Media and Information Literacy Monitor.

Teddy watched television news about the

bombing that happened in Lebanon which killed and
Media a tool or platform used to convey information or injured a lot of people.
means of communication. Information or data are stored.
Watchdog role of media interviewing President Duterte
Media practitioners use media as communication about the rising cases of covid-19 patients in the phil.
channels to disseminate information.
We need to evaluate information because sources vary in
Information Literacy ability to recognize when the levels of authority, accuracy, and objectivity.
information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and
effectively communicate information in its various Print consist of paper and ink, which is traditionally
formats. Ability to access. reproduced. Compile information to keep it in a drawer.
Printed documents are more valid and difficult to alter.
Technology Literacy ability of an individual, either
working independently or with others, to responsibly, Movies plays a huge part in the entertainment world
appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. such as film, motion picture, screenplay, moving picture,
or movie has worldwide reachability.
ex. Every time Marie wants to air her stands and points of
view on a certain social issue, she uses her Twitter and Live Streaming allows the creator to share creativity and
Facebook accounts. ideas in real time. It can be broadcast media commonly
used in online media using Facebook, Instagram,
Not true media hinders the effective delivery of YouTube, and other platforms.
information.
In 21st Century Online media is more convenient and
Example of all Literacy. Marie periodically shares useful.
national news from credible online sources and then tags
her friends who maybe interested in the information. Television is beneficial for a community that does not
have access to the internet but needs live information.
Media and Information Literate engages with media,
develops critical thinking, being objective. Type of media convergence are Google Class, Facebook,
e-books.
New Age social media websites are the most popular
communication technology. Indigenous media folk and traditional media,
gatherings, direct observation. Support your research
Industrial Age Books were published through a printing about the culture of the people and other observational
press. It is characterized chiefly by the replacement of experimentation.
hand tool with power-driven machines such as the power
loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of Internet “network of networks” that consist of millions of
industry in large establishments. smaller domestic, academic, business, and government
networks.
Pre-historic Age or Pre-Industrial clay tablets, papyrus,
cave paintings, and stone tools. Academic Library college student who is looking for an
accurate information for her report.
Printing press or books, digital books, personal computers,
mobile phones, smartphones were use to store information Codes signs which create meaning for the receiver.
during the information age.
Ex. Sounds
Electronic Age Large computer, radio transistor,
television. When a movie scene has the sound of a wind something
terrifying will happen.
Traditional media offers no way for audiences to
communicate with media producers. We should question Symbolic body language, clothing, and colors.
whether the “facts” we are exposed to are real or fake. Technical code used to tell the story using equipment
Information Function educates the audience on the such as lightning and camera works.
meaning and significance of the facts. Written Letters, handbills, posters, and billboards.
Accuracy, currency, relevance must consider in evaluating Conventions content, style, and form.
information.
Frontpage significant news is written with different
Characteristics of information-literate person recognize fonts.
the need for information, ability to locate and access, able
to access and evaluate.
Intellectual property creations of the mind such as
inventions, literary and artistic works, design and
symbols, names, and images used commercially.

Digital Divide an economic inequality between groups

in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT
(Information and Communications Technology).

Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely

imitating the language and thoughts of another author
without authorization.

Child Pornography form of child sexual exploitation.

Phishing is an attempt to obtain sensitive information

such as usernames, passwords, etc.

Cyberbullying posting pictures of other people for fun.

Ways to be a responsible media user: think before you

click, clear digital footprints.

Basic netiquettes: being tactful, sharing information for

caring, correcting others’ mistakes discreetly.

Languages known as the system of arbitrary, vocal

symbols that permits all people in a given culture, or
other people who have learned the system of that culture,
to communicate or to interact.

Disadvantages of using text information from different web

sources is the Cut-and-paste technique can result to
plagiarism and a document with unreliable content.

Functions of media educate the audience on the meaning

and significance of the facts.

New Media experience is more interactive.

Censorship allows audience to be informed and be

warned on the sensitive materials in the video.

Print media are more valid and difficult to alter.

 Community, Engagement, and Solidarity Helping the community to share knowledge, skills and
ideas would also mean building community and social
Community is a social group of any size whose members capacity.
reside in a specific locality, share government, and often
have a common cultural and historical heritage. A group Connectors has a big network of friends and
of people living in the same place and having common acquaintances which they can introduce to the
characteristics. A place where people live, work, and play. community.

Community Action based on doing changes and Persuaders front runners that lay down the norms for
accomplishment for the improvement of the community. what can be deemed as acceptable behavior in the
community and ensure that is adhered to. The ones who
 Any activity that increases the understanding, are powerful advocates of the community’s message and
engagement, and empowerment of communities they spread the words.
in the design and delivery of local services.
 Group of people affiliated by geographical Laggards are the late joiners in the community.
proximity or common interest for the purpose of
working for the common good and if issues that Urban community have a very tall buildings and places
affects their well-being. very close together. Has large cities with tall buildings
 Voluntary services done by students, faculty, with many people, cars, and buildings that are close with
school, employees, or alumni in response to the one another.
social, economic, and political needs of Rural community has low population. You will find
communities. farms. This is an area with a lot of open farmlands. People
 A collective effort done by people directed need to drive a distance to stores, schools, and parks.
toward addressing social problem in order to
achieve social well-being. I am who I am because of who we all are demonstrate a
 Refers to the group of people in organizations strong link between self and community.
who come together around a particular issue, or
issues. Community responsibilities are individual’s duties and
 A collective action by a community for the obligations to the community and these include
purpose of arresting a crisis, addressing a cooperation.
challenging situation, solving a problem, or In order for the community to flourish they need to act as
accomplishing a specific outcome. family.
 Groups of people who are experiencing the same
situation tend to connect with each other. This The needs of the people are met when the members of a
connection will pursue common goal that leads community shared efforts equally to everyone’s
to movement. advantage: Common good, Collective action, and Public
 Based on doing changes and accomplishment for service.
the improvement of the community and its
Community as a network of interpersonal ties based on
members (Abenir and Alipao, 2016)
common interest.
 Includes broad range of activities and is
sometimes described as “social action” or Solidarity is the idea of unity or feeling of agreement
“community engagement”. among individuals with common interests.
 It pertains to the role of the community plays
 They involve greater engagement of local citizens Citizenship characterizes the relationship between a
in the planning, design, and delivery of local citizen and a political community.
services in the community.
Community Engagement refers to the process of
 It refers on accomplishment among the
working collaboratively working with or through groups
practitioners in attaining social change in the
of people who associate and affiliate themselves based on
community.
common attributes, geographic proximity, or special
Community Dynamics applies to any changes taking interest.
place within a group. Such improvement can be made by
Community Development is a condition where the
collective action. It refers on forces or properties that
capacity of people is enhanced allowing them to
stimulate growth, development, or change within a
participate in collective action and requires an integrative
system or process. Involves planning, consultation, and
approach to systematically assess the problem, capacitate
formulation in achieving programs that are initiated in
the community and solve the problem.
the community. Roles of the people within a community:
Community Consultation, joint planning, joint design. Lesson 1: Understanding Community

