A student investigated the effectiveness of three different antibiotics.

1.
Figure 1 shows how the student set up an agar plate.

Figure 1

The student used aseptic techniques to make sure that only one type of bacterium was growing
on the agar.

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(a) Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used.

1 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The student placed the agar plate in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours.

Figure 2 shows the agar plate after 48 hours.

Figure 2

(b) Which antibiotic is the least effective?

Give a reason for your answer.

Least effective antibiotic _______________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) Calculate the area where no bacteria were growing for antibiotic C.

Use π = 3.14

Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Area = ____________________ Unit __________

(5)

(d) Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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 A man has the following symptoms:
2.
• yellow discharge from his penis
• pain when urinating.

(a) The man has a bacterial infection.

What is the most likely cause of the man’s symptoms?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Gonorrhoea

HIV

Measles

Salmonella poisoning

(1)

(b) The man took a full course of antibiotics.

The man’s symptoms did not improve.

Why did the antibiotics not cure the symptoms?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The bacteria are immune to the

antibiotics.

The bacteria are resistant to the

antibiotics.

The man is immune to the antibiotics.

The man is resistant to the antibiotics.

(1)

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(c) Using a condom can stop the bacteria being passed to another person during sexual
intercourse.

Suggest a different way the man could avoid passing the bacteria on to someone else.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A scientist investigated the effect of three different antibiotics on three different types of bacteria,
A, B and C.

This is the method used.

1. Grow bacteria A on an agar plate.

2. Put three separate paper discs each containing one of the antibiotics (1, 2 and 3) onto the agar
plate

3. Put the agar plate into an incubator for 48 hours.

4. Repeat steps 1-3 for bacteria B and for bacteria C.

Figure 1 shows the scientist’s results.

Figure 1

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(d) Compare the effectiveness of the three antibiotics at killing the different types of bacteria.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Milk contains bacteria.

A small volume of raw milk was placed in a counting chamber in a special type of microscope
slide.

Figure 2 shows what the counting chamber looked like when viewed using a microscope.

Figure 2

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A scientist counted the number of bacteria in four samples of raw milk.

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Number of bacteria in counting

Milk sample
chamber
E 15
F 12
G 13
H 16

(e) Which milk sample is shown in Figure 2?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Sample E

Sample F

Sample G

Sample H

(1)

(f) Calculate the mean number of bacteria in the four samples in Table 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean number of bacteria = _____________________________

(2)

(g) Calculate the mean number of bacteria per mm3 of milk in the samples.

Complete the following steps.

Calculate the total area of the counting chamber in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Total area of counting chamber = _____________________________ mm2

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 The depth of the counting chamber is 0.01 mm

Calculate the volume of the counting chamber in Figure 2.

Use the equation:

volume = area × depth

___________________________________________________________________

Volume of counting chamber = ______________________________ mm3

Calculate the mean number of bacteria per mm3 of milk in the samples.

Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean number of bacteria per mm3 of milk = __________________________

Milk is heated to reduce the number of bacteria it contains before it is sold for humans to drink.

Milk with more than 20 000 bacteria per cm3 cannot be sold for humans to drink.

Table 2 shows the number of bacteria per cm3 in four different samples of milk.

Table 2

Milk sample Number of bacteria per cm3 of milk

P 1.8 × 104
Q 2.2 × 104
R 2.2 × 10−5
S 1.8 × 103
(3)

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 (h) Which of the milk samples could not be sold for humans to drink?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

P Q R S

(1)

(i) Why should milk sold for humans to drink not contain large numbers of bacteria?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

Scientists have found the following food web in the cold Antarctic Ocean.
3.

(a) Humans are removing large numbers of the cod.

Some scientists argue that this could lead to a decrease in the numbers of squid and
penguins.

Others argue that the numbers of squid and penguins will stay the same.

Carefully explain each argument.

Why they might decrease.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Why they might stay the same.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) The following information is about the biomass of the organisms in one of the food chains
in the web.

