B 755

S C R E W T H R EA D
C U TT
C H AN GE G EA R S F O R T H R EA D C U T T I N G KINKS
—
A N D S U GG ES T I O N S T A B LES A ND F OR M ULA S

THIR D E D IT I O N

"
MA C H INERY S RE FERENC E B OOK NO 32 .

PU BLIS H E D BY MA C H IN ER Y NEW YO R K
,
 "
MACH INERY S REFE RENCE SERIES
E ACH NU MBER IS O NE U NIT IN A CO MPLET E LIBR AR Y O F
MA CHINE D ES IG N AND SH O P P R ACTIC E R E V ISED
RE PUBLIS I IED FR O M MAC HINE R Y
-

NU MBER 32

TH D
CU NC

T H I RD R E VI S E D E DI T I ON

tt
C ON T E N T S

t
t
I n r o d uc i on

t t
t
Cha nge Gea rs fo r T hr ea d Cu i ng, by E RI K OBERG
K inks a nd S ugges i ons i n T hrea d Cu i ng

T a bles a nd F o rm ula s fo r M a ki ng T hr ea d T o ols ,

A . L . V AL E NT I NE , E RI K OBE R G, a nd Jos .

S T ABE L

0013 t t
t
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1 910 T h e I nd u s
,

4 9- 55 L a fa y e
ria l

e S ree . N ew Y ork C i y t
P re s s, P ubl i sh ers of MA CH I NE R Y .
 I N TR O D U C T I O N

T he terms pitch and lead of scr e w thre ads are often confused and

t t
,

particularly in the case of multipl e threaded scr ews does this confusion -

t
cause d i fii cul i es B efor e we ther e for e enter upon h e subj e ct of ca lc u
‘

t t
.

lating change gears for h e lathe for cutting scr ew thr eads it may be ,

t
" "
well to make cl ear h e r eal meaning of h e words pitch and l ead
“ “

t t
and their r e lation to h e numbe r of threads per inch
"
T h e p i c h of a scr e w thr ead is the distance from the top of one
.

thread to the top of h e next as shown in Fig 1 N o matter wheth er

t
,

the scre w has single double tripl e or quadrupl e thr ead h e pitch is
. .

t
t tt t
t
, , , ,

always h e distance from the top of on e thr ead to h e top of h e n ext .

"
Ofte n though improp e rly h e word pitch is us e d in h e shop o “
, ,

denote number of thre ads p er inch

“
W e hear of scr ews having 1 2 .

t
t t
Fig l
. . Th e Pi ch o f a S c re w T h rea d

pitch thread 1 6 pitch thr e ad e c T his is not corr ect u sage of h e

, , .

word pitch and only t ends to caus e unn ecessary confus ion

t t
, .

T h e lea d of a scr e w thread is the distance the scr e w will move

tt
forward in a nut if turned around one full revolution I is cl ear that
for a singl e threaded scr ew h e pitch and the l ead are e qual as he
-
.

t ,

screw would th en move forward h e distanc e from one thread to h e

n ext if turn ed around once I n a doubl e thr ead ed scr ew howeve r h e -
t
t
.
, ,

scr ew will mov e forward two threads or twice the pitch so that in

t
,

t
,

a doubl e threaded screw h e lead equals twice the pitch I n a triple

-
.

t
threaded scr ew h e lead equals thr ee tim es h e pitch and so forth

t t t
T h e l ead may also be d e fined a s being h e distance from c e nter
, .

. t
to center of h e s o m e thread af er this thread has m ade o ne turn

t
,

around the scr ew I n h e singl e thr e ad e d scr ew h e s a m e thr e ad is

-

t
the ne x t thread to h e one first cons id er ed I n a doubl e threaded screw -
.

t tt t
th er e are two thr eads running side by sid e around h e scre w so that
h e s a m e thr e ad h er e is h e s e cond o ne from h e o n e first cons id er e d
I n a tripl e thr e ad e d screw it is h e third o n e in a quadrupl e thr e ad e d
- -
,

, ,

34 7 5 4 1
" " TH RE AD C U T T I N G

it is cl ear that h e l ead and pitch a re

alike for a singl e thr ead e d scr ew that h e l ead is twic e h e pitch for a
-
“

, t t t
doubl e thr ead ed and thr ee tim e s for a triple thr e ad ed as already stated
-
,
-
, .