Notions in Defining Community

1. Community as shared political territory and heritage.

A community refers to a group of people living in the Elements of Community

same geographical area where interpersonal ties are
locally bounded and are based on a shared government 1. Membership the feeling of belonging or of sharing a
and common cultural and historical heritage. sense of personal relatedness. It consists of five attributes:

Local Boundaries of the Community a. Boundaries-allowing others to belong and keep others
out.
Institutions
b. Emotional safety feeling of security and trusts in
1. Family revealing how one really feels.

2. Education c. Sense of belonging and identification-feeling that the

members fit in, and accepted.
3. Government
d. Common symbol system-things used to represent the
4. Health Care community in order to further create and maintain a
5. Mass Media sense of community.

2. Influence the sense of having importance or of feeling

valued, wherein there is balance between the members
Grassroots feeling and the community being.
1. Territorial enclaves (Sitios) 3. Integration and fulfilment the feeling of fulfilment,
which stems from the personal investments that members
2. Villages make in maintaining community membership or in
3. People's organizations participating in community activities and affairs.

A community refers to networks of interpersonal ties 4. Shared emotional connection the sense of cultural and
that are based around a common interest. These ties historical heritage and the feeling that common
provide; experiences will continue to be shared in the future.
There are seven (7) important features of shred emotional
a. Mutual supports connection:
b. Sense of identity a. Contact hypothesis-members will become close when
there are lots of opportunities.
c. Sense of belongingness
b. Quality of interaction it brings positive and good
Some examples are: relationships.
a. Sporting community c. Closure to events-when the interaction is ambiguous
b. Business community then the community task is unresolved.

c. LGBT community d. Shared valent event hypothesis-increased importance

of a shared event results into greater community bond.
d. Online/Virtual community (netizens)
e. Investment-the exert effort of the members.
e. Civil Society Organization (CSO's) they usually address
social problems. Some examples are NGO's, trade unions, f. Effect of honor and humiliation to community members
faith-based organizations, indigenous people's g. Spiritual bond/sparks of friendships.
movements, human rights movement, and foundations.

3. Community as profound sharing of spiritual and/or

emotional connection. Community Action in Social Sciences
Some examples are: brethren Action in Social Sciences
Refers to the feeling that members have belonging, a - It refers on the people coming together to tackle an
feeling that members matter to one another and to the issue, support other people, or improve their local area.
group, and shared faith that members' needs will be met
through their commitment to be together. - It involves people giving their time and other resources
for the common good, in a range of forms from
volunteering to community-owned services, and peer
networks to community organizing.
-Max Weber a renowned sociologist, emphasized that - promotes creative and sustainable projects that work to
action is social if the acting individual takes account of raise the quality of living.
the behavior of others.
Functions of Community Dynamics in Social Sciences
Purpose of Community Action
1. Sociologist- concerned about the norms, functions,
As cited in (Melegrito, et.al 2016), community action is and planning of social policy. Ex. poverty, gender issues
related with putting communities at the heart of their
own local services. 2. Political Scientist- involved in the formulation of
policy and governance.
1. Building community and social capacity- helping
the community to share knowledge, skills, and ideas. 3. Economist- involved in the designing the market
structures, human capital, and trade.
2. Community resilience- helping the community to
support itself. 4. Anthropologist- they examine biological,
archaeological, linguistic or sociocultural traditions in the
3. Prevention- a focus on early access to services or community.
support, engagement in design, cross-sector collaboration
and partnerships. 5. Demographers- they are concerned on analyzing the
population including birth and death rates. Ex. local
4. Maintaining and creating wealth- helping people migration, teenage pregnancy
into employment or developing community enterprises.

Community Action in Social Sciences

 Community Development Specialist- working

alongside members of troubled communities,
inspiring them, supporting them, and offering them
guidance and opportunities. Ex. Employment and
skills training, supporting indigenous people in the
rural areas, urban planning.
 Journalist- they are responsible in gathering
information, write news pieces, and present the news
in an honest and balanced manner. Ex. Newspaper
columnist, documentaries for news and current
affairs.
 Counselors- uses counseling methods to help people
manage and overcome mental and emotional issues.
 Social Work- pertains planning, coordinating, and
implementing support packages to help clients and
their families cope in difficult times and overcome
dependencies.

What is Community Dynamics?

Dynamic in Social Sciences

-forces or properties that stimulate growth, development,

or change.

- refers on changing social relations and patterns in the

current structure.

Community Dynamics

- process of change and development

- the goal is to bring positive social change through

community for the most vulnerable sector

- help a person to work and to think creatively and

strategically
 b. Mores- widely observed and have great moral
significance
Functions of Community in terms of Social, Cultural,
Political, and Economic Structures. c. Laws- proscriptive and prescriptive norms written in a
legal code.

4. Values abstract values on what is good and acceptable.

Community Structures it is the proper way to
investigate how a community is organized, which 5. Beliefs- shared ideas of what is held collectively true by
specifically pertains to its structures. people in a community.

1. Community Social Structures the rules and 6. Rituals- refers to the established sacred or secular
expectations that people develop in the community procedures and ceremonies that people in the community
overtime to help regulate and manage their interaction regularly perform.
with one another. It consists of elements such as:
7. Artifacts- any objects or things that have special
a. Social Institutions it established patterns of belief and meaning for people in the community.
behavior that are centered on addressing basic social
needs of people in the community. 3. Community Political Structure- refers to the
established ways allocating power and making decisions
Ex. family, education, religion, media in running and managing community affairs.

