Dept.

of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

EEE-2201 : Signals and Linear Systems

2nd Year 2nd Semester

Sharif Mohammad Jamiur Rahman

email: [email protected]
 Modulation
• Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties
of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal (relatively
high frequency signal), with a modulating signal that typically
contains information to be transmitted.

Modulator
Modulating X Modulated
Signal Signal

Carrier
Generator

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 Introduction to Modulation
• The baseband (information) signal is known as the modulating
signal.
• The baseband signal is normally a low bandwidth signal.
• A periodic signal called the carrier is typically a high frequency
sinusoidal wave.
• During the modulation process, the modulating signal varies
the frequency, amplitude, or phase of the carrier in
accordance with its instantaneous amplitude.
• The output of the modulator is called the modulated signal.

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 Necessity of Modulation
• Decrease the antenna size
• Simultaneously send data (multiple channels
at the same time)
• Multiplex data (more signals on same
transmission line by providing different carrier
signals )
• For better noise immunity. (This one is a rather
smaller reason)

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 Types of Modulation (Basic analog)

• Amplitude Modulation (AM)

• Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Phase Modulation (PM)

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 Introduction to Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation is the simplest and earliest
form of transmitters
• Uses of AM: broadcasting in medium- and high-
frequency applications, CB radio, and aircraft
communications

AM-FC modulated signal equation –

v(t) = (Ec+ em) sin ωct
where
v(t) = instantaneous amplitude of the modulated signal in volts
Ec= peak amplitude of the carrier in volts
em= instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal in volts
ωc= the frequency of the carrier in radians per second
t = time in seconds

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 Basic Amplitude Modulation
• The information signal varies the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier

AM-FC modulated signal equation –

v(t) = (Ec+ em) sin ωct (See next slide)
 Types of AM

Some basic types of AM -

• double-sideband full-carrier - the basic Amplitude

modulation scheme
• single-sideband full-carrier
• single-sideband suppressed-carrier
• vestigial-sideband
 FULL-CARRIER AM WAVE: Time domain
Analysis
AM-FC modulated signal equation –
v(t) = (Ec+ em) sin ωct
where
v(t) = instantaneous amplitude of the modulated signal in volts
Ec= peak amplitude of the carrier in volts
em= instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal in volts
ωc= the frequency of the carrier in radians per second
t = time in seconds
If the modulating (baseband) signal is a sine wave, the above equation
has the following form:
v(t) = (Ec+ Emsin ωmt) sinωct
where
Em= peak amplitude of the modulating signal in volts
ωm= the frequency of the modulating signal (radians per second)
𝐸
Also, the ratio 𝑚 = 𝑚 is called the modulation index
𝐸𝑐
 Effects of m
• When the modulation index m is greater than 1, over-
modulation occurs

m<1

m=1

m>1

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 Modulation Index for Multiple
Modulating Frequencies
• Two or more sine waves of different, uncorrelated
frequencies modulating a single carrier is calculated by the
equation:

m = m + m + •• •
2
1
2
2

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 Measurement of Modulation Index

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 Full Carrier AM: Frequency Domain Analysis

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 Full Carrier AM: Frequency Domain Analysis ..continued

• Time domain information can be

obtained using an oscilloscope
• Frequency domain information
can be calculated using Fourier
f usb = f c + f m
methods, but trigonometric
methods are simpler and valid
f lsb = f c − f m
• Sidebands are calculated using mE c
the formulas at the right E lsb = E usb =
2

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 Bandwidth of FCAM signal

• Signal bandwidth is an important characteristic of any

modulation scheme
• In general, a narrow bandwidth is desirable
• Bandwidth of FCAM is calculated by:

B = 2 Fm

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 Power Relationships for FCAM
• Power in a transmitter is important, but the most important
power measurement is that of the portion that transmits the
information
• AM carriers remain unchanged with modulation and therefore
are wasteful
• Power in an FCAM transmitter is calculated according to the
formula:  m2
Pt = P c1+ 
 2 

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 Suppressed-Carrier AM
• Full-carrier AM is simple but not efficient
• Removing the carrier before power amplification allows
full transmitter power to be applied to the sidebands
• Removing the carrier from a fully modulated AM systems
results in a double-sideband suppressed-carrier
transmission

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 AM Full carrier vs AM Suppressed-Carrier Waveform

AM-FC =>

AM-SC =>

Time Domain Frequency Domain

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 Single Side Band (SSB)
• The two sidebands of an AM signal are mirror images of
one another
• As a result, one of the sidebands is redundant
• Using single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
results in reduced bandwidth and therefore twice as many
signals may be transmitted in the same spectrum
allotment
• Typically, a 3dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is
achieved as a result of SSB-SC

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 DSB-SC and SSB Transmission
Information

DSB-SC Modulated signal

SSB Modulated signal

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 Power in Suppressed-Carrier Signals
• Carrier power is useless as a measure of power in a DSBSC
or SSBSC signal
• Instead, the peak envelope power is used
• The peak power envelope is simply the power at
modulation peaks, calculated thus:

2
Vp
PEP =
2 RL

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 Demodulation
The process of obtaining the original message from the modulated signal is
called demodulation. In simple words, demodulation is the process of
separating a message signal from a carrier signal. The process of
demodulation is shown in the following block diagram.

The electronic circuit that is used to perform the demodulation process

is called demodulator, it is the part of the modem. The process of
demodulation is performed at the receiver end of a communication
system.

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 AM Demodulation – Envelope Detector

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 Problem
An am signal has following equation –

(a) Find the carrier frequency.

(b) Find the frequency of the modulating signal
(c) Find the value of modulation index m
(d) Find the peak voltage of the unmodulated carrier
(e) Sketch the signal in time domain, showing voltage and time scales.
(f) Sketch the signal in the frequency domain, showing frequency and voltage
scales.

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 Solution
Soln.
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Ec = 15 V
(e) Emax = Ec + Em = 15 V + 4 V = 19 V
Emin = Ec – Em = 15 V – 4 V = 11 V
Period of envelope = T =

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 from previous slide

Figure: Envelope of v(t) using values of

Emax, Emin and T.

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 From previous slide
(f) Given, fc = 7.4 MHz, fm = 7.0 kHz, Ec = 15 V, m = 0.267
Fusb = fc + fm = 7.4 MHz + 0.007 MHz = 7.407 MHz
Flsb = fc – fm = 7.393 MHz

Sketch is shown in following figure-

Figure. AM signal in frequency domain

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 Problem
Problem
An AM signal observed on a spectrum analyzer shows a carrier at +12dBm,
with each of the sidebands 8 dB below the carrier. Calculate the carrier power
in miliwatts and the modulation index.

Solution:

= antilog 1.2
= 15.8 mW [Ans].

[Ans].

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More Problems

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 THANK YOU

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