T h e actual r e lationship is very plainly shown in Fig 2 wh er e parts of

t
.

t
,

three scr e ws with Acm e thr eads a re shown the first singl e thr ead ed ,
-
,

the second doubl e hr e aded and h e l a st tripl e thr ead ed

-
,
-
.

s crew t
tt t t t t
T h e main point to r e m e mber howe v e r is that in a n y k i n d of a
h e l ea d i s h e d i s a n c e wh i c h h e s cre w wi l l m o v e fo rwa rd i n
, ,

t
,

a nu i f urn ed a ro u n d o n e rev o lu i o n

t
.

t
I n this conn e ction it ma y be advisabl e to giv e
formulas for the r e lation b etween h e l e ad and h e number o f threads
h e rul es and
-

S INGLE T H R E AD DO U B LE T H R E AD T RIP LE T H RE AD

be t le bl e l
t
Fig 2 . . C o m p a ri s o n we en S in g , D ou and T ri p e T h re a d s

pe r inch I f th e r e a re 8 threads singl e in one inch h e l e ad is

t
.
, , ,

e vidently 17g inch T his we find math e matically by dividing 1 by

.
, ,

8 which is h e numb e r of thr e ads p er inch

, T h e formula for a singl e .

thr ead e d screw th er efor e is , ,

number of threads per inch

tonfusion
T his formula express e d in words says :
h rea d ed s c rew e q u a ls
,

t T he
c 1 d i v i d ed by t ,

h e n um ber of
lead of a

h rea d s p er i n h
s i ngle

most common way to stat t

.

C is oft n caused by d signation of multipl

e ind finite e e e

threaded scr ws e . l ad and the class

T he e he e

of thr ad is p rhaps to say

e , ec o which m ans a scr w
, i n h l ea d , d u bl e, e e

with a doubl e thr ead which wh en cut has a lath e g eare d for four
, , ,

thr eads p er inch but each thr ead is cut to a d epth corr esponding to

t
,

t
e ight thr e ads per inch only T h e sam e condition is als o expr essed by : .

4 h rea d s p er i n c h d o u bl e T h e s e two ways of expr e ssing h e numb e r

o f multipl e thr e ads a re both c o rr e ct
,
.

but h e e xpr ession which ought , t

to be us ed in ord e r to avoid misund erstanding und e r any circum
stances would be : 14 i nc h l ea d i n c h p i c h d o u ble h rea d ,
t , t .
 CHAPTE R I

CH A N G E GE A R S F O R T H R E A D C U T TI N G ‘

W hil e the principl e s and rules gov erning t calculation of chang

he e

t t
g ears a re very simpl e th ey of course e e ,

know ledge of h e u s e of common fractions I f such knowl edg e is at

e , , pr suppos some fundam ntal

t
.

hand h e subj ect of figuring change gears wh e n once thoroughly und er

,

stood can hardly eve r b e forgotten I should be impr ess ed upon h e

,

minds of all who have found d i fii c ul i es with this subj ect that the
.t
t
,

t
matter is ofte n not approach ed in a l o gical mann e r but is usually
grasped by h e memory rath er than by the inte ll ec t B e for e attempting
t
,

t
.

to lay down any d efinit e rul e s for h e figuring of change gears let us

t
,

th er efor e analyz e h e subj ect T h e l e ad scr e w B of the lath e ( see .

