The University of Jordan

School of Engineering
Industrial Engineering Department

Assignment # 1

Date 20/03/2024 Time: Total Mark:

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Student’s Name

Student’s ID

Course Name Engineering Statistics 1 0936251

Semester Spring Semester 2023/2024

Instructor’s Name Dr Mohannad Jreissat

Submission Date 31/03/2024

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 Section 2-1
Provide a reasonable description of the sample space for each of the random experiments in Exercises 2.1.1 to
2.1.11. There can be more than one acceptable interpretation of each experiment. Describe any assumptions you
make.
2.1.2. The number of hits (views) is recorded at a high-volume Web site in a day.
2.1.4. An ammeter that displays three digits is used to measure current in milliamperes.
2.1.6. The time until a service transaction is requested of a computer to the nearest millisecond.
2.1.8. The voids in a ferrite slab are classified as small, medium, or large. The number of voids in each category is
measured by an optical inspection of a sample.
2.1.10. An order for an automobile can specify either an automatic or a standard transmission, either with or
without air conditioning, and with any one of the four colors red, blue, black, or white. Describe the set of
possible orders for this experiment.
2.1.13. Three events are shown on the Venn diagram in the following figure:

Reproduce the figure and shade the region that corresponds to each of the following events.
(a) A b) A B (c)(A B)C (d) (B C) (e) (A B)C

2.1.14 In an injection-molding operation, the length and width, denoted as X and Y , respectively, of each molded
part are evaluated.
Let A denote the event of 48 < X < 52 centimeters
B denote the event of 9 < Y < 11 centimeters
Construct a Venn diagram that includes these events. Shade the areas that represent the following:
(a) A (b) A B (c) AB (d) A B
(e) If these events were mutually exclusive, how successful would this production operation be? Would the process
produce parts with X =50 centimeters and Y = 10 centimeters?

2.1.15. A digital scale that provides weights to the nearest gram is used.
(a) What is the sample space for this experiment?
Let A denote the event that a weight exceeds 11 grams, let B denote the event that a weight is less than or equal to 15
grams, and let C denote the event that a weight is greater than or equal to 8 grams and less than 12 grams. Describe
the following events.
(b) A B (c) A B (d) A (e) A B C (f) (A C) (g) A B C (h) BC (i) A(B  C)

2.1.16. In light-dependent photosynthesis, light quality refers to the wavelengths of light that are important. The
wavelength of a sample of photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) is measured to the nearest nanometer. The red
range is 675–700 nm and the blue range is 450–500 nm. Let A denote the event that PAR occurs in the red range,
and let B denote the event that PAR occurs in the blue range. Describe the sample space and indicate each of the
following events:
(a) A (b) B (c) A  B (d) A  B

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2.1.18. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock resistance. The results
from 100 disks are summarized here:

Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event that a disk has high scratch
resistance. Determine the number of disks in A B, A, and A B.

2.1.20. Samples of emissions from three suppliers are classified for conformance to air-quality specifications. The
results from 100 samples are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a sample is from supplier 1, and let B denote the event that a sample conforms to
specifications. Determine the number of samples in AB, Band in A B.

2.1.22. The following table summarizes 204 endothermic reactions involving sodium bicarbonate.

Let A denote the event that a reaction’s final temperature is 271 K or less. Let B denote the event that the heat
absorbed is below target. Determine the number of reactions in each of the following events.
(a) A B (b) A (c) A B (d) A B (e) AB

2.1.24. Consider the hospital emergency department data given below. Let A denote the event that a visit is to
Hospital 1, and let B denote the event that a visit results in admittance to any hospital.

Determine the number of persons in each of the following events.

(a) A B (b) A (c) A B (d) A B (e) A B

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2.1.26. A computer system uses passwords that contain exactly eight characters, and each character is 1 of the 26
lowercase letters (a–z) or 26 uppercase letters (A–Z) or 10 integers (0–9). Let Ω denote the set of all possible
passwords, and let A and B denote the events that consist of passwords with only letters or only integers,
respectively. Determine the number of passwords in each of the following events.
(a) Ω (b) A (c) AB
(d) Passwords that contain at least 1 integer
(e) Passwords that contain exactly 1 integer

Section 2-2

2.2.2. A sample of two items is selected without replacement from a batch. Describe the (ordered) sample space
for each of the following batches:
(a) The batch contains the items {a, b, c, d}.
(b) The batch contains the items {a, b, c, d, e, f , g}.
(c) The batch contains 4 defective items and 20 good items.
(d) The batch contains 1 defective item and 20 good items.