Draw and label a pyramid of biomass for this chain.

(2)

(c) Explain, as fully as you can, why the conversion of shrimp biomass into cod biomass is
more efficient than that of cod biomass into seal biomass in the cold Antarctic Ocean.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Boats from many countries fish the Antarctic Ocean. The cod are being overfished. If the
numbers of cod are to increase, the population must be carefully managed.

(i) Suggest two control measures which would prevent a further drop in numbers,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

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 (ii) Suggest why one of your control measures would be difficult to put into practice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

The diagram shows a fermenter. This fermenter is used for growing the fungus Fusarium which is
4. used to make mycoprotein.

(a) Bubbles of air enter the fermenter at A.

Give two functions of the air bubbles.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) Glucose is added to the fermenter at B.

Explain why glucose is added.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The fermenter is prevented from overheating by the cold water flowing in through the heat
exchanger coils at C.

Explain what causes the fermenter to heat up.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) It is important to prevent microorganisms other than Fusarium from growing in the
fermenter.

(i) Why is this important?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest two ways in which contamination of the fermenter by microorganisms could
be prevented.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

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(e) Human cells cannot make some of the amino acids which we need. We must obtain these
amino acids from our diet.

The table shows the amounts of four of these amino acids present in mycoprotein, in beef
and in wheat.

Amount of amino acid per 100 g Daily amount

Name of in mg needed by a 70
amino acid kg human in
Mycoprotein Beef Wheat mg

Lysine 910 1600 300 840

Methionine 230 500 220 910

Phenylalanine 540 760 680 980

Threonine 610 840 370 490

A diet book states that mycoprotein is the best source of amino acids for the human diet.

Evaluate this statement.

Remember to include a conclusion in your evaluation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

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 The diagram shows a fermenter. This fermenter is used for growing the fungus Fusarium.
5.
Fusarium is used to make mycoprotein.

(a) Bubbles of air enter the fermenter at A.

Give two functions of the air bubbles.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Why is glucose added to the fermenter?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) The fermenter is prevented from overheating by the cold water flowing in through the heat
exchanger coils at C.

Name the process that causes the fermenter to heat up.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) It is important to prevent microorganisms other than Fusarium growing in the fermenter.

(i) Why is this important?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest one way in which contamination of the fermenter by microorganisms could
be prevented.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Human cells cannot make some of the amino acids which we need. We must obtain these
amino acids from our diet.

The table shows the amounts of four of these amino acids present in mycoprotein, in beef
and in wheat.

Amount of amino acid per 100 g Daily amount

Name of amino in mg needed by a 70
acid kg human
Mycoprotein Beef Wheat in mg

Lysine 910 1600 300 840

Methionine 230 500 220 910

Phenylalanine 540 760 680 980

Threonine 610 840 370 490

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A diet book states that mycoprotein is the best source of amino acids for the human diet.

Evaluate this statement.

Remember to include a conclusion in your evaluation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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 A food web contains several food chains.
6.
Figure 1 shows a food web.

Figure 1

(a) The animals in Figure 1 get their energy by eating other organisms.

Describe how the algae get energy.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Name one primary consumer in Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Name one producer in Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) The different food chains in Figure 1 have different numbers of organisms.

Complete Figure 2 to show a food chain in Figure 1 with five organisms, including the
human.

Figure 2

(1)

(e) Figure 1 shows that mackerel eat krill and squid.

The biomass of mackerel is much less than the combined biomass of krill and squid.

One reason for this is that the mackerel cannot digest all parts of the krill and squid.

Give two other reasons.

1 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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Figure 3 shows how the biomass of adult herring in the North Sea has changed between 1950
and 2010.

Figure 3

(f) Calculate the percentage decrease in the biomass of herring between 1960 and 1977.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage decrease = _______________ %

(4)

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(g) Too many herring were caught by fishermen between 1960 and 1977.

Herring can live for up to 12 years and begin to reproduce when 3 to 4 years old.

