careful!
You can force the file to be copied by holding down the Ctrl key while dragging, or force it to
be moved by holding down the Shift key while dragging.

More options
You can see the menus by clicking the file with right button of the mouse.
Note that the commands Copy and Copy To… (with 3 dots) have different functions.

Commands with 3 dots always open a new window to choose the target.

1.Move to ... or Copy to...

open a new window.
This is probably the easiest way
for the beginner.

2.After selecting the destination folder

click the Select button
to end the Copy/Move function

25
 Presentation of basic settings
Click !
1.Click these icons and see the contents.

2.The following pages show

the basic settings for System
Preferences.
It's a good idea to go through
those right away. At the same
time, you should consider
what kind of settings best Click !
serve your own use.
3.Many of these settings are specified when
installing Ubuntu, but they can be changed
later.

4.Close the computer

Click !

6.When you lock your screen, or it locks

automatically, the lock screen is displayed. In
addition to protecting your desktop while you’re
away from your computer, the lock screen displays
the date and time. It also shows information about
your battery and network status.
26
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Hardware & drivers

27
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Networking, web & email

28
 Basic settings

1.Again it is worth trying,

which setting feels the best.

2.This allows you

to adjust the size
of icons.
3.Use this to define
the location of the icons;
left, bottom, right

Dock!

29
 Basic settings

1. No alarm

30
Basic settings

31
Basic settings

32
Basic settings

1. Try it, you will get

more information!

33
Basic settings

1.Think of your
own safety.

34
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Sound, video & pictures

1. If you connect the TV, check !

audio output to television

2. Set up a video conference

microphone sound
strength! Watch out for
the sound circulation
i.e. whining.

Try it!

35
 Basic settings

1.Power Saving,
you should define it
for your own needs.

2.Power Off button, you should

define it for your own needs.
Suspend; Power Off; Nothing

3. I recommend ”Suspend”

NOTE! See the next page!

4.Define it according to your taste.

Facilitates sleeplessness in the evening.

5.The night light is reddish

and gentle in contrast.

36
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: User & system settings

You can define different times for actions

Screen saver on/lock

your screen
Display on The display is off
PC on Suspend PC off

Setting: Brightness and lock Setting: Power Saving Turn off

1.To save power, suspend your computer when you are not using it. If you use a laptop,
GNOME suspends your computer automatically when you close the lid.

2.Define your own rhythm

3.An external mouse makes

it easier to work, it's a good
idea to get one

4.Natural scrolling = When two

Fingers are pushed fore, the
image moves in the same
direction, ie upward.

6.Options to move
the image with two fingers
5.Note that the touch pad can be taped at the edges (left / right) or at
the center of the touch pad. Double-click to override the border of the primary button
NOTE! Previous page!
If the PC is connected to the TV with an HDMI cable, appears additional specifications below.

37
Basic settings

Next page
38
Basic settings

39
 Basic settings

2. Here you can check and 1.Adding a new printer if

deletes the print queue Ubuntu can not find it

40
 Basic settings

1.You can change the language

2.These region settings will also be added later!

41
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Universal access

1.Again it is worth trying,

which setting feels the best.

2. This is very useful, if text

is too small. Try it!

Try it !

42
Basic settings

1.If you have one

user, then you are the
"Administrator" who has
great powers.

2.Password is important!

3.Select the default applications

here. When you click a file define
what application opens that file.

43
 Basic settings
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Log out, power off or switch users

1.Basic computer information.

Next page

44
Basic settings

1.Do not change these settings unless

you know what you are doing!

45
 Introduction to installed Ubuntu apps

Click !

Click !

1. Backup guide is later in

this manual.

46
Introduction to installed Ubuntu apps

1.This is very useful!

47
 Introduction to installed Ubuntu apps

1.Ubuntu suggests updates automatically, but the user can

decide on the timing of the upgrade.
For updating, Ubuntu will notify you of the Dock icon.
Click the icon to start the update

2.You can also start the update

by clicking the icon

3.Updating asks for a

password.
This prevents unauthorized
updates and software
installations!

4.In the updates, you should click on

Details to see it. It's easier to track
the progress of the update

48
 Command Prompt (Terminal)

1.The command line is one of the most powerful tools in the Linux system.
If you have a problem and ask a Linux specialist, he will usually start by telling you
what to do in the command line.

