ISC Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus

MATHEMATICS (860)
CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

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 SECTION A
1. Relations and Functions
sin-1 x ± = ( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2

(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, -1

cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
cos x ± = -1 -1 2 2
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, inverse of a function. x+ y
similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1
• Relations as: 1 − xy
- Relation on a set A -1 x− y
tan
= x − tan-1 y tan-1 , xy > −1
- Identity relation, empty relation, 1 + xy
universal relation. - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
3tan-1x etc. and application of these
- Types of Relations: reflexive, formulae.
symmetric, transitive and
equivalence relation. 2. Algebra
• Functions: Matrices and Determinants
- As special relations, concept of (i) Matrices
writing “y is a function of x” as y = Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
f(x). matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
onto. matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
and multiplication and multiplication with a
- Real Valued function. scalar. Simple properties of addition,
- Domain and range of a function. multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
commutativity of multiplication of matrices
- Conditions of invertibility. and existence of non-zero matrices whose
- Invertible functions (algebraic product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
functions only). matrices of order upto 3). Invertible matrices
and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions exists (here all matrices will have real
Definition, domain, range, principal value entries).
branch. Elementary properties of inverse
(ii) Determinants
trigonometric functions.
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
- Principal values.
matrices), properties of determinants,
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc. and their graphs. minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a
x triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 =
tan −1 .
1 − x2 matrix. Solving system of linear equations in
two or three variables (having unique
1 π solution) using inverse of a matrix.
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and
x 2
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc. - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3),
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix.
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric.
- Operation – addition, subtraction,
multiplication of a matrix with scalar,
multiplication of two matrices
(the compatibility).

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 1 1  3. Calculus
1 2 
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say ) but BA is (i) Continuity, Differentiability and
 2 2 Differentiation. Continuity and
1 1 
differentiability, derivative of composite
not possible.
functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
- Singular and non-singular matrices. trigonometric functions, derivative of
implicit functions. Concept of exponential
- Existence of two non-zero matrices
and logarithmic functions.
whose product is a zero matrix.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
AdjA
−1 functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A =
A derivative of functions expressed in
parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices)
• Continuity
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 - Continuity of a function at a point
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 x = a.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Continuity of a function in an
interval.
 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x - Algebra of continues function.
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
   
- Removable discontinuity.
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  • Differentiation
- Concept of continuity and
AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B
differentiability of x , [x], etc.
Problems based on above.
- Derivatives of trigonometric
• Determinants functions.
- Order. - Derivatives of exponential functions.
- Minors. - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
- Cofactors. - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions - differentiation by means
- Expansion. of substitution.
- Properties of determinants. Problems - Derivatives of implicit functions.
based on properties of determinants. - Derivatives of functions using chain
rule.
- Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Differentiation of a function with
respect to another function e.g.
differentiation of sinx3 with respect
to x3.
- Logarithmic Differentiation -
x
Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd
order.

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(ii) Applications of Derivatives - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
Applications of derivatives: rate of change f ′( x)
.
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, f ( x)
tangents and normals, maxima and minima
- Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,
(first derivative test motivated
cosecx.
geometrically and second derivative test
given as a provable tool). Simple problems - Integration by parts.
(that illustrate basic principles and - Integration using partial fractions.
understanding of the subject as well as real- f ( x)
life situations). Expressions of the form when
g ( x)
• Equation of Tangent and Normal degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
• Rate measure. x+2 A B
E.g. = +
• Increasing and decreasing functions. ( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
• Maxima and minima. x+2 A B C
= + +
- Stationary/turning points. ( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x−2
- Absolute maxima/minima x +1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
- local maxima/minima ( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2

- First derivatives test and second When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x),
derivatives test x2 +1  3x + 1 
- Application problems based on e.g. 2
= 1−  2 
x + 3x + 2  x + 3x + 2 
maxima and minima.
(iii) Integrals • Integrals of the type:

Integration as inverse process of dx dx px + q px + q

∫ ,∫ ,∫ dx, ∫ dx
differentiation. Integration of a variety 2
x ±a 2 2
x 2 ± a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
of functions by substitution, by partial
fractions and by parts, Evaluation of and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx, ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx,
simple integrals of the following types
and problems based on them.
∫ ∫
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus integrations reducible to the above
(without proof). Basic properties of forms.
definite integrals and evaluation of
dx
definite integrals. ∫ a cos x + b sin x ,
• Indefinite integral dx dx dx
- Integration as the inverse of ∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c ,
differentiation.
(a cos x + b sin x)dx ,
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and ∫ c cos x + d sin x
functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x, dx
cosec2x etc . ∫ a cos 2
x + b sin 2 x + c
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x. 1 ± x2
- Integration of 1/x, ex. ∫ 1 + x 4 dx ,
- Integration by substitution. dx
∫ 1 + x 4 , ∫ tan xdx, ∫ cot xdx etc.

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 • Definite Integral - Differential equations, order and degree.
- Fundamental theorem of calculus - Solution of differential equations.
(without proof) - Variable separable.
- Properties of definite integrals. - Homogeneous equations.

- Problems based on the following dy

- Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q
properties of definite integrals are to dx
be covered. are functions of x only. Similarly, for
b b
dx/dy.
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a a
separable type are included.
b a
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded.
∫ f ( x)dx = −∫ f ( x)dx
a b
4. Probability
b c b Conditional probability, multiplication theorem
on probability, independent events, total
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a a c
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable
where a < c < b and its probability distribution, mean and
variance of r a n d o m variable.
b b
- Independent and dependent events
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
conditional events.
a a - Laws of Probability, addition theorem,
multiplication theorem, conditional
∫ f (=
0
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 probability.

 a
- Theorem of Total Probability.
2a 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
∫ f ( x)dx =  0 - Baye’s theorem.
0 
 0, f (2a − x) =− f ( x) - Theoretical probability distribution,
probability distribution function; mean and
 a variance of random variable.
∫
a
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
∫
−a
f ( x)dx =  0
 SECTION B
 0,if f is an odd function
5. Vectors
(iv) Differential Equations
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction
Definition, order and degree, general and of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
particular solutions of a differential ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit,
equation. Solution of differential equations zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
by method of separation of variables vector of a point, negative of a vector,
solutions of homogeneous differential components of a vector, addition of vectors,
equations of first order and first degree. multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
Solutions of linear differential equation of vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
dy given ratio. Definition, Geometrical
the type: +py= q, where p and q are Interpretation, properties and application of
dx
dx scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross)
functions of x or constants. + px = q, product of vectors.
dy
where p and q are functions of y or - As directed line segments.
constants.

5
 - Magnitude and direction of a vector. • Planes
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero - Cartesian and vector equation of a
vector. plane.
- Position vector. - Direction ratios of the normal to the
- Components of a vector. plane.

- Vectors in two and three dimensions. - One point form.

- Normal form.
- iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and the
z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the - Intercept form.
unit vectors. - Distance of a point from a plane.
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors; - Intersection of the line and plane.
scalar multiplication of a vector.
- Angle between two planes, a line and a
- Section formula. plane.
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
7. Application of Integrals
geometrical significance.
- Cross product - its properties - area of a Application in finding the area bounded b y
triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
vectors. enclosed between two curves.
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by - Application of definite integrals -
area bounded by curves, lines and coordinate
using Vector algebra are excluded.
axes is required to be covered.
6. Three - dimensional Geometry - Simple curves: lines, circles/
parabolas/ ellipses (only standard forms),
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line simple polynomial functions, modulus
joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector function.
equation of a line. Cartesian and vector equation
of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two SECTION C
planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a
point from a plane. 8. Application of Calculus
- Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines Application of Calculus in Commerce and
parallel to them. Economics in the following:
- Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane, - Cost function,
zx – plane. - average cost,
- Direction cosines, direction ratios. - marginal cost and its interpretation
- Angle between two lines in terms of direction - demand function,
cosines /direction ratios.
- revenue function,
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
- marginal revenue function and its
parallel.
interpretation,
• Lines
- Profit function and breakeven point.
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line
- Rough sketching of the following curves:
through one and two points.
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their
- Conditions for intersection of two lines. mathematical interpretation using the
- Distance of a point from a line. concept of maxima & minima and
increasing- decreasing functions.
Self-explanatory

