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Chapter 3 - Slide Notesfds

The document discusses different types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations. It describes various shallow foundations like spread, strip, combined and raft foundations. It also describes different types of deep foundations including piles, micro-piles and caissons. The document provides details on pile types, construction, testing and design. It also discusses pier foundations, retaining walls and lateral earth pressures.

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a040201910
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27 views37 pages

Chapter 3 - Slide Notesfds

The document discusses different types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations. It describes various shallow foundations like spread, strip, combined and raft foundations. It also describes different types of deep foundations including piles, micro-piles and caissons. The document provides details on pile types, construction, testing and design. It also discusses pier foundations, retaining walls and lateral earth pressures.

Uploaded by

a040201910
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Bahrain

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

CENG 302 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 3: Foundations

Instructor:
MOUATHE A. ALAMEEN

1
FOUNDATIONS

• Foundation is a structural part of


a building on which a building
stands. The function of any
foundation is to safely sustain
and transmit the loads to the
ground.
• It should not cause any
settlement or other movement
which would impair the stability
or cause damage to any part of
the building.

Figure: Showing the load flow to the


ground 2
FOUNDATIONS DESIGNS

3
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION

The selection of a particular type of foundation is often based on a


number of factors, such as:
1. Adequate depth. The foundation must have an adequate depth to
prevent damage.
2. Bearing capacity failure. The foundation must be safe against a
bearing capacity failure.
3. Settlement. The foundation must not settle to such an extent that
it damages the structure.
4. Adequate strength. The foundation must be designed with
sufficient strength that it does not fracture or break apart under the
applied superstructure loads.
5. Seismic forces. The foundation must be able to support the
structure during an earthquake without excessive settlement or
lateral movement.
4
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

In general there are two category of foundations: shallow or deep.

A) Shallow Foundation are constructed where soil layer at


shallow depth is able to support the structural loads. Most shallow
types of foundation are constructed within 2.0-3.0m of the ground
level. The depth of shallow foundations are generally less than its
width, such as: Isolated Pads (Spread), Combined, Strips (Wall), Raft
(Mat) Foundations.

B) Deep Foundation are structural elements that transfer loads


through weak, compressible soils to underlying competent soils or
to hard strata (bedrock) at a large depth. Generally foundations
which need to be taken below 5 m deep are classified as deep
foundations, such as: Piles Foundations, Micro-piles, etc. 5
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Types of Footings: (a) Spread (Pad) Footing. (b) Strip (Wall) Footing. (c) Combined
6
Footing. (d) Pilecap. (e) Strap (Cantilever) Footing. (f) Raft (Mat) Footing.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

7
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

8
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION

10
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

11
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

12
13
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION

14
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

15
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

16
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Deep foundations include piles, micro-pile, and caissons.


Piles: Piles are vertical or slightly inclined members used to transmit
the loads of the superstructure to lower layers (with better soil
conditions) in the soil mass. Pile foundations can be used when
suitable foundation conditions are not present at or near ground level.
The lack of suitable foundation conditions may be caused by:
1. Natural low bearing capacity of sub-soil.
2. High water table; giving rise to high permanent dewatering costs.
3. Presence of layers of highly compressible sub-soils such as peat and
recently placed filling materials which have not sufficiently
consolidated.
4. Sub-soils which may be subject to moisture movement or plastic
failure.
17
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Materials usually used to make piles are concrete, steel, and timber.
The upper part of the pile connected to the superstructure is referred
to as the pile head. The middle part is called the shaft, the lower is the
pile tip.

18
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Piled foundations according to the Design:


1) End Bearing Piles:
Are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material
such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their
carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the
pile.
2) Friction Piles:
Do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some
distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived from
skin friction between the embedded surface of the pile and the
surrounding soil.
The design of some piles can also be based on the utilization of both
the skin resistance and the end bearing to carry the applied load
jointly. 19
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

20
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Piled foundations according to the Construction:


1) Displacement Piles:
Are those which displace the soil to allow for the pile
penetration. These piles can be of solid cross section,
driven into the ground, and left in position. Timber, steel,
pre-stressed concrete piles, and precast concrete piles are
of this type.
2) Non-displacement (or replacement) Bored Piles:
Are those in which the soil is removed to accommodate the
pile. Typically a borehole is formed in the ground, then
concrete is cast in place in the hole or a precast concrete
pile is dropped into the hole and grouted in.
21
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

22
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24
TYPES OF PILE

Tube Piles:
These are used on small to medium size contracts for marine
structures and foundations, in soft sub-soils, over a suitable bearing
strata. Tube piles are usually bottom driven with an internal drop
hammer.

25
PILE CAPS

26
27
PIER FOUNDATIONS

A pier is defined as a deep foundation system, similar to a cast-in


place pile that consists of a column like reinforced concrete member.
Piers are also commonly referred to as drilled shafts, bored piles, or
drilled caissons, mostly used for bridge structures.

28
PILE TESTING

29
PILE TESTING

30
RETAINING WALLS

31
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RETAINING WALLS

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RETAINING WALLS

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RETAINING WALLS LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES

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