2.In this guide, I have not referred to the command line, because it is unfamiliar to the
beginner. However, it is good to understand the basics of the mysterious command line.

3.This is where the command is written.

4.In particular, ”sudo" commands are required:

Start by writing the administrator password here
(note: the password cannot be seen here at all).
Press Enter.
After that you can give commands to the computer.

5.For more information about how to use the command line,

see the Help section, a couple of links below:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UsingTheTerminal

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Beginners/BashScripting

https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/command-line-for-beginners#1-overview

https://techlog360.com/basic-ubuntu-commands-terminal-shortcuts-linux-beginner/

https://vitux.com/40-most-used-ubuntu-commands/

https://www.howtogeek.com/140679/beginner-geek-how-to-start-using-the-linux-terminal/

49
 Install apps
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Install & remove software

1.Programs on your computer.

Here you can remove the application

2.Applications that you can install

on your computer

3.A more detailed presentation and

installation of the application

50
 If you are planning to install a new app

Here are some tips when looking for a new application.

1. Compare different applications. Which would seem best suited to your needs.

2. Find comments and opinions about the app.

3. If you find the manual for the app, examine it. You can get good tips and ideas.

INSTALL ONLY RELIABLE SOFTWARE!

After installing the app.

1. Now you can properly explore the features and functions of the app

- if you collect a lot of data with the app, do you think the app will slow down?
- can you divide the data into sections if needed so that the app works smoothly and
the files are not too large.
- can you transfer older data to another storage medium.

2.Can you easily backup your data to another storage medium?

3. If you are replacing a computer, whether the app and data are successfully
implemented on a new machine.

4. If the app fails, for example, it will no longer work after the update, can you access
your own data files with another app.

5. Practice using the app first with training material, allowing you to figure out the features
of the app and learn about its details.

6. Plan the use of the application (nomenclature, folder structures, backup, etc.).

7. When the job seems to work, start the actual use of the app.

Good luck!
----------
8. If you are unsatisfied with the app, you can easily delete it and look for a better app.
In Ubuntu and Linux, this is easy. The apps are packages.

More information
How To Install Software in Ubuntu Linux: A Complete Guide for Newbie

Installing software in Ubuntu using .deb files

All the Possible Ways to Install deb Packages in Ubuntu Linux

51
 Introduction to installed Ubuntu apps

LibreOffice Writer

LibreOffice Calc

LibreOffice Impress

LibreOffice Draw

LibreOffice manual
https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/

gThumb viewer (not installed, but I like it ;-) 1.Automatic color correction

2.Automatic sharpening

3.Limiting the picture

4.The program can also

- sort the picture files
according to time
- rename and renumber
the picture files
52
Introduction to installed Ubuntu apps

53
 Links, nice reading for rainy days
Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Get more help
Ubuntu forum
https://ubuntuforums.org/
Ubuntu Desktop Guide
https://help.ubuntu.com/22.04/ubuntu-help/index.html.en
Linux wiki
https://www.linux.org/
Using Ubuntu Linux
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Ubuntu_Linux

Ubuntu hardware support

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport

Ubuntu help
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/TroubleShootingGuide

Ubuntu: A Beginner’s Guide

https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ubuntu-an-absolute-beginners-guide/

The Complete Beginners Guide To Ubuntu

https://www.lifewire.com/beginners-guide-to-ubuntu-2205722

[PDF]Ubuntu Manual – Getting Started with Ubuntu 14.04

http://ubuntu-manual.org/

[Open Office manuaal PDF

https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/getting-started-guide/

YOUTUBE VIDEOS

Learning the Linux File System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIXzJ3Rz9po

OMG
https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk

HISTORY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu

54
 Deja Dup Backup 1

1.Returns the backup to the computer

2.Makes a backup

3.Deja Dup Backup. The program ensures all user files.

Restore will restore all copied files

4.Makes a backup from the HOME folder,

which includes user-downloaded files
and user information (emails, addresses,
favorites, etc.) related to email and
browser from Firefox and Thunderbird

5.Add more folders

6.Backup may be located on a hard drive

or memory stick. NOTE! Deja Dup
always returns the entire backup material.
Individual files or folders cannot be easily
restored. Such a backup should be done
separately.

7.Automatic backup reminds you of making a backup. 8. A small memory stick

The first backup takes a long time, the next goes is enough for backup!
pretty fast.