2.2.4. In a manufacturing operation, a part is produced by machining, polishing, and painting. If there are three
machine tools, four polishing tools, and three painting tools, how many different routings (consisting of machining,
followed by polishing, and followed by painting) for a part are possible?

2.2.6. A manufacturing process consists of 10 operations that can be completed in any order. How many different
production sequences are possible?

2.2.8. In a sheet metal operation, three notches and four bends are required. If the operations can be done in any order,
how many different ways of completing the manufacturing are possible?

2.2.10. In the layout of a printed circuit board for an electronic product, 12 different locations can accommodate
chips.
(a) If five different types of chips are to be placed on the board, how many different layouts are possible?
(b) If the five chips that are placed on the board are of the same type, how many different layouts are possible?

2.2.12. In the design of an electromechanical product, 12 components are to be stacked into a cylindrical casing in a
manner that minimizes the impact of shocks. One end of the casing is designated as the bottom and the other
end is the top.
(a) If all components are different, how many different designs are possible?
(b) If seven components are identical to one another, but the others are different, how many different designs are
possible?
(c) If three components are of one type and identical to one another, and four components are of another type and
identical to one another, but the others are different, how many different designs are possible?

2.2.14. Plastic parts produced by an injection-molding operation are checked for conformance to specifications. Each
tool contains 12 cavities in which parts are produced, and these parts fall into a conveyor when the press opens. An
inspector chooses 3 parts from among the 12 at random. Two cavities are affected by a temperature malfunction that
results in parts that do not conform to specifications.
(a) How many samples contain exactly 1 nonconforming part?
(b) How many samples contain at least 1 nonconforming part?

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Section 2-3

2.3.2. A part selected for testing is equally likely to have been produced on any one of six cutting tools.
(a) What is the sample space?
(b) What is the probability that the part is from tool 1?
(c) What is the probability that the part is from tool 3 or tool 5?
(d) What is the probability that the part is not from tool 4?

2.3.4. A credit card contains 16 digits between 0 and 9. However, only 100 million numbers are valid. If a
number is entered randomly, what is the probability that it is a valid number?

2.3.6. A message can follow different paths through servers on a network. The sender’s message can go to one of
five servers for the first step; each of them can send to five servers at the second step; each of those can
send to four servers at the third step; and then the message goes to the recipient’s server.
(a) How many paths are possible?
(b) If all paths are equally likely, what is the probability that a message passes through the first of four servers at the
third step?

2.3.8. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock resistance. The results
from 100 disks are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event that a disk has high
scratch resistance. If a disk is selected at random, determine the following probabilities:
(a) P(A) (b) P(B) (c) P(A') (d) P(AB) (e) P(AB) (f) P(A’B)

2.3.10. An article in the Journal of Database Management [“Experimental Study of a Self-Tuning Algorithm
for DBMS Buffer Pools” (2005, Vol. 16, pp. 1–20)] provided the workload used in the TPC-C OLTP (Transaction
Processing Performance Council’s Version C On-Line Transaction Processing) benchmark, which simulates a
typical order entry application.

The frequency of each type of transaction (in the second column) can be used as the percentage of each type of
transaction. The average number of selects operations required for each type of transaction is shown. Let A denote
the event of transactions with an average number of selects operations of 12 or fewer. Let B denote the event of
transactions with an average number of updates operations of 12 or fewer. Calculate the following probabilities.

(a) P(A) (b) P(B) (c) P(AB) (d) P(AB’) (f) P(AB)

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2.3.12. Consider the hospital emergency room data is given below. Let A denote the event that a visit is to hospital
4, and let B denote the event that a visit results in LWBS (at any hospital).

Determine the following probabilities.

(a) P(A  B) (b) P(A) (c) P(A  B) (d) P(A  B) (e) P(A  B)

2.3.14. Suppose that a patient is selected randomly from the those described, The article “Term Efficacy of Ribavirin
Plus Interferon Alfa in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C,” [Gastroenterology (1996, Vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 1307–
1312)], considered the effect of two treatments and a control for treatment of hepatitis C. The following table provides
the total patients in each group and the number that showed a complete (positive) response after 24 weeks of treatment.

Let A denote the event that the patient is in the group treated with interferon alfa, and let B denote the event that the
patient has a complete response. Determine the following probabilities.