Laws have been introduced to help conserve herring:

• 1977 to 1981 – herring fishing was banned in the North Sea
• 1984 to present day – control of mesh size of fishing nets
• 1997 to present day – fishing quotas were introduced
• 1998 to present day – herring fishing was banned in breeding grounds during the
breeding season.

Figure 4 shows how a minimum mesh size helps to conserve herring.

Figure 4

Figure 3 is repeated below.

Figure 3

Evaluate the effect of these laws on the conservation of herring stocks.

Use data from Figure 3 and information from Figure 4 in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 17 marks)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are usually made using mouse lymphocytes.

7.
Candida albicans infection produces serious symptoms in patients with a poor immune system.

Recently scientists have produced mAbs to Candida albicans using human lymphocytes
produced naturally after an infection.

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(a) Candida albicans lives in the throat of infected patients.

A sample is taken from the throat of a patient with a suspected Candida albicans infection.

The sample is transferred onto a microscope slide.

Describe how the mAbs and a fluorescent dye could be used to see any Candida albicans
pathogens on the slide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

In a laboratory the human lymphocyte mAbs were injected into animals infected with Candida
albicans.

The mAbs caused increased phagocytosis of the Candida albicans pathogens.

Doctors intend to start a trial to give the mAbs to patients severely ill with Candida albicans.

(b) Explain how increased phagocytosis of the Candida albicans pathogen will help the patient.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(c) It has been shown that this mAbs treatment is effective in the laboratory using both:
• infected tissue culture cells
• infected live animals.

The mAbs treatment for Candida albicans is now ready for clinical trials on people.

Describe how the clinical trials should be carried out.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(d) Scientists have also used human lymphocytes to make mAbs to other pathogens and to
some types of cancer cells.

Suggest one reason why these new mAbs have been more successful in treating diseases
in humans than mAbs made using mice.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

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 Pancreatic cancer develops when a malignant tumour grows inside the pancreas.
8.
(a) The pancreas produces digestive enzymes.

What is an enzyme?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Carbohydrase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas.

Name two other organs in the digestive system that produce carbohydrase.

1 _________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) One symptom of pancreatic cancer is weight loss.

Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight.

Do not refer to hormones in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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Enzyme A and enzyme B are involved in controlling cell division in pancreatic cancer cells.

Most cancer cells produce both enzyme A and enzyme B.

Some people have a gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B.

The following figure shows how cell division is controlled in pancreatic cancer cells.

Scientists have developed a drug that inhibits enzyme A.

The drug is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have the gene mutation that stops cancer
cells producing enzyme B.

The drug only targets cancer cells.

(d) Explain why the drug can be used to treat pancreatic cancer in patients with the gene
mutation.

Use information from the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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(e) Explain why the drug could not be used to treat pancreatic cancer in a patient that
produces both enzyme A and enzyme B.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) The drug was trialled before it was licensed for use.

To improve validity of the results in the trial:

• some patients were given a placebo

• a double-blind trial was used.

Give reasons why a placebo and a double-blind trial were used.

A placebo __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

A double-blind trial ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) One stage in a drug trial is to test the drug on healthy volunteers.

What is the next stage in the drug trial?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Testing on all patients with the disease

Testing on human tissue

Testing on live animals

Testing on volunteers with the disease

(1)
St Clement Danes School Page 26 of 41
 (h) A monoclonal antibody has been produced to treat pancreatic cancer.

Explain how the monoclonal antibody works to treat pancreatic cancer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 19 marks)

Monoclonal antibodies are used to measure the levels of hormones in the blood.
9.
Pregnant women produce the hormone HCG.

HCG is excreted in urine.

Figure 1 shows four pregnancy test strips.

Figure 1

(a) Which test strip shows a negative test result?

Tick one box.

A B C D

(1)

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(b) Monoclonal antibodies are used for pregnancy testing.

Give one other use of monoclonal antibodies.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows the parts of a pregnancy test strip.

Figure 2

The pregnancy test strip will show a positive test result when a woman is pregnant.