9. DejaDub tells you when to make a copy. Insert the USU-media and click on the DejaDub
icon to start copying.
https://vitux.com/how-to-backup-files-with-duplicity-on-ubuntu/
https://www.howtogeek.com/108869/how-to-back-up-ubuntu-the-easy-way-with-dj-dup/ 55
 Deja Dup Backup 2
1. DejaDub can restore individual files or folders if they have been
backed up by DejaDub.
When you back up your data, "Revert to Previous Version...” will 2. If you want to restore
appear in the menu”. the entire backup, click
"Restore ..." and then
Deja Dup first installs itself.

3. Specify where the backup is located.

Note. This is where you may write the
path (missing black triangle).

4. Specify where the backup will be restored.

You can restore to the original position or
you can extract the copy to another memory, from where
you can move the parts you want to replace the originals.

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 Backup strategy!

0. Remember to take backups! Here are some ideas about backing up.

1. Take a copy of the HOME folder to a memory stick or USB hard drive. Before that,
check the size of the HOME folder, and check the free space in the backup memory storage.

You can change the backup HOME folder name slightly by adding the backup date to the name
to find the latest backup, eg, 20180305 HOME.

NOTE! The HOME folder also contains hidden files, such as Firefox bookmarks and
Thunderbird emails and email addresses.

After you have backed up your files, you should make sure that the backup was successful.

2.Keep the Ubuntu installation usb stick. Then it's easy to reinstall Ubuntu.
a. Install Ubuntu first and then
b. Restore your own files with Deja Dup.

3.It is very unlikely, but … if Ubuntu will not start at all!

4.You should prepare for this by making a Boot-Repair bootable usb stick.

Boot-Repair automatically or semi-automatically fixes startup problems:

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair

Guide:
1. Go to the link page
2. According to the instructions, copy the Boot-Repair iso file
3. Install Rufus (it's easier to do with Windows)
4. Make Boot-Repair bootable usb stick
5. Put the usb stick on the problem computer and boot
6. Boot-Repair will most likely repair the bug and Ubuntu is again available.
7. No user files in this operation will be lost.

On the following pages are new additions, I have attached to this guide.

I wish good Ubuntu moments!

57
 A little about image processing 1.1

1. Going on a holiday trip? 2. After the trip.

Multiple cameras and phone cameras? Processing and assembling images.
→ Same date and time for all cameras! Two phones with the same type =>
Can have the same names with files! =>
Rename images on another phone.

3. Image processing
1. Collect the images in the same folder, copy them, don't move, for security
2. Sort images by time of capture (metadata)
3. Rename images (Number order)
4. Select the best images for the new folder
5. Handle images (Crop, Improve)

gThumb image viewer

4. Install the gThumb.
It is a handy little program that can do important things.

5. gThumb, click left or right to get the menus 6. menus

8.Next
picture 9.tools
7. return
10.Previous
picture

11.the list

12. NB! In System Preferences, you can specify Details → Default Applications →
The image always opens in gThumb or ->

13. Click on the file on the left

Open with app
Select gThumb

58
 gThumb image editor - Editing images 1.2

1. gThumb 2.Images to be processed

First picture

3. Adjust the contrast, colors, and sharpness. Accept

4. If necessary, straighten the image

Use the +or- buttons to adjust the slope

5. Crop the image area

Accept all actions with the Accept button 6. Try moving the curve

7.Save to the original 8.Save as new and

adjust the packaging

59
 gThumb image editing software - sorting images 1.3

1.Select the first image 2.Two options for sorting, click

gThumb image editing software - naming images

3.Select the images to be named 4.Enter a new name.

You'll see the change right away.

Press F2

Click

5.Instructions here

60
 gThumb - Reduce the size of the images 1.4

1. Pictures before reduction

2. Open gThumb and highlight the files you want

3. Select tools

4. Select
Resize Images…

5. Decrease size with -

First try 70%

6. Select a new storage location and

"Execute"

7. New file size. Compare the quality

of the images with the originals.

61
 Self-defined Screenshot area 2.1

Look Ubuntu Desktop Guide: Tips & tricks

1.You can define the area you want to copy! Convenient feature!

Image Scanning

2. If you have a scanner,

you will find a preinstalled program.