b. Social Groups it consists of two or more people in the Elements of Political Structure
community who regularly interact with one another and
consider themselves a distinct social unit. 1. Political Organization- pertains either to political
parties or political groups in the community who
Ex. Neighbors, classmates, colleagues engage in political activities.
2. Citizenship Norms- a shared set of expectations
1. Primary group vs. Secondary group about the citizen's role in politics.
2. Formal group vs. Informal group 3. Power Relations- pertains to how different groups
in the community can interact with and control
3. In-group vs. Out-group other groups.
a. Dominant group- those who can control the value
c. Status-the positions or rank a person hold, in relation systems, rewards, and sources of the community.
to other members of the community. b. Minority group- are those whose voices are muted
1. Ascribed status-it is assigned at birth. and are considered subordinate to either the
authority or influence of the dominant group.
2. Achieved status acquired on the basis of merit. 4. Leadership Structure- refers to the composition of
recognized leaders in the community and the
d. Role the obligations or behaviors expected from an lines or workflow of their authority.
individual on the basis of one's status in life.
4. Community Economic Structure- pertains to various
2. Community Cultural Structure the institutionalized organized ways and means through which the people in
patterns of ways of life that are shared, learned, the community produce goods and services, allocate
developed, and accepted by the people in the community. limited resources, and generate wealth in order to satisfy
It consists of basic elements such as: their needs and wants.
1. Symbols-the words, gestures, objects, or signals. Shared 1. Capital Assets- the property or anything that is owned
words, gestures, objects or signals which people in and has an economic value that is expected to generate
community use to convey and develop recognizable profits for a long period of time.
meanings.
a. Human Capital- pertains to the labor force in the
2. Language- Symbolic system that allows people to community and their background in terms of health,
develop complex thoughts and record and explain new nutrition, education, knowledge and skills, and capacity
ideas either through written communication, 0ral and to work.
non-verbal actions.
b. Social Capital- collective value of social networks and
3. Norms-refer to specific cultural expectation on how to connections and inclinations that arise to provide mutual
behave in a given situation. The most cherish values in support.
the society.
c. Natural Capital- refers to the land and produced water
a. Folkways- routines and casual interaction. It has no and resources, trees and forest, products, wildlife,
moral significance biodiversity, and environmental services.
d. Physical Capital- refers to infrastructure use (transport, Types of Community Power Structures
roads, vehicles, secure shelter, and buildings, water
supply, and sanitation, energy. 1. Pluralist-the power becomes an attribute of an
individual and it is widely distributed within the members
e. Financial Capital- refers to savings, credit, debt, of the community.
remittances, pensions, and wages.
2. Elitist-the power generally conforms to the system of
2. Vulnerability Context- the insecurity in the well- hierarchical stratification and is associated with those
being of individuals and households in the community. who possess corporate wealth and/or prestige due to
traditional or religious authority.
Ex. Floods, conflicts, illnesses
A community pertains to the sense of spiritual and/or
3. Business Climate- the attitudes, laws, regulations, and emotional connections to others, or communion with
policies of the government, and lending institutions others on the basis of an experience of a common
towards business, enterprise, and business activity. problem or situated cognition.
4. Trade- it involves the sale and purchase of goods, Social Institution (Abenir & Alipao) refers to a social
services, and information. structure of social mechanisms of social order and
Community Dynamics-the changes that occur in the cooperation that given the behavior of its member.
community power structures and community population Good Characteristics of Social Institution:
composition over time.
1. Institutions are purposive
Factors Affecting Changes in Community Power 2. Institutions are relatively permanent in content
Structures 3. Institutions are structured
1. Authority- the power that one has over another by 4. Institutions are unified structures
virtue of an elective position or an office appointment. 5. Institutions are necessarily value laden

2. Influence the power that a person possesses over Four Perspective of Community
another by virtue of other people's positive perception of 1. Social Science perspective- a group of people on the
the former's competence and ability. same defined are. Sharing common basic values,
3. Charisma the influence of having unique qualities of organization and interest. A group of people whose
personal magnetism that people naturally follow, often connection and relationship are formed by their shared
with blind devotion. histories, experiences, geographic, and identities.

Factors Affecting Changes in the Composition of 2. Institutional perspective- communities have a

People in the Community mechanism for coordinating values, goals and actions.

1. Fertility- the actual reproductive performance that can a. formal institution- explicitly communicated, embodied
be expected of a person, couple, group, or population in legally codified documents or artifacts.
during woman's childbearing years (15-49 years of age). b. informal institutions- are practiced norms, traditions,
It may also subject to some determinants such as: culture, conduct, and belief systems of a community.

a. Social preconditions of marriage 3. Civil Society- communities are built in pursuit of

advocates, causes and goals.
b. Legal preconditions of marriage
4. Organic perspectives- refers to local or grassroots
c. Birth control methods group within a particular locale that are driven and
organized because of community issues and concerns.
2. Mortality the demographic process relating to deaths,
often summarized by death rates, survival rates and life Typologies in the Community
expectancy contribute to lowering fertility rates.
Community- It refers either in terms of geographic
3. Migration-the process of moving from one place to boundary, shared common interest, or emotional and
another. spiritual connection.

Ideal type of social organization

a. Internal Migration the movement of people within Gemeinschaft- communal society, refers to human
the same geographical area or region. associations that are characterized by being intimate,
informal, caring, homogenous, and well oriented.
b. External Migration-the movement of people is from a
national boundary to another.
Gesellschaft- associational society, pertains to human Community Action Modalities
associations that characterized by being impersonal,
formal, rational, heterogenous, and individualistically Community Action is a form of Community engagement
oriented. and solidarity which is essential for you to learn and
develop the social responsibility that can be a form of
Classification of Communities civic engagement. Communities Action refers to the
collective efforts of people directed toward addressing
Urban- cities of big towns, not much open space, there is social problems, (e.g., social inequalities, environmental
a large, highly dense, and heterogenous population. degradation, and poverty) in order to achieve social well-
The class status varied of people varied ranging from very being.
rich down to the very poor. High stratification. It is to learn social responsibility and develop your
City of a lot of work opportunities are available, people penchant for civic engagement.
see this community as progressive It is to learn that you have the abilities in bringing
Rural- territorial areas or villages, small, low density, positive changes in your communities.
homogenous, lot of open spaces for vegetation and Community Engagement- It is to learn social
natural environment. responsibility and develop your penchant for civic
The division of labor is based on agricultural, or aquatic engagement.
industries, supported by farming and fishery Communities Engagement refers to the process of
infrastructure. developing partnerships and sustaining relationships with
Suburban- residential or mixed area, located at the city, and through groups of people affiliated by geographic
outskirts within community distance of city, most people proximity or common interests for the purpose of
work in the cities but others opt to work subdivisions. working for the common good by addressing issues
affecting their well-being.
Range of Community
Modalities of Community Engagement
1. Local Community- geographically bounded, community
such as village, barangay, city, town, municipality, Service Learning- is a teaching methodology that employs
province, region, and country. Group of people living in a community service and reflection on service to teach
shared environment. community engagement, develop greater community and
social responsibility, and strengthen communities.
2. Global Community- Characterizes the interconnectivity (Donahue, Fenner, and Mitchelle 2015; Scott and Graham
of people or countries all over the world. 2015).
Empowered through the ways of technology. Service learning projects are expected to be a
collaborative effort between the community and the
Ex. ASEAN, United Nation students so that community issues or social problems can
Types of Community Sector be addressed.