Explain how the pregnancy test strip works to show a positive result.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects.
10.
Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.

The diagram below shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.

(a) An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.

Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved
sugars after feeding.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:

• yellow leaves
• stunted growth.

Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

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 (c) A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY).

The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY.

To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from the virus.

Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY monoclonal antibody.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

A virus called RSV causes severe respiratory disease.

11.
(a) Suggest two precautions that a person with RSV could take to reduce the spread of the
virus to other people.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) One treatment for RSV uses monoclonal antibodies which can be injected into the patient.

Scientists can produce monoclonal antibodies using mice.

The first step is to inject the virus into a mouse.

Describe the remaining steps in the procedure to produce monoclonal antibodies.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Describe how injecting a monoclonal antibody for RSV helps to treat a patient suffering with
the disease.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

A trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of using monoclonal antibodies to treat
patients with RSV.

Some patients were given a placebo.

(d) Why were some patients given a placebo?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 A number of patients had to be admitted to hospital as they became so ill with RSV.

The results are shown in the table below.

Treatment received by patient % of patients within each group admitted

to hospital with RSV

Group A: Monoclonal antibody for RSV 4.8

Group B: Placebo 10.4

The trial involved 1 500 patients.

• Half of the patients (group A) were given the monoclonal antibodies.
• Half of the patients (group B) were given the placebo.

(e) Calculate the total number of patients admitted to hospital with RSV during the trial.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Total number of patients admitted to hospital = ____________________

(2)

(f) Evaluate how well the data in the table above supports the conclusion:

‘monoclonal antibodies are more effective at treating RSV than a placebo’.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

All living organisms respire.

12.

St Clement Danes School Page 33 of 41

(a) What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

6 O2 + 6 CO2 → 6 H2O + C6H12O6

6 H2O + C6H12O6 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2

6 H2O + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + C6H12O6

6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2

(1)

(b) Name the sub-cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Energy is released in respiration.

Give two uses of the energy released in respiration.

1 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans.

Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

1 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(e) What are the two products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Carbon dioxide

Ethanol

Glucose

Lactic acid

Water

(2)

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A scientist investigated respiration and photosynthesis using some pondweed and a pond snail.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus used.

Figure 1

The apparatus was left in a well-lit room for 5 days.

The data logger recorded the concentration of carbon dioxide continuously.

After 5 days, the scientist completely covered the boiling tube with black paper.

The data logger continued to record the concentration of carbon dioxide.

Figure 2 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the boiling tube over 15 days.

Figure 2

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(f) Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tube stayed the same between day 0
and day 5.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) Suggest why the concentration of carbon dioxide increased between day 5 and day 10.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (h) On day 10, the pond snail died.

Explain why the death of the pond snail caused the concentration of carbon dioxide to
increase after day 10.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Plants and animals have many defence responses.

13.
(a) The table below shows some plant defences.

Identify whether each defence is a chemical response or a physical response.

✓) one box in each row.

Tick (✓

Type of response

Plant defence Chemical Physical

Thick, waxy layer on leaf surface

Berries that are poisonous

Bark on trees that falls off

(2)

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Mimicry is a mechanical adaptation seen in both plants and animals.

Figure 1 shows two insects.

Figure 1

(b) Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain.

Hornet moths do not sting other animals.

Suggest how mimicry helps the hornet moth survive.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Adult hornet moths lay eggs that hatch into larvae.

Figure 2 shows the larvae of a hornet moth.

Figure 2

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(c) The larvae of the hornet moth:
• live inside the roots of trees
• use the tree roots as a source of food
• cause damage to the tree roots.

Explain why a tree might die if the roots of the tree are damaged.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(d) The larvae of the hornet moth form when fertilised eggs divide by mitosis.

Describe how mitosis produces two genetically identical cells.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(e) The cells which are first formed from the fertilised eggs of the hornet moth are stem cells.

Name the process by which these stem cells then form specialised cells.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

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