Icons in different versions of Ubuntu

62
 Renaming storage media (USB / Card) 3.1

1.The storage can be named either during formatting or

later by the "Disks" utility

Format

New name

Ubuntu
16.04-> 2. Start the "Discs" program

3. Check that you are processing the correct memory!

Ubuntu
18.04->

4. Click to stop 5. Click

6. Select “Edit Filesystem…

(The name is incorrect, here
changing the memory name!)
63
 Ubuntu installation 4.1

1.Interested in Linux Ubuntu? Browse this guide

2.Prepare a USB stick for you to try Ubuntu See next pages for instructions
(or CD)
The experiment does not permanently
3.Try Ubuntu with a USB stick change anything on your machine. If the
experiment fails, your machine may be too
old.
4.You decide to install Ubuntu A good decision!
First, check out the Ubuntu Forums so you
can ask for advice.

5.Do you also keep Windows? When booting, you can choose either
Windows or Ubuntu.

6.Back up your files and make Backup your files, emails, web links, etc!
reinstalling files! Also do a Windows Reinstall usb stick.

7.Perform the initial installation If you are unsure of your skills, install as
as recommended. recommended.

8.Explore and use Ubuntu. Please read this guide for details.

9.Change the settings as needed, Check out the Linux distros guide and help
or explore new distros. on the web.
You are becoming a Linux expert.

https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop#1-overview

https://www.linuxtechi.com/ubuntu-20-04-lts-installation-steps-screenshots/

64
 Create a bootable Ubuntu USB stick 4.2
Windows computer.
0.Work on a Windows computer!
1. Go to https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop.
2. Select "Download Ubuntu 22.04 LTS" .
3. When downloading a program, you get an ISO file for your computer.
4. Start downloading Rufus from its web site. Install it by double-clicking the file you downloaded.
Another option is Balena Etcher.
5. Insert a blank min 2 GT-usb stick into the computer.
6. Open Rufus. 7. Select USB stick

7a.Note: Bootable disk and ISO Image

8. Choose the downloaded

ISO file

9. Finally, click Start.

After that click
"Write in ISO image mode" and OK

10. Now, there should be a bootable Ubuntu USB stick ready.

11. Shut down the computer.
12. Do you know how to start your computer so that your computer open the bios?
When you succeed here, you will see a menu (make sure you do not mess with
the bios settings) from where to select the USB stick as the startup device and start the micro.
13. After that, Ubuntu should start up (it happens slowly because all the information is
downloaded from a USB stick.
14. Choose "Try Ubuntu" in the menu.
15. As a precaution, it is recommended that you keep your Ubuntu USB installer stick in
storage if for some reason you will have to install Ubuntu again.

Rufus
https://www.techspot.com/downloads/6062-rufus.html

65
 Create a bootable USB stick on Ubuntu 4.3
Ubuntu computer.

0. Instructions can be found here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu#Installation

1. Go to 22.04
( Create a bootable USB stick on Ubuntu )
2. Select "Desktop image”.
3. When downloading a program, you get an ISO file for your computer.
4. Launch the Startup Disk Creator from the Application Range.
5. Insert a blank min 2 GT-usb stick into the computer.
6. Specify a .iso file.
7. Select USB stick.
8. Finally, select "Create Startup Disk".
9. The computer creates a startup disk.
10. Now, there should be a bootable Ubuntu USB stick ready.
11. Shut down the computer.
12. Do you know how to start your machine so that your machine open the bios?

When you succeed here, you will see a menu (make sure you do not mess
with the bios settings) from where to select the USB stick as the startup device and
start the micro.

13. After that, Ubuntu should start up (it happens slowly because all the information is
downloaded from a USB stick.
14. Choose "Try Ubuntu" in the menu.

66
 INSTALLING UBUNTU 5.1

Installing Ubuntu alongside Windows

Typical problem situations in current UEFI machines are:
When you want to leave Windows alongside Ubuntu on the machine, fast startup of
Windows 8/10/11 (Fast Startup)
- prevent Ubuntu installation from starting or
- starting the previously installed Ubuntu.
The problem is fixed by turning off fast startup in the power saving settings in Windows.

Uninstalling Windows Fast Startup:

Win10->settings->system->power and sleep mode->advanced power settings->select
power button behavior->shutdown settings->uncheck the option: Enable fast startup.

67
 UPGRADE UBUNTU 1 5.2

Sometimes you need to upgrade Ubuntu to a newer version.