Public Sector- denotes the government and its agencies Community Outreach- It refers to the voluntary services
and responsible for promoting the common good. It rendered by students, school faculty and employees, or
provides security from external threats. It maintains alumni in response to the social, economic, and political
peace and order. needs of communities.

Private Sector- refers to business or enterprises. It Community Engaged Research- It is a collective process
promotes economic growth, and generating order. It is between or among faculty, students, and partner
responsible for producing goods and services. They help communities in conducting research. Here, the
the government to lift the society’s quality of life. communities are considered as co-leaders in the design
and conduct of the different phases of the research
Voluntary Sector- known as non-profit organization, civil process.
society organizations, faith-based organizations.
It is stressed that the foregoing serve as guides in
Social Space exploring the different avenues through which school
stakeholders can engage with the communities for social
- Various forms of spaces used by community in change.
conducting social interaction.
- Either geographical or virtual community where Different level of Community Engagement
people gather to build a network.
1. One-way relationship- relationship on disseminating 2. Solidarities defied boundaries- these boundaries
information for community members can be done via that get in the way can be race, nation, gender, wealth
traditional media, mass media and social media. indeed anything upon which a segregation can be created.

2. Consultation- It seeks to interact with communities for 3. Solidarity is from communication to action-
the purpose of getting feedback without direct without solidarity, without considering the needs of
community participation in designing the project along others, creating as more civilized worlds will be a
with implementation and evaluation. challenge.

3. Involvement- community stakeholders as volunteers or

consumers of a service learning or community outreach
project and its associated activities. Forms of Community Engagement

4. Active Participation- allows the involvement of Direct Service: Giving personal time and energy to address
community members in the planning, implementation, immediate community needs. Examples include tutoring,
and overall assessment of development initiatives. serving food at a shelter, building or repairing homes, and
neighborhood park clean-ups.

Community Research: Exploring a community to learn

Transactional- one-way community project or activity about its assets and how it is being affected by current
that comes from service providers for the community. social problems. This form of community engagement
provides knowledge that other efforts can build upon.
This may include volunteer work, free consultancy
services, philanthropic cash donations, skills transfer, and Advocacy and Education: Using various modes of
technical support extension. persuasion (e.g., petitions, marches, letter-writing to
convince government or corporate decision-makers) to
Transitional- two-way community project brought about make choices that will benefit the community. Education
by the process of consultation and collaboration between also includes raising public awareness of social issues by
the service provider and the community. Here, repeated giving speeches to community groups, distributing
engagement between the community and the service written materials to the general public, or providing
provider takes place as a result of the infusion of educational activities in schools.
consultation and collaboration mechanisms in the
organization and implementation of community projects. Capacity Building: Working with the diverse
constituencies of a community and building on existing
Transformative or Transformational- two-way community assets to solve problems and making it a better place.
project characterized by active dialogue and critical Creating a space for everyone in the community to have a
reflectivity brought about by the process of involvement say in what the community should be like and how to get
of the external agent and the community. Here, there is there.
what is called the involvement of joint learning and value-
generation, and community leadership in the decision- Political Involvement: Participating in processes of
making process is prioritized. government such as campaigning and voting. This
includes keeping informed about issues in the local,
national, and global communities in order to voted
Solidarity- it is about regarding our fellow human beings responsibly and engaging in discourse and debate about
justly & respecting who they are as a person. current social issues.

A person is in connection with other people with the Socially Responsible Personal and Professional Behavior:
society and with the environment. Maintaining a sense of responsibility to the welfare of
others when making personal or professional decisions in
A person has to relate responsibility and act in solidarity using one's career or professional training to benefit the
with others and whole humanity. community. This category describes personal lifestyle
choices that reflect commitment to one's values
It is about treasuring our fellow human beings and
regarding who they are as people of God.

Importance of Solidarity

1. Solidarity is more than unions- It is about working

with people on the things that matter to them.

It is about believing that what hurts my neighbor also

hurt myself.
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s) To avoid plagiarism, paraphrase the text.

By Author, this guideline in citation secures that all data

and information, facts, ideas, or principle from your
Research the investigation or experimentation aimed at sources are discussed or explained separately.
the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of
accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or Researcher Y explains the study of Villafuerte (2021) and
practical application of such new or revised theories or Guzman (2022) related to academic performance.
laws. However, there is a problem with this kind of write-up.
The researcher’s synthesis and gaps in both studies.
The first thing that you do in planning for your research is
to inquire about the emerging problems. Citation Style: APA or American Psychological
Association
The first consideration in planning your research is to
think of a topic that is most interesting to you. Field of education, business, and communication.

Brainstorming should do with your research groupmates APA 7th example:

to come up with a research topic.
Santrock, E. (2020). Educational Psychology (5th ed.)
The research topic is “researchable” if it is evident in Routledge.
your research locale.
Masood, M.M., & Haque, M. (2021). From critical
Introduction: the nature, background, and justification of pedagogy to critical digital pedagogy: a prospective model
your research topic. for the EFL classrooms. Saudi Journal of Language
Studies, 1(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/sjlss-03-2021-
IPO or Input-Process-Output method use in graphically 0005
presenting the conceptual framework.
Citation is where the researcher tells to her target
Conceptual Framework: Research X discusses Rational readers that the information that are in his manuscript
Choice Theory and its relationship to academic came from another author or another source. The process
performance. by which a researcher will tell to her target that a certain
Statement of the problem is the research questions that material in his work came from another source.
you need to answer. Modern Language Association, citation style can we
Scope and Delimitation sets borders and limitations of use if we belong in the field of Humanities.
the problem inquiry and narrows down the scope of the Chicago Style, do the notes and bibliography style.
inquiry.
Currency. “This paper is a little too outdated. This won’t
Significance of the Study provides information to the do.” “This paper has just been conducted last year. This
reader on how the study will contribute. suits my study.” “This study was conducted in the late
In defining terms, the terms should be relevant to the 90s. This does no longer apply in today’s world. I will look
study. for another.”

Methodology discusses the specific procedures or Coverage. “This not go along with my research topic. I
techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze won’t need this.” “Upon reading the title, I thought it is
information about a topic. relevant to my study, but as I read on it, it is not.”