(a) P(A) (b) P(B) (c) P(A  B) (d) P(A  B) (e) P(A  B)

2.3.16. A hospital operating room needs to schedule three knee surgeries and two hip surgeries in a day. Suppose
that an operating room needs to schedule three knee, four hip, and five shoulder surgeries. Assume that all
schedules are equally likely. Determine the probability for each of the following:
(a) All hip surgeries are completed before another type of surgery.
(b) The schedule begins with a hip surgery.
(c) The first and last surgeries are hip surgeries.
(d) The first two surgeries are hip surgeries.

Section 2-4

2.4.2. If P(A) =0.3, P(B)=0.2, and P(A B)=0.1, determine the following probabilities:

(a) P(A) (b) P(A B) (c) P(AB) (d) P(A B) (e) P[(A B) ] (f) P(AB)

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2.4.4. In the article “ACL Reconstruction Using Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Press-Fit Fixation: 10-Year Clinical
Results” in Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (2005, Vol. 13, pp. 248–255), the following causes for
knee injuries were considered:

(a) What is the probability that a knee injury resulted from a sport (contact or noncontact)?
(b) What is the probability that a knee injury resulted from an activity other than a sport?

2.4.6. Strands of copper wire from a manufacturer are analyzed for strength and conductivity. The results from 100
strands are as follows:

(a) If a strand is randomly selected, what is the probability that its conductivity is high and its strength is high?
(b) If a strand is randomly selected, what is the probability that its conductivity is low or its strength is low?
(c) Consider the event that a strand has low conductivity and the event that the strand has low strength. Are these two
events mutually exclusive?

2.4.8. A Web ad can be designed from four different colors, three font types, five font sizes, three images, and five
text phrases. A specific design is randomly generated by the Web server when you visit the site. Let A denote
the event that the design color is red, and let B denote the event that the font size is not the smallest one. Use
the addition rules to calculate the following probabilities.
(a) P(A  B) (b) P(A  B) (c) P(A  B)

2.4.10. Consider the three patient groups. The article “Term Efficacy of Ribavirin Plus Interferon Alfa in the
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C,” [Gastroenterology (1996, Vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 1307–1312)], considered
the effect of two treatments and a control for treatment of hepatitis C. The following table provides the total
patients in each group and the number that showed a complete (positive) response after 24 weeks of treatment.

Let A denote the event that the patient was treated with ribavirin plus interferon alfa, and let B denote the event that
the response was complete. Determine the following probabilities:
(a) P(A  B) (b) P(A  B) (c) P(A  B)

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Section 2-5

2.5.2. Samples of skin experiencing desquamation are analyzed for both moisture and melanin content. The results
from 100 skin samples are as follows:

Let A denote the event that a sample has low melanin content, and let B denote the event that a sample has high
moisture content. Determine the following probabilities:
(a) P (A) (b) P(B) (c) P(A | B) (d) P(B | A)

2.5.4. A maintenance firm has gathered the following information regarding the failure mechanisms for air
conditioning systems:

The units without evidence of gas leaks or electrical failure showed other types of failure. If this is a representative
sample of AC failure, find the probability
(a) That failure involves a gas leak
(b) That there is evidence of electrical failure given that there was a gas leak
(c) That there is evidence of a gas leak given that there is evidence of electrical failure

2.5.6. A batch of 500 containers for frozen orange juice contains 5 that are defective. Three are selected, at random,
without replacement from the batch.
(a) What is the probability that the second one selected is defective given that the first one was defective?
(b) What is the probability that both are defective?
(c) What is the probability that both are acceptable?
(d) What is the probability that the third one selected is defective given that the first and second ones selected were
defective?
(e) What is the probability that the third one selected is defective given that the first one selected was defective and
the second one selected was okay?
(f) What is the probability that all three are defective?

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2.5.8. An article in The Canadian Entomologist (Harcourt et al., 1977, Vol. 109, pp. 1521–1534) reported on the
life of the alfalfa weevil from eggs to adulthood. The following table shows the number of larvae that survived at
each stage of development from eggs to adults.

(a) What is the probability an egg survives to adulthood?

(b) What is the probability of survival to adulthood given survival to the late larvae stage?
(c) What stage has the lowest probability of survival to the next stage?

2.5.10. A computer system uses passwords that contain exactly eight characters, and each character is one of the 26
lowercase letters (a–z) or 26 uppercase letters (A–Z) or 10 integers (0–9). Let Ω denote the set of all possible
passwords. Suppose that all passwords in Ω are equally likely. Determine the probability for each of the following:
(a) Password contains all lowercase letters given that it contains only letters
(b) Password contains at least 1 uppercase letter given that it contains only letters
(c) Password contains only even numbers given that is contains all numbers

Section 2-6

2.6.4. Heart failures are due to either natural occurrences (87%) or outside factors (13%). Outside factors are
related to induced substances (73%) or foreign objects (27%). Natural occurrences are caused by arterial blockage
(56%), disease (27%), and infection (e.g., staph infection) (17%).
(a) Determine the probability that a failure is due to an induced substance.
(b) Determine the probability that a failure is due to disease or infection

2.6.6. A lot of 100 semiconductor chips contains 20 that are defective.

(a) Two are selected, at random, without replacement, from the lot. Determine the probability that the second chip
selected is defective.
(b) Three are selected, at random, without replacement, from the lot. Determine the probability that all are defective.