- the program indicates that a new version is available, do you want to upgrade?
- the version you are using will become obsolete and will no longer be updated
Here are some ideas for changing the version.
Warning: The upgrade may take a long time for nothing to appear to be happening. Look
on page 10 for follow-up instructions.

A. Do you want to upgrade to the new version as recommended

( if you have installed and uninstalled several different programs, there may still be data files
in the programs and these will be unnecessarily transferred to the new version ) or
B. Do a whole new “clean install” with the new version.

The upgrade goes in the order 16.04 → 18.04 → 22.04), cannot be skipped!

In both cases, first:

1. Back up all your personal data. For example, use DejaDub backup. Make backups
to removable memory.
2. Make a second backup with the copy command to removable memory (easier to handle).
3. Make a copy of your Firefox and Mozilla hidden folders (= emails and bookmarks)
Home/.thunderbird
Home/.mozilla ( firefox )
Save your Chromium bookmarks.
(Note! These can be found in the Deja Dup backup, but they are much easier
to handle with the files).
4. Make a note of any programs you have installed so that you can easily reinstall them.
5. Make a note of the user names and passwords for all your programs. You need them
when you have to reinstall the programs.
6. To be sure, make a live USB stick from the new version of Ubuntu.

https://linuxhint.com/upgrade_ubuntu_1804_2004/

Upgrade Ubuntu 18.04 LTS to 22.04 LTS via GUI

https://www.linuxtechi.com/upgrade-ubuntu-18-04-lts-to-ubuntu-20-04-lts/

How to Export, Save, and Import Chrome Bookmarks ...

https://www.hellotech.com/guide/for/how-to-export-save-import-bookmarks-in-chrome

Export Firefox bookmarks to an HTML file to back up or transfer bookmarks

https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/export-firefox-bookmarks-to-backup-or-transfer

68
 5.3
UPGRADE UBUNTU 2

A. Do you want to upgrade to the new version as recommended

1. Before upgrading Ubuntu, ensure you have the latest software.

Open Software & Updates app from the Application Menu.

2. Make sure all the checkboxes are marked .

3. Make sure that Notify me of new Ubuntu version is set to For long-term support versions.
4. Before you upgrade to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, you should update all the existing packages of
your Ubuntu 18.04 LTS to the latest available versions. Open the Software Updater.

5. Once your computer boots, open

a Terminal (press <Ctrl> + <Alt> + T)
and run the following command:

$ update-manager -c -d

6. Software Updater should display the message Ubuntu 22.04 is now available.
Click on Upgrade…

69
 5.4
UPGRADE UBUNTU 3

7. When the installation is complete, check and install the missing programs.

B. Do a whole new “clean install” with the new version

Here you can install the newest Ubuntu vesion!

1. Copy the Ubuntu ISO-file https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop

2. Prepare a live USB stick ( s. 65 )
3. Insert the live USB stick, boot into the BIOS / UEFI, and select the live USB stick.
4. The program loads “temporarily”. At this point, you can still test the new program, but
eventually select INSTALL.
5. If you are unsure, you should install according to the program's recommendation.
6. Installing Ubuntu takes about 30 minutes and then another 15 min when the program
updates the online version to the present.
6. Recover your own files. (DejaDub)
7. Carefully research how to recover all emails and bookmarks.
8. When the installation is complete, check and install the missing programs.

https://linuxhint.com/upgrade_ubuntu_1804_2004/

Upgrade Ubuntu 18.04 LTS to 22.04 LTS via GUI

https://www.linuxtechi.com/upgrade-ubuntu-18-04-lts-to-ubuntu-20-04-lts/
How To Upgrade from Ubuntu 20.04 To Ubuntu 22.04
How To Upgrade Ubuntu To 22.04 LTS
2 Ways to Upgrade Ubuntu 20.04 To Ubuntu 22.04 (Graphical & Terminal).
Upgrade to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS

70
 UBUNTU WEB-HOTELL 6.1

Ubuntu 22.04 & 18.04 guide (pdf) for beginner

www.ubuntutor.com
English 18.04 updated20201105 Suomeksi 22.04 uusittu 20200722
Ubuntu guide 16.04 Ubuntu ohjevihko 16.04
Ubuntu guide 18.04 Ubuntu ohjevihko 18.04
22.04 22.04
Some Linux distos

Guide 16.04 text file for Google Translator

Guide 18.04 text file for Google Translator
22.04

Visitors ubuntutor.com in October 2020 ;-)

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