Quadratic Equations CHAPTER e= | and Functions 1. A quadratic equation in one variable can be solved by + completing the square, + using formuta, + graphical method. = ‘Completing the square Using formula Graphical method To solve a quadratic equation in the form x? + px + q = 0 by completing the square: + Rewrite the equation such that the constant term is on the RHS of the equation, ie.x° + px=-q. . 2) to both sides of the Add (2) to both sides of the ationtoform(x +2} =(2) —g = ( 5) (3) : + Take the square roots on both sides of the equation to solve for x. The formula for solving a quadratic equation in the form ax* + bx + -by 2a Note that when, the equation has no real solutions, Tosolvea quadratic equation in the form ax’ + bx + = 0 by graphical method: + Drawthegraphofy=ar'+br-+0. * The solution(s) of the equation ondinate(s) are given by the x of the point(s) of intersection of the graph with the x-axis. 2, Equations that have one or more algebraic fractions are known as fractional equations. To solve a fractional equation: ‘+ Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCM of the denominators, + Reduce it to a quadratic equation. * Solve the equation either by factorisation or by using the quadratic formula.a y-intercept —> Graphs of quadratic functions of the form y = (x — kyla — A) or =r M(x—h) <—— line of symmetry y y-intercept—y} The line of symmetry passes through the mid ‘<— minimum point (© INe=&) <— maximum point <— line of symmetry ~Or= Neh) ipoint of the x-intercepts, 4. Graphs of quadratic functions of the form y= (x p)'+g or y=—(x~ p+ q 4 yvintercept y-intercept >, ‘gx = pis the line of symmetry (p, @is the $< minimum point <—$ pp qiis ihe ‘maximum point <—— x= pis the line of symmetry2 4. 5. Solve each of the following equations, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary. Ge 25 (©) Gr-4=5 @ (Ee-1) 7 (a) (e434 (b) Qr+1F Solve each of the following equations by completing the square. (a) xe +5x- (b) x0 Tx + (©) v+8r425 @) lx Solve each of the following equations by using the quadratic formula, (a) 2 +3x+1=0 (b) 3x7 = 5x41 (© Wx=20 44 (@) 3-4x = 7x ‘The variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 2x” — 8x +7. (i) Complete the table for y = 2x — 8x +7. xf[ofo,[i/2 [3 [4]s » (ii) Draw the graph of y = 2x" ~ 8x +7 for -1 =x = 5 ii) Hence, solve the equation 2x 8x +7=0. ‘The variables x and y are connected by the equation @ Complete the table for y = 5 + 4x — x ,2;ToifovTilT2z[3]/4[s]6 (ii) Draw the graph of y=5 + 4x—2' for 2=x= 6. (lil) Hence, solve the equation 5 + 4x — 2° =0. Given the quadratic function y = (x= 2)'-7, (find the coordinates of the x- and y-intercepts (Gi) write down the coordinates of the minimum point of the graph, (Gli). sketch the graph, (iv) state the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph. Gare EB7. Given the quadratic function y= -Qx + 1)?+5, (D _ find the coordinates of the x- and y-intercepts, i) write down the coordinates of the maximum point of the graph, dif) sketch the graph (iv) state the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph. 8. The graph y=(x + 1)(a~3) cuts the x-axis at A and B and the yeaxis at C. (@ Find the coordinates of A, B and C. Gi). Sketch the graph of y= (r+ I)(x—3) (dil) Find the equation of the line of symmetry. INTERMEDIATE 9. Solve each of the following equations. (a) 5x°—2v=0 (b) G+ Y= 15 (@) ¢44x=17 (@) x2x+7)~30+2)=0 (©) 3x(r-+4) = 2x(r—4) () Gr- 1 = 12v+ 18 10. Forma possible quadratic equation in the form ax’ + br +6 the following solutions, 2 3 . where a, b and c are integers, given each of @) 6=4c=- (b) x=-05 UL, Solve each of the following equations. 4x42 _5 a © oy 12. (a) Factorise 6x" ~x~ 15 completely. (b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation 6(y )- (= 3)= 15 =0, 13, (i) Express.x° — Sx-+ 2 in the form (x + (ii) Hence, or otherwise, sketch the graph of y and the points of intersection of the graph with the coordinate axes. b, ?— Sx+ 2, indicating the coordinates of the minimum point14, Express 5 — 2x27 in the form p— (x + q)?, where p and q are constants. (® Find the maximum value of the expression, (ii) Solve the equation 5 - 2x-x*=0. (iii) Hence, sketch the graph of y = 5~ 2x indicating the coordinates of the minimum point and the points of intersection of the graph with the coordinate axes. 15. ‘The graph of y= (4 — h)* +k has a minimum point at (-2, ) State the value of h and of k (ii) Hence, sketch the graph of y = (xh) +, indicating the coordinates of the point of intersection of the ‘graph with the y-axis 16. Sketch the graph of y = (3 ~2x)(2x +7). 17. The diagram shows a curve with equation y=x° + ax + b, where a and b are constants, A (@) Find the value of a and of b. Given that the graph cuts the y-axis at the point M, write down the coordinates of M. 18. The va ‘Some corresponding values of x and y are given in the following table. lables x and y are connected by the equation y = 24 + 3x — 2x x|3[2[;-a][o[i1][2]73]4 3 | 0 | p | 24 | 5 | 2 | is | 4 (Find the value of p. (i) Using a scale of 1 em to represent 1 unit, draw a horizontal axis for -3 Using a scale of 2 em to represent § units draw a vertical axis for —15 Draw the graph of y = 24-+ 31-20 for-3 0. Corresponding values of rand Hare given in the table below. *[o|[1[2[3]4 Js] #[ws[~l[a|p [lio | (a) Find the value of p (b) Using 2.cm to represent | second along the horizontal t-axis and 2 cm to represent 5 m along the vertical Heaxis, draw the graph of H=-2 + 51+ 25 for0 <1 5. (©) Use your graph to find (® the height of the cliff, (Gi) the maximum height of the stone above the ground, (i ADVANCED 29, Awater tank holds 2 m’ of water when itis full. A hot water tap supplies water at a rate of xm’ per minute and. the value of t when the stone is again at the same vertical level as the top of the cliff. acold water tp supplies wat a tof per mine. The water nkcane lin 3 ites ing both as Filing the ak wing onthe ht water pil ake 4 minus mgr thn filing te tank sing only the cold water tap. (@) Form an equation in x and show that it reduces to 10:7 - 16x +3 = 0. Solve the equation 10x° — 16x + 3 =0, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places. (iii) Explain why one of the answers has to be rejected and hence find, to the nearest minute, the time taken by the hot water tap alone to fill the tank completely with water.EE carne