RRL or Review of Related Literature discusses the nature Accuracy. “This paper went through a peer evaluation.
of your research study. This must be a thorough research.”

Plagiarism call the act of “presenting someone else’s Authority. “I have read the qualifications of this author
work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, and he is a doctor. I will include this.”
by incorporating into your work without full Qualitative Research Design: Research X wants to
acknowledgement. Failed to cite the source of the uncover the lived experiences of his/her prospective
information you have put on manuscript. This refers to participants.
unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned
or accidental) of another author/researcher or your own Quantitative Research Design: Researcher Y wanted to
previous works without proper acknowledgement. investigate if a certain population agrees with the
implementation of F2F classes. Due to this concern,
In-text citation: paraphrased the text from the RRL that he/she gathered from the population to give a general
you read, then inserted the authors and the date of insight into what he/she is inquiring about.
publication.
Mixed Method Research Design: Researcher Z aims to
have a concrete insight and conclusions in his/her Brainstorming is a way of inquiring ideas that will help
research, and at the same time, verify the accuracy and you to develop concepts and focusing techniques by
authenticity of her data. asking questions and knowing the interests of the persons
involved in the said issues. The potential ideas can be
Slovin’s Formula: Researcher B wants to accurately visualized for interpretations.
know the sample size for his/her research. The following are the things that may be considered
Descriptive: Researcher C needs to calculate the before starting the research activity:
weighted mean of the responses that he/she will be 1. A problem that is most interesting to you
gathered from the survey. 2. Existing problems in the class/school/campus which
one may want to solve
Data Collection Procedure is known as the process of 3. Existing needs of the community or society
gathering and measuring information on variables of 4. Area of interest, specialization or event from related
interest. fields
5. Prevailing theories and philosophy
Understanding ways to collect data is known as research
methodology. Sampling Procedure
Experimental is a type of quantitative research that
guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sampling Methods:
a. Random Sampling is a technique that uses
Quantitative designs: Correlational, Experimental, Causal- randomization to make sure that every element of the
Comparative population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected
sample.
Survey uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling b. Stratified Sampling is a technique that divides the
polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. elements of the population into small subgroups (strata)
Questionnaire is a self-directing instrument structured based on the similarity in such a way that the elements
with questions and indicators. within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous
among the other subgroups formed.
Instrument is the genetic term that researchers use for a c. Convenience Sampling where the samples are
measurement device. selected based on availability.
d. Purposive Sampling is based on the intention or the
Content analysis is a research technique used to make
purpose of the study.
replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding
e. Quota Sampling, this type of sampling depends on
textual material.
some pre-set standard. It selects the representative
Problem-solving solves practical problems while sample from the population.
producing inferences by interpreting and coding textual f. Referral/Snowball Sampling is used in situations
material. where the population is completely unknown and rare.

Correlational study determines whether or not two Qualitative Research: A systematic subjective approach
variables are correlated. used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.
To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and
In data gathering on the qualitative research for life, it
complexity inherent in the phenomenon.
abounds with words, and visuals.
Ethnography - you immerse yourself in the
Phenomenology is the study on how people understand target participants’ environment to understand the goals,
their experiences meaningful. cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that
emerge.
Case study is a process or record of research in which Narrative - weaves together a sequence of
detailed consideration is given to the development of a events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a
particular person, group, or situation over a period of cohesive story.
time. Phenomenological - is an appropriate
qualitative method when you want to describe an event,
Quota sampling is a homogenous stratum, ensures
activity, or phenomenon.
representative proportions, wherein the researcher
Case Study - a way of explaining an organization,
includes the specified number of samples like 5 sample
entity, company, or event which involves a deep
only.
understanding through multiple types of data sources.
Purposive sampling is handpicked by the researcher
based on qualities for the purposes of study. Quantitative Research: An objective, systematic
empirical investigation of observable phenomena through
the use of computational techniques. It highlights
numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield c) In this example, it is evident that by using by author
unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger or writer method, the information coming from a specific
population and explain a particular observation. author will be discussed separately from the others.
Survey Research - uses interviews,
questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of 2) By topic
behavior with intense precision. a) This method of citation is used when several authors or
Correlational Research - tests for the sources give the same information about a certain topic.
relationships between two variables. The citation of the information will be granted to all of
Causal-comparative - research looks to uncover the authors.
a cause-and-effect relationship. This research is not b) Example:
conducted between the two groups on each other. Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay,
Experimental Research - is guided specifically 2005)
by a hypothesis. In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna & Magsaysay)
shared the same idea about research. When you are going
to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the
Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing authors that published this said information.
your readers that certain information came from a
specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the 3) Chronological
explanation of a certain situation or data of your research. a) Citing sources using the chronological method involves
When citing sources, you must see to it that the sequencing the information based on the year it was
information borrowed from other authors are properly published.
cited. b) Example:
Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: a) Yu (2005) states that …
in-text citation and b) referencing list. And (2007) discussed about…
A. The In-text citation refers to all of the Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
citations that can be found in all of the chapters in your In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically
research paper. The commonly used information in this from the earliest to
manner of citation is the following: the latest.
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source  We need to write the Review of Related
3. The page number where you found the information Literature because it reveals the gaps in previous
B. Referencing list refers to the bibliography
studies.
and/or references of your research paper. This holds the
 The very first thing that you do in planning for
summary of the information of all of your sources.
your research is to inquire about the emerging
Information needed in making the referencing list
involves the problems
following:  The expected content of the Statement of the
1. Author’s name Problem is the research questions that you need
2. Date of the publication of the source to answer.
3. The page number where you found the information  The content of Introduction is the nature,
4. Publisher background, and justification of your research
5. Place of Publishing topic.
6. Volume  Research- investigation or experimentation
7. Edition aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts,
8. Other relevant information revision of accepted theories or laws in the light
of new facts, or practical application of such new
or revised theories or laws
In the in-text- citation of related literature, three (3)
 Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's
guidelines should be considered,
namely: a) by author or writer, b) by topic and c) work or ideas as your own, with or without their
chronological means of citation. consent, by incorporating it into your work
1) By author or writer without full acknowledgment.
a) In this method of citation, all your data and  Notes and bibliography style belongs to Chicago
information, facts, ideas or principles from your sources Style of citation.
are discussed or explained separately.  Not all research papers have a research
b) Example: hypothesis because it is only suitable for data that
Cruz (2002) states that research is … need to undergo inferential statistics.
Dela Torre (2005) described the research as …
  Methodology discusses the specific procedures or Allen, T. (1974).Vanishing Wildlife of North America.
techniques used to identify, select, process, and Washichton,D.C.: National Geographic Society.
analyze information about a topic.
 If we belong in the field of Humanities we can
2. Website or Webpage. The standard pattern for it are
use Modern Language Association citation style.
written below.
 Citation is a process by which a researcher will
tell to her target that a certain material in his
Pattern for an Online Periodical:
work came from another source.
 American Psychological Association citation style
Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title
is used in the field of education, business, and
of periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year,
communication.
from full URL.
 “APA” stands for American Psychological
Association
Example:
 Understanding ways to collect data is known as
Devitt, T. (2001,August 2). Lightning injuries for at music
Research Methodology.
festival. The Why/Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from
 Survey is a type of research that uses interviews,
http://whyfiles.org./137 lightning /index.html
questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense
of behavior with intense precision.
Pattern for an Online Document:
 Questionnaire is a self-directing instrument
Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work.
structured with questions and indicators.
Retrieved Month day, year from full URL.
 Phenomenology- the study on how people
understand their experiences meaningful
Examples:
 Instrument is the generic term that researchers
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic
use for a measurement device.
Arts Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998 from Alderman
 Experimental-type of quantitative research that
Library, University of Virginia.http://etext.lib.virginia.edu
guided specifically by a hypothesis
/subjects/afam.html.
 Data Collection Procedure- the process of
gathering and measuring information on
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000,March 7). Cultivating positive
variables of interest
emotions to optimize health and well-being. Preventions
 Problem Solving is constructive research that
and treatment,3. Article 0001a. Retrieved November
solves practical problems while producing an
20,2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/
academically appreciated theoretical contribution
volume3 /pre003000Ia .html.GVU’s 8th WWW user
 Content analysis- research technique used to
survey.(n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.
make replicable and valid inferences by
cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10.
interpreting and coding textual material
 Case study is a process or record of research in
Note: When citing an internet source, refer to the specific
which detailed consideration is given to the
website of the document. If the document is undated, use
development of a particular person, group, or
“n.d.” (for no date) immediately after the document title.
situation over a period of time
Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash
or before a period. Continually, check your references to
How will I craft my list of references using the APA
online documents. There is NO PERIOD following the
style of referencing?
URL. Also, if you cannot find any of the information given
Below are the various ways on how you will craft the
above, cite an information that are readily available on
reference list of your research
paper. the document you are citing. Consequently, if the
1. Books. This is the pattern that the researcher may document is contained within a large and complex
follow. website (such as for the university or a government
Pattern: agency), just identify the host organization and the
relevant program or department before giving the URL
Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of for the document itself.
Publication). Book Title. City of Publication: Name of
Publication.