2.6.10. The article [“Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Four Different Treatment Strategies in Patients with
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Arthritis & Rheumatism (2005, Vol. 52, pp. 3381– 3390)] considered four treatment
groups. The groups consisted of patients with different drug therapies (such as prednisone and infliximab):
sequential monotherapy (group 1), step-up combination therapy (group 2), initial combination therapy (group 3), or
initial combination therapy with infliximab (group 4). Radiographs of hands and feet were used to evaluate disease
progression. The number of patients without progression of joint damage was 76 of 114 patients (67%), 82 of 112
patients (73%), 104 of 120 patients (87%), and 113 of 121 patients (93%) in groups 1–4, respectively. Suppose that
a patient is selected randomly. Let A denote the event that the patient is in group 1, and let B denote the event for
which there is no progression. Determine the following probabilities:

(a) P(A∩B) (b) P(B) (c) ) P(A'∩B) (d) P(A U B) (e) P(A' U B)

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Section 2-7

2.7.4. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock resistance. The results from
100 disks are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event that a disk has high scratch
resistance. Are events A and B independent?

2.7.6. A test of a printed circuit board uses a random test pattern with an array of 10 bits is equally likely to be 0 or
1. Assume the bits are independent.
(a) What is the probability that all bits are 1s?
(b) What is the probability that all bits are 0s?
(c) What is the probability that exactly 5 bits are 1s and 5 bits are 0s?

2.7.8. A player of a video game is confronted with a series of four opponents and an 80% probability of defeating
each opponent. Assume that the results from opponents are independent (and that when the player is defeated by an
opponent the game ends).
(a) What is the probability that a player defeats all four opponents in a game?
(b) What is the probability that a player defeats at least two opponents in a game?
(c) If the game is played three times, what is the probability that the player defeats all four opponents at least once?

2.7.10. A credit card contains 16 digits. It also contains the month and year of expiration. Suppose there are 1
million credit card holders with unique card numbers. A hacker randomly selects a 16-digit credit card number.
(a) What is the probability that it belongs to a user?
(b) Suppose a hacker has a 25% chance of correctly guessing the year your card expires and randomly selects 1 of
the 12 months. What is the probability that the hacker correctly selects the month and year of expiration?

2.7.12. The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right. The
probability that each device functions is as shown. Assume that the probability that a device is functional does not
depend on whether or not other devices are functional. What is the probability that the circuit operates?

2.7.14. A Web ad can be designed from four different colors, three font types, five font sizes, three images, and
five text phrases. A specific design is randomly generated by the Web server when you visit the site. Let A denote
the event that the design color is red, and let B denote the event that the font size is not the smallest one. Are A and B
independent events? Explain why or why not.

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2.7.16. The following table provides data on wafers categorized by location and contamination levels. Let A denote
the event that contamination is low, and let B denote the event that the location is center. Are A and B independent?
Why or why not?

Section 2-8

2.8.4.Software to detect fraud in consumer phone cards tracks the number of metropolitan areas where calls originate
each day. It is found that 1% of the legitimate users originate calls from two or more metropolitan areas in a single
day. However, 30% of fraudulent users originate calls from two or more metropolitan areas in a single day. The
proportion of fraudulent users is 0.01%. If the same user originates calls from two or more metropolitan areas in a
single day, what is the probability that the user is fraudulent?

2.8.8. A recreational equipment supplier finds that among orders that include tents, 40% also include sleeping mats.
Only 5% of orders that do not include tents do include sleeping mats. Also, 20% of orders include tents. Determine
the following probabilities:
(a) The order includes sleeping mats.
(b) The order includes a tent given it includes sleeping mats.

Section 2-9
2.9.2. Decide whether a discrete or continuous random variable is the best model for each of the following
variables:
(a) The time until a projectile returns to earth.
(b) The number of times a transistor in a computer memory changes state in one operation.
(c) The volume of gasoline that is lost to evaporation during the filling of a gas tank.
(d) The outside diameter of a machined shaft.

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