-

Fig 3 ) must be recogniz e d as our fi rst factor and the spindl e as h e

.

t t
s econd Assum e a l ead scr ew with six thr eads p er inch ; th en if h e
.
-

l ead scr ew makes si x r evolutions h e carriage trave ls one inch and h e

-
,

, t
t
t
, ,

t
thr ead cutting tool trav e ls o n e inch along he pi ec e to be thr ead ed
-
.

t t t
I f h e spindl e mak es h e sam e numb e r of r e volutions in a giv e n time
as h e l ead scr ew it is cl e ar h e tool will ou six thr e ads p er inch
-
,

t
.

t t
t t
I n such a cas e ge ar D on the spindl e stud J and g e ar E on
l ead scr ew a re alik e I f h e spindl e mak es twic e h e number o f r evo
-
; .

lutions of h e l ead scr ew h e spindl e r evolve s twe lve tim es while the
-
he ,

tt
,

b e ou t
tool move s o n e inch and c o nsequ ently twe lve thr eads p er inch will

t t
,

B u in order to mak e h e spindl e r e volv e twic e as fast as h e

l ead screw i is n ec essary that a ge ar b e put on h e spindl e stud o f
t
t
.

t
-
,

t t
only half h e number of teeth of h e g ear on the l ead screw so that -
,

when h e lead screw revolves onc e h e spindl e stud gear mak es two
-

r evolutions .

S i m p l e G e a ri n g

S uppos e we wish to cut nin e thr e ads p e r inch with a lead scr e w
t
-

t
of six th r eads per inch as r e fe rr ed to abov e T h en h e six threads of
,

h e l e ad screw corr espond to nin e thr e ads on the pi e c e to be thr e ad ed

-
.

t
t
,

which is the same as to say that six revolutions of h e l ead scr ew -

corr espond to nine r evolutions of h e spindle ; or in oth er words o n e

t
, ,

r evolution of the l ead screw corresponds to 1 % of the spindl e From

-
.

t
this it is evid ent that h e gear on the l ead screw must make only
t
-

o n e r e volution whil e h e spindl e stud ge ar makes

,

t
T hus if h e
l ead scre w g ear has for instance 36 tee th the g ear on h e spindl e
-
, , t ,

t
stud should hav e only 24 h e small er gear of cours e revolving faster
than h e larger I f we e xpr e ss what has be en previously said in a
formula we have
. .
, , ,

threads per inch of l e ad scr e w t eeth in gea r on spindl e stud -

thr e ads p er inch to be cut teeth in gear l ad scr ew

"
on e -

M AC H I N E R Y J a nua ry 9 08
, .
6 N o 32 — S CR E W T H R E AD C UT T I N G

ttcas
.

A pplying this o he e above , we have

6 24

9 36
T he
by 4 B y multiplying both h e num erator and h e d enomi n a tor by h e
.

sam e nu m b er we do not change h e proportion As a gen eral rul e we

tt
valu e s 24 and 36 a re obtain e d by multiplying 6 and 9 r esp ectively
t ,

t ,

t
, .

may th e n say that the change g ears n ecessary to cut a c ertain numb e r

t
of thr e ads p er inch a re found by placing h e numb er of thr eads of h e
l ead scr e w in h e num e rator h e number of thr eads to b e cut in h e
-
t t
t
t
,

d enominator a n d th e n multiplying numerator as we ll as d enominator

,

tt t t
by h e s a m e numb er by trial until two g ears a re obtaine d h e numb er t
,

t t
, ,

of teeth of which a re b o th o b e found in h e s e of g ears accompany

ing h e lath e T h e ge ar with h e numb er of t eeth d e sign a te d by h e
.

n ew num erat o r is to be plac e d on h e spindl e stud ( at J Fig t

and ,
.

le
t g ar with the numb r of t th corr sponding to td nomin tor
Fi g 8
. . S im p G e a ri n g F ig 4 . . C o m p o u n d G e a ri n g

on t
he e e ee e he e a ,

l ad scr w
he e -
idl r g ar F with any conv ni nt numb r of
e B An e e e e e

xamples of this will mor cl arly xpl in t

.

t eth is plac d b tw n th s two g ars

e e e ee e e e .