Example:
 compressed air which enables the diver to breath
normally underwater.

Rate of Perceived Exertion - It is a scale used to identify

the intensity of your exercise based on how hard you feel
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 12 (or perceive) your effort to be.
GRADE 12, Second Semester/S.Y. 2023-2024 Aquatics - It is defined as motor activities performed in
REVIEWER water for purposes that may be utilitarian, competitive,
educational, therapeutic, or recreational.
Physical Activity - bodily movement produced by skeletal Buoyancy - It is the upward force of the water on an
muscles that requires energy expenditures. object.
Physical Activity- referred to as aerobic, increasing your
breathing and heart rates. Recreational Activities - It helps manage stress and create
a balance between academic pressures with physical and
Aerobic physical activity - a form of physical exercise that
mental well-being.
combine rhythmic exercise with stretching and
Trekking - This activity is quite challenging, allowing the
strength training routines to improve all elements of
trekkers to pass through an uncharted path.
fitness.
Orienteering - It is an outdoor activity that requires you
Muscle-strengthening physical activity- an increase in to follow a specific sequence of preset course with the
skeletal muscle strength, power, endurance, and mass. help of navigating devices, specifically maps and
Bone-strengthening activity- It produces an impact or compass to go through an unfamiliar terrain.
tension force on the bones, promoting bone growth and Hiking - It is an outdoor activity where there are clear
strength. paths to follow.
Stretching - It is a form of physical exercise in which a Camping - It is an enjoyable outdoor activity that allows
specific muscle or tendon is deliberately flexed to improve you to experience simple adventures it involves activities
the muscle’s felt elasticity and achieve comfortable like carrying backpacks, hiking and most of all pitching of
muscle tone. tents.
Cardiovascular-respiratory Fitness- The body of physically Hiking - It involves a long energetic walk in a natural
fit people can sufficiently and efficiently supply fuel or environment on hiking trails or footpaths for a day or
oxygen to the muscles during physical activities via the overnight.
circulatory & respiratory systems. Orienteering - An outdoor competitive sport that is
Muscle Fitness - This refers to one’s ability to use muscles similar to cross-country running but with an
for physical activities emphasis on map-reading and direction-finding
Flexibility - This refers to a person’s ability to move his or skills.
her joints smoothly through a complete range of motion.
Body Composition - This refers to the measurement of the NOT a health benefit of hiking and trekking.
relative amounts of a person’s body fat, muscle, bone, -It minimizes your self-confidence
and water. An energy-giving food- Go
Recreation comes from the Latin word recreare which Glow - Which of the following food group is full of
means to be resfreshed. vitamins and minerals to keep our skin, hair and eyes
Reading books - Which of the following is an example of bright and glowing?
passive recreation?
Grow - Which of the following food groups is responsible
an example of outdoor recreation-biking
for building our bones, teeth and muscles?
Swimming - It is a sport or activity of propelling oneself
through water using the limbs Glow - It can keep our immune system strong so that we
Rafting - It is the activity of being moved quickly in a raft can fight bugs and viruses.
(small boat filled with air) along rivers where the current
is very strong. Carbo-loaded - Stella is planning to go on hiking in the
next few hours. What would be the best choice of foods
Surfing - It is a sport or pastime of riding a wave toward is she going to prepare?
the shore while standing or lying on a surfboard. Flu - Eating too much may lead to serious health
Fishing - It is the activity of catching fish, either for food problems. Which of the following is NOT considered as a
or as a sport. chronic disease?
Boating - It is an activity of rowing or sailing in boats as 8 glasses of water our body needs in order to stay
a sport or form of recreation. hydrated
We need to drink plenty of water- It is essential nutrient
Scuba diving - is a diving method where a diver uses a for your body.
regulator as the breathing apparatus and a tank with
Please analyze the situations:
Dehydrated
Severely dehydrated
Hydrated
Well dehydrated

-Your doctor recommends you continue drinking water.