6
 NOTE: Application involving differentiation, PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks
increasing and decreasing function and
maxima and minima to be covered. Candidates will be expected to have completed
two projects, one from Section A and one from
9. Linear Regression either Section B or Section C.
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
The project work will be assessed by the
- Scatter diagrams subject teacher and a Visiting Examiner
- The method of least squares. appointed locally and approved by the
- Lines of best fit. Council.
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x. Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
- b xy × b yx = r , 0 ≤ b xy × b yx ≤ 1
2
Overall format 1 mark
- Identification of regression equations Content 4 marks
- Properties of regression lines. Findings 2 marks
- Estimation of the value of one variable using Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
the value of other variable from appropriate
line of regression. Total 10 marks
Self-explanatory
List of suggested assignments for Project
10. Linear Programming Work:
Introduction, related terminology such as Section A
constraints, objective function, optimization, 1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is
different types of linear programming (L.P.) one-one but not onto.
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for 2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is
problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible invertible.
regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and 3. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions trigonometric function), using the graph of
(up to three non-trivial constraints). y = sin x (or any other relevant trigonometric
Introduction, definition of related terminology function). Demonstrate the concept of mirror line
such as constraints, objective function, (about y = x) and find its domain and range.
optimization, advantages of linear programming; 4. Explore the principal value of the function
limitations of linear programming; application sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric
areas of linear programming; different types of function) using a unit circle.
linear programming (L.P.) problems,
mathematical formulation of L.P problems, 5. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order
graphical method of solution for problems in two of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
variables, feasible and infeasible regions, 6. Verify the consistency of the system of three
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum linear equations of two variables and verify the
feasible solution. same graphically. Give its geometrical
interpretation.
Note: Transportation problem is excluded.
7. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of
three linear equations of three variables, identify
infinite number of solutions.
8. Explain the concepts of increasing and
decreasing functions, using geometrical

7
 significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper (Any other pair of curves which are specified in
examples. the syllabus may also be taken.)
9. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) Section C
the concept of local maxima and local minima
26. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost
using graph.
(AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
10. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
Or
the concept of absolute maxima and absolute
minima using graph. Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
Marginal Revenue (MR).
11. Demonstrate application of differential equations
to solve a given problem (example, population Give their mathematical interpretation using the
increase or decrease, bacteria count in a culture, concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
etc.). maxima-minima.
12. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem 27. For a given data, find regression equations by the
of total probability and the concept of Bayes’ method of least squares. Also find angles
theorem with suitable examples. between regression lines.
13. Explain the types of probability distributions and 28. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it
derive mean and variance of probability to draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value
distribution for a given function. of Y when X is given and vice-versa.
Section B 29. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
and maximum nutritional value by applying the
14. Using vector algebra, find the area of a
concept of Diet problem.
parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area
analytically and verify the same. 30. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
the manufacturing problem by formulating a
15. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
linear programming problem (LPP).
properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.)
16. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be
compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B set by the Council.
+ Sin B Cos A, etc.
17. Find the image of a line with respect to a given
plane.
18. Find the distance of a point from a given plane
measured parallel to a given line.
19. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
parallel to a given plane.
20. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
oblique line.
21. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique
line.
22. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an
oblique line.
23. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
24. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
parabola.
25. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.

8
 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only