Chương 2: Mạng Ethernet

2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng Ethernet.

2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ Ethernet.
2.3. Chia sẻ trong môi trường Mạng
cục bộ.
2.4. Quá trình phân phối gói tin từ host
to host thông qua switch
What Is a Network?
 Common Physical
Components of a Network
Interpreting a
Network
Resource-Sharing
Functions

 Data and
applications
 Resources
 Network
Network User Applications
 E-mail (Outlook, POP3, Yahoo, and so on)
 Web browser (IE, Firefox, and so on)
 Instant messaging (Yahoo IM, Microsoft
Messenger, and so on)
 Collaboration (Whiteboard,
Netmeeting, WebEx, and so on)
 Databases (file servers)
Impact of User Applications
on the Network
 Batch applications
 FTP, TFTP, inventory updates
 No direct human interaction
 Bandwidth important, but
not critical
 Interactive applications
 Inventory inquiries,
database updates.
 Human-to-machine interaction.
 Because a human is waiting for a
response, response time is
important but not critical, unless
the wait becomes excessive.
 Real-time applications
 VoIP, video
 Human-to-human interaction
 End-to-end latency critical
Characteristics ofa Network
 Speed
 Cost
 Security
 Availability
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Topology
Physical Topology Categories
Logical
 Bus

 All devices receive the signal.

 Star

 Transmission through a central point.

 Single point of failure.
Extended-Star

 More resilient than star

topology.
Ring

 Signals travel around ring.

 Single point of failure.
Dual-Ring

 Signalstravel in opposite directions.

 More resilient than single ring.
Full-Mesh

 Highly fault-tolerant
 Expensive to implement
Partial-Mesh

 Trade-off between fault tolerance and

cost
Connection to the
Local Area
 LAN
 Computers
 PCs
 Servers
 Interconnections
 NICs
 Media
 Network devices
 Hubs
 Switches
 Routers
 Protocols
 Ethernet
 IP
 ARP
 DHCP
 Functions of a
 Data and applications
 Share resources
 Provide communication path to other
networks
LAN
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
a) IEEE STANDARDS:
 In 1985, the Computer Society of the
IEEE started a project, called Project 802,
to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment
from a variety of manufacturers. Project
802 does not seek to replace any part of
the OSI or the Internet model. Instead, it
is a way of specifying functions of the
physical layer and the data link layer of
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
major LAN protocols.
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer
into two sublayers: logical link control
(LLC) and media access control (MAC).
IEEE has also created several physical layer
standards for different LAN protocols.
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 The relationship of the 802 Standard to the
traditional OSI model
2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng Ethernet.

LAN Standards
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Data Link Layer:
1) Logical Link Control (LLC) :
 In IEEE Project 802, flow control, error control, and part of
the framing duties are collected into one sublayer called the
logical link control .
 The LLC provides one single data link control protocol for all
IEEE LANs.
 A single LLC protocol can provide interconncctivity
between different LANs because it makes the MAC
sublayer transparent.
 The purpose of the LLC is to provide flow and error control
for the upper layer protocols that actually demand these
services
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
2) Media Access Control (MAC):

802.3 MAC frame

 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 IEEE Project 802 has created a sublayer called
media access control that defines the specific
access method for each LAN.
 For example, it defines CSMA/CD as the
media access method for Ethernet LANs and
the token passing method for Token Ring and
Token Bus LANs.
 In contrast to the LLC sublayer, the MAC sublayer
contains a number of distinct modules; each
defines the access method and the framing format
specific to the corresponding LAN protocol.
MAC Address Components
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
MAC addresses:
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Physical Layer: The physical layer is
dependent on the implementation and type of
physical media used. IEEE defines detailed
specifications for each LAN implementation.
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
b) Ethernet:
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at
Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
Since then, it has gone through four
generations: Standard Ethemet (10 Mbps), Fast
Ethemet (100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethemet (1
Gbps), and Ten Gigabit Ethemet (10 Gbps).
2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.

Ethernet Evolution
CSMA/CD
Ethernet Frame Structure
Communicating Within
LAN
2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.

Ethernet evolution through four generations

 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
1) Standard Ethernet :
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Frame Format :
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Frame Length :
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Addressing : Each station on an Ethernet network (such as
a PC, workstation, or printer) has its own network interface
card (NIC). The NIC fits inside the station and provides the
station with a 6-byte physical address.
Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation:
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses:
A source address is always a unicast address-
the frame comes from only one station. The
destination address, however, can be unicast,
multicast, or broadcast.