HYDRATED
- You need to drink more to prevent heat illness or heat
stroke. WELL HYDRATED
- The doctor told you that your urine is very dark/red
seek medical attention without delay. SEVERELY
HYDRATED
-The weather was hot and we were having fun playing
Basketball, a lot of sweat came out of my body and I
suddenly felt thirsty. HYDRATED
-The child has diarrhea and does not have enough water
in the body and the doctor said that it is necessary to
drink oresol. DEHYDRATED

NOT included in the reasons physical activity helps stress

management?
- Helps you feel dizzy and sleepy.
When you are stressed, the following are the things you
are going to do, EXCEPT: - work more

Physical
Social
Psycho-Emotional
Economic
-It allows you to move your body freely. PHYSICAL
- It starts with meeting new friends and having good
relationships with others. SOCIAL
-Relax and feel renewed. PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL
-Efficient and productive in your workplace. ECONOMIC
-It helps you become flexible in any physical activity.
PHYSICAL
 Work Immersion MY HUMSS PORTFOLIO

A portfolio is a “ flat case for carrying papers and You may use any printed format for this portfolio as long
drawings” as it contains all required components. It must also
comply with the criteria as reflected in the rubric
Indeed, Portfolios are used by painters, architects, and
provided.
other artists to showcase samples of their best work.
PURPOSE OF THE PORTFOLIO
Portfolios in education, on the other hand, contain
samples or evidences of what students have learned in a To showcase the student's best work (within or outside
particular subject area at a given time. class) that reflects achievement of learning goals in each
of the specialized subjects. under the HUMSS Strand.
“ A portfolio is a purposeful, integrated collection of
student work showing effort, progress, or achievement in PARTS OF THE PORTFOLIO
one or more areas” (Belgrad, Burke, and Fogarty, 2008, 2).
(Hopkinton High School, 1999,194)
It is also a “record of learning that focuses on students’
work and their reflections on the work” (Benson and 1. Cover Page- The student may creatively design the
Barnett, 1999 , 14). cover as long as it includes the following information:
name of student, grade level, section, school year, name
Indeed, it is another way assessing student learning of school, and name of teacher.
without the use of standardized tests and evaluation.
2. Portfolio Checklist and Self-Assessment- Checklist
In general, there are four types of portfolios used in of requirements and self-assessment using the rubric
education (Johnson, Mims-Cox, and Doyle-Nicholas, 2010, provided.
38).
3. Table of Contents
a. Showcase Portfolio - Similar to the original meaning
of "portfolio," a showcase portfolio is a collection of a 4. Preface- A narrative that provides a brief background
student's best work in a given discipline or subject area. of yourself and why you are making a portfolio. It must
The student is the one who selects which work he/she also describe the reasons and process you used in
considers best and why. selecting the artifacts or works you have included in your
portfolio. Finally, it should include your all overall
b. Growth Portfolio- A growth portfolio demonstrates reflection and learning.
how a student developed particular skill or knowledge
over time. It provides evidence of a student's progress in a 5. Presentation of Selected Work
learning area. Unlike a showcase portfolio, you not only a. Subject- Identify the subject where each artifact
see a student's best work, but also see the students. belongs.
journey toward achieving excellence in the given skill.

c. Project Portfolio- A project portfolio emphasizes how

a student completed discipline-based procedures or Format:
processes. The projects documented usually represent
➤Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems
tasks or skills that professionals in the field usually do in
real life. ➤Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
(DIAS)

9 ➤Creative Writing

➤ Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

d. Academic Portfolio or Standards-Based Portfolio- ➤ Creative Nonfiction

An academic portfolio is a collection of student work that
represents achievement of the content and performance ➤Philippine Politics and Governance
standards for a given course. ➤Trends and Critical Thinking in the 21" Century Culture
For the HUMSS Individual Learning Portfolio, we shall be
➤ Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship
combining the elements of the showcase portfolio and
the standards-based portfolio.
b. Artifacts- The student's best work may include actual 5. Self-Assessment- Using the rubric or criteria provided
student output within or outside class; photo of a school by the teacher, the student evaluates the completed
presentation/performance; reflection paper, awards; portfolio. A student enhances the portfolio in the areas
commendations; etc. You may include memorabilia he/she rated low.
related to the main artifact you are presenting.
6. Connection and Presentation- Students share their
c. Description of the Artifact- Brief narrative describing portfolio with classmates, teachers, and even parents.
what, when, where, how, and why of the chosen artifact. They are also given the opportunity to provide feedback
on the portfolio.
d. Learning Goals Reflected- Content or performance
standard related to the artifact.

e. Reflection on the Artifact- This may include your most In terms of management of portfolio ideas, Johnson,
significant learning or realization about yourself or the Mims-Cox, and Doyle-Nichols (2010) provided some tips
subject. which you may follow:

6. Personal Vision and Goals for the Future- Narrative that 1. Set up a time line with due dates for installments in the
describes your dreams, goals, and aspirations for yourself portfolio.
for the next 10 years. Some questions you may use as
a. Practice writing reflective statements for each potential
guide are the following:
portfolio entry
➤Where do you see yourself ten years from now? What
b. Make sample reflection sheets for dry runs
would you be doing?

➤ What have you achieved personally and professionally?

2. Review samples of completed portfolios with
➤ What would you do to make these dreams and importance of appearance and scoring.
aspirations happen?
3. To ensure clarity of expectations, review the rubrics or
scoring guides on advance.
Portfolio Development Phases 4. Make the portfolio process convenient.
According to Johnson, Mims-Cox, and Doyle-Nicholas a. Use materials that are readily available
(2010), the development of portfolios in education
normally goes through six phrases, namely: b. Store folders alphabetically in milk crates or cardboard
boxes, or file cabinets
1. Projection- This is the stage where students define the
goal or purpose of the portfolio. In this case, the purpose c. Use binders
of the portfolio is to showcase their best work and
d. Color-code to distinguish among classes
connect them to the course standards. At this stage, the
students also identify subtasks necessary in developing
the portfolio. They would also estimate the time and
resources available the project. Portfolio entries to accomplish:

2. Collection- The student collects and retrieves as many 1. Resume -attach your resume
evidences or outputs from the course. -write a reflection about the resume
that you made
3. Selection- The student evaluates all of the artifacts
gathered using criteria appropriate for the purpose of the 2. Application -attach your application letter
portfolio. In this case, the criteria would focus on Letter -write a reflection about writing your
excellent artifacts that are aligned with the standards of application letter
the course. 3. Job -attach photos of your job interview
Interview -write a reflection on your experience
4. Reflection- The student makes personal and academic in your job interview
insights. based on the artifacts gathered. This includes 4. Company -attach a list of your company's rules
reflections for each artifact and reflections for the whole Rules and and regulations
portfolio. Regulations -write a reflection on how you
behaved and followed their rules and
regulations
5. Work -attach photos of you in your work
Immersion immersion activities
Task/Activities -write a reflection on how you
managed to comply with your work/
task. Was the task easy? Was it
difficult?
6. Daily Time -attach your Daily time record and
Record and daily task record
Daily Task -write a reflection on how having a
What Is Feedback?
Record time record affects your efficiency in
accomplishing your task Feedback can be information about the quantity or
quality of a group's work, an assessment of effectiveness
7. Personal -attach photos of good personality
of the group's task or activity, or evaluations of members'
Traits 1 traits you demonstrated during the
individual performances.
work immersion which are pleasing
appearance, courtesy, conduct, Why Groups Needs Feedback
industriousness, and reliability
1. Group members who believe that their input to the
8. Personal -attach photos of good personality group will be evaluated are less likely to become social
Traits 2 traits you demonstrated during the loafers those members who hide behind the efforts of
work immersion which is on other group members.
sociability, drive and leadership.
Mental maturity, and stress tolerance 2. Group members who receive positive feedback about
their group's performance and their interactions are more
9. Updated -attach updated resume likely to be satisfied with group member relationships,
Resume -write a reflection about the resume believe that their group is more prestigious, be more
that you updated cohesive, and believe that group members are competent
at their task or activity (Anderson, Martin, & Riddle, 2001;
10. Work -attach photos of your highlights Limon & Boster, 2003).
Immersion during the work immersion
Highlights -write a reflection of your whole Levels of Feedback
experience during your work
immersion Task and Procedural Feedback
11. Reflection -write a reflection on creating a
Feedback at the task or procedural level usually involves
on Creating portfolio using CERAE format.
issues of effectiveness and appropriateness. Issues of
My Portfolio
C- Content: what is your portfolio quantity and quality of group output are the focus of task
about feedback.
E-Experience: what are your
Procedural feedback
experiences in creating the portfolio?
R-Reflection: what have you learned It provides information on the processes the group used
in your portfolio-creating to arrive at its outcome. Is the brainstorming procedure
experience? effective for the group? Did group members plan
A-Action: what do you plan to do sufficiently?
based on your reflection?
E-Evaluation: Evaluate the Individual Feedback
experience as a whole.
Feedback that focuses on specific group members is
12. Collage of -attach a collage of your Senior High individual feedback. This feedback may address the
my Senior School experience knowledge, skills, or attitudes a group member
High School demonstrates or displays. A good place to start is with
Experience seven characteristics that affect an individual's ability to
be an effective group member (Larson & LaFasto, 1989).
 The feedback process is not a blaming process. Rather, it
should be used as an awareness strategy, a learning tool,
Types of Feedback
and a goal-setting strategy.
There are three types of feedback- descriptive,
Relational Feedback
evaluative, and prescriptive
Feedback that provides information about the group
Descriptive Feedback
climate or environmental or interaction dynamics within
Feedback that merely identifies or describes how a group a relationship in the group is relational feedback. This
member communicates is descriptive feedback. You may feedback focuses group members' attention on how well
describe someone's communicator style, or you may note they are working together rather than on the procedures
that someone's verbal communication and nonverbal used to accomplish their tasks.
communication suggest different meanings.
Individual Feedback
Evaluative Feedback
Feedback that focuses on specific group members is
Feedback that goes beyond mere description and provides individual feedback. This feedback may address the
an evaluation or assessment of the person who knowledge, skills, or attitudes a group member
communicates is evaluative feedback. demonstrates or displays. A good place to start is with
seven. characteristics that affect an individual's ability to
Too much negative evaluative feedback decreases be an effective group member (Larson & LaFasto, 1989).
motivation and elicits defensive coping attributions, such
as attributing the feedback to others. -going to respond to three main issues:

At the extreme, it can destroy group members' pride in (a) Do you demonstrate the essential skills and abilities
their group. In these cases, group members are likely to needed by the team?
spend additional time rationalizing their failures (for
(b) Do you demonstrate a strong desire to contribute to
example, finding a way to see a loss as a win) (Nadler,
the group's activities? And
1979).
(c) Are you capable of collaborating effectively with other
To be constructive, evaluative feedback that identifies
team members?
group member deficiencies is best given in groups with a
supportive communication climate in which trust has
developed among members.
Group Feedback. At this level, feedback focuses on how
In contrast, favorable feedback generates motivation and well the group is performing. Have team members
increases feelings of attraction among group members developed adequate skills for working together?
(Nadler, 1979).
What is Synthesizing?
Naturally, we assume that positive evaluative feedback
Synthesizing is similar to baking a cake. When we bake a
will have positive effects on a group. But can a group
cake, we combine all of the separate ingredients eggs,
receive too much favorable feedback?
flour, sugar, butter, etc to make a new thing, a cake!
A group inundated by positive remarks, particularly in the
absence of negative evaluations, will start to distrust the
feedback as information and perceive it as insincere. When we synthesize, we take what we already know and
mix it with what we have learned from reading and
discussion to create new ideas and understandings.

The REST Method

For upper elementary and middle school grades, an easy

Prescriptive Feedback approach to teaching synthesizing is the REST method.

Feedback that provides group members with advice about RS-read two different sources about a topic and record
how they should act or communicate is prescriptive ideas.
feedback.
ES- edit notes and combine concepts that are similar.
SS- synthesize by combining notes with what you already
know about the topic.

TS- think about your new ideas and connect them to

what you already know.

The ADD Method

In younger grades or for students that are struggling with

synthesizing, teachers can use the ADD method. ADD is
similar to REST, but it can be used with just one text. The
advantage of ADD is that it helps students learn to
integrate their learning with what they already know and
discuss with other students.

AS- what the students already knows about the topic.

DS- what the student learned during the reading on the

same topic.

DS- what the student learned during the discussion of the

topic. I think of ADD as a stoplight. A is the red light,
where students stop and think about what they already
know before moving on. During the read, students
proceed with caution (yellow light) and process new facts
about the topic. The green light is the discussion, when
students talk with peers and discuss what they have
learned about the subject.

Venn Diagram

Students can use this method to record facts about two

topics, which go in the large outer circles and then record
overlapping facts and ideas where the circles overlap.

They can add information at each step prior knowledge,

reading, and discussion.

Students can formulate their own ideas and thoughts

about the topic.

Venn Diagrams really only work well with simple topics

and comparisons.