Unicast and multicast addresses

 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
- Access Method: CSMA/CD
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Physical Layer :
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation:
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
2) FAST ETHERNET
The goals of Fast Ethemet can be summarized:
 Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps.
 Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet.
 Keep the same 48-bit address.
 Keep the same frame format.
 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer
-Autonegotiation: is a new feature added to Fast
Ethemet. Autonegotiation allows two devices to
negotiate the mode or data rate of operation
- Autonegotiation was designed particularly for the
following purposes:
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 To allow incompatible devices to connect to
one another.
 To allow one device to have multiple
capabilities.
 To allow a station to check a hub's capabilities.
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Physical Layer.
- Topology :
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
-Implementation
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
-Encoding
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
3) GIGABIT ETHERNET
The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet design can
be summarized as follows:
 Upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps.
 Make it comoatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet.
 Use the same 48-bit address.
 Use the same frame format.
 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
 To support autonegotiation as defined in Fast Ethernet
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer
-Full-Duplex Mode :
 There is a central switch connected to all computers
or other switches.
 Each switch has buffers for each input port in
which data are stored until they are
transmitted There is no collision (no CSMA/CD)
 The maximum length of the cable is determined by
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
the signal attenuation in the cable
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
-Half-Duplex Mode:
 Gigabit Ethernet can also be used in half-duplex mode,
although it is rare.
 A switch can be replaced by a hub, which acts as the
common cable in which a collision might occur.
 The half-duplex approach uses CSMA/CD.
 The maximum length of the network in this approach is
totally dependent on the minimum frame size. Three
methods have been defined: traditional, carrier extension,
and frame bursting
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
 Physical Layer
-Topology
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
-Implementation
 2.1 Giới thiệu về
mạng Ethernet.
-Encoding
 2.2 Kết nối mạng cục
bộ Ethernet.
 Connecting devices

Five categories of connecting devices

 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Passive Hubs:
-Passive hub is just a connector.
-Passive hub connects the wires coming from different
branches.
- In a star-topology Ethemet LAN, a passive hub is just a
point where the signals coming from different stations
collide; the hub is the collision point. This type of a hub is
part of the media; its location in the Internet model is
below the physical layer.
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Repeaters
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

-A repeater is a device that operates only in the physical

layer.
-Signals that carry information within a network can
travel a fixed distance before attenuation endangers the
integrity of the data.
-A repeater connects segments of a LAN
-A repeater forwards every frame; it has no
filtering capability
-A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

Function of a repeater
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Active Hubs: An active hub is actually a multiport
repeater. It is normally used to create connections
between stations in a physical star topology. Hubs can
also be used to create multiple levels of hierarchy
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Bridges
-A bridge operates in both the physical and the data
link layer.
-A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions
-A bridge does not change the physical (MAC)
addresses in a frame
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.


A bridge connecting two LANs

 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Routers
A router is a three-layer device that routes packets
based on their logical addresses (host-to-host
addressing). A router normally connects LANs and
WANs in the Internet and has a routing table that
is used for making decisions about the route. The
routing tables are normally dynamic and are
updated using routing protocols
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs

 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Gateway
A gateway is normally a computer that operates in all five
layers of the Internet or seven layers of OSI model. A
gateway takes an application message, reads it, and
interprets it. This means that it can be used as a
connecting device between two internetworks that use
different models. For example, a network designed to use
the OSI model can be connected to another network using
the Internet model. The gateway connecting the two
systems can take a frame as it arrives from the first
system, move it up to the OSI application layer, and
remove the message
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Switches:
Network Congestion

 High-performance PCs
 More networked data
 Bandwidth-
intensive
applications
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

 Operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model

 Forward, filter, or flood frames
 Have few ports
 Are slow
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
LAN Switch

 High port density

 Large frame buffers
 Mixture of port speeds
 Fast internal switching
 Switching modes:
– Cut-through
– Store-and-forward
– Fragment-free
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
Transmitting Frames through a Switch
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
Three Switch Functions:

 Address learning
 Forward/filter
decision
 Loop avoidance
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
How Switches Learn Host Locations
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

•Station A sends a frame to Station C

•Switch caches station A MAC address to port E0 by
learning the source address of data frames
•The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all
ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded)
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.

•Station D sends a frame to station C

•Switch caches station D MAC address to port E3 by learning
the source Address of data frames
•The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all
ports except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded)
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
How Switches Filter Frames

• Station A sends a frame to station C

• Destination is known, frame is not flooded
 2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
Broadcast and Multicast Frames

•Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame

•Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all port
other than the originating port
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
Loops
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
Spanning tree protocol
2.4. Quá trình phân phối gói
tin từ host to host thông qua
switch
 Layer 2

 Layer 2 devices provide an interface with

the physical media.
 Examples:
 NIC
 Bridge
 Switch
 Layer 2

 Uses MAC address

 Assigned to end devices
 Layer 3 Devices and Their
Function

 The network layer provides connectivity and

path selection between two host systems.
 In the host, this is the path between the data link
layer and the upper layers of the NOS.
 In the router, it is the actual path across
the network.
 Layer 3 Addressing

 Each NOS has its own Layer 3 address format.

 OSI uses NSAP.
 TCP/IP uses IP.
Host-to-Host Packet
(1 of 10) -UDP
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Default Gateway