A few e rul uppos e e e a he e. S e

and so forth increasing by t th up t that tl ad

the numb rs of t eth of the chang ge s of a lath
e e e ar e a re 24, 28 , 32, 36 ,

,
ssu 4 ee o 1 00 . A me he e

screw is provid d with threads einch and that thr ds per

6 p er ,
10 ea

inch a re to be cut . T h en ,

6 6 x 4 24

10 40

By multiplying both numerator and d enominator by 4 we obta in

t
two availabl e g ea rs with 24 and 4 0 t eeth r esp ectiv e ly T h e 2 4 h tooth
tt t ,
.

t t ,

t
gear go es on h e spindl e stud and h e 4 0 tooth gear on h e l ead scr ew - -
.
,

Assuming h e sam e lath e and g ears l e us find h e g e ars fo r cutting ,

thr eads p er inch this b eing the standard numb er o f thr eads for
,

c e rta in sizes of pip e T h en .

,

6 6 X 8

1 1 175 1 1 175 X 8 92
 CH AN GE GE AR S

I
w
t will be foun that
ould not in this cas e
multiplying by any other numb er than 8
d
hav e give n us ge ars with such numbers of

t
, ,

t eeth a s we have in our set with this lath e U ntil getting acc ustomed .

to figuring of this kind we can o f course only by trial find out h e

tt t
, , ,

t
.

corr ect numbe r by which to multiply num erator and d enominator .

T h e numb er of t ee th in h e i n erm ed i a e g e ar F Fig 3 which meshes ,

.
,

with both the spindl e stud g ear and h e l ead scr ew gear is of no con -
,

s equ enc e.

t t t t
t
L a h e s w i h R e d u c i o n G e a ri n g i n H e a d s o c k -

In
t
som e lathes however th er e is a r e duction g earing in h e head

t
, ,

stock of h e lath e so that if equal g ears a re plac ed on h e l ead scr ew

.

t t -

t
,

and the sp indle stud h e spindl e d oe s not mak e h e sam e number

t tt t
,

of r evolutions as h e l ead scr ew but a gr eat er numb er U sually in-

, .

such lath es h e ratio of h e g earing in h e h ead stock is 2 to 1 so -

,

t
that with e qual g e ars h e spindl e make s two revolutions to one of
h e l ead scr e w
-
T his is particul a rly common in lath es int e nd e d for
t
t
.

cutti ng fine pitch es or in g en er a l in small lath e s Wh e n figuring h e

t
.
, ,

gears this must of cours e be tak en into consid eration As h e spindl e

, , .

t
makes twic e as many r evolutions as h e l ead scr ew with equal gears
t t
-

t
,

if h e ratio of the g ears be 2 to 1 it follows that if h e h ead stock -

t
,

gearing w ere eliminated and h e lead scr e w i nstead had twic e h e -

t
,

numb er of threads p er inch as it has with e qual gears h e spindl e ,

would still r evolve h e sam e as b efore for each inch of travel along

t
the pi ece to be threaded I n oth e r words the gearing in the h ead

ttt t t
.

stock may be d i s regard ed i i h e num ber of h rea d s of h e l ea d s crew

,

t t -

t
,

i s m u l i p li ed by h e ra i o of h i s gea ri n g S uppos e for instanc e that .

,

t
,

in a lath e h e l ead screw has e ight thr eads p er inch that h e lath e
-

t t
,

is g ear e d in h e h ead stock with a ratio o f 2 to 1 and that 20 thr eads

-
,

a re o be ou . T hen
2 x 8 16 16 x 4 64

t t
20 20 20 x 4 80

S om e tim es t tt
h e ratio oft
which two last valu es giv e h e numbe rs of teeth in h e gears
h e g earing in h e h e ad s tock cannot b e
d ete rmin ed by counting h e t eeth in the g ears b ecaus e the g ears a re
.

t t
,

so plac e d that th ey can not be plainly s een I n such a case equal

t
.
,

gears are plac e d on h e l ead screw and h e spindl e stud and a thread -
,

cut on a pi ece in h e lathe T h e number of thr eads per inch of this

tt
.

t t t
pi ec e should be us e d for the num erator in our calculations inst ead of
h e actual numbe r of thr e ads of h e l ead scr e w T h e ratio of h e g e ar -

t t
.

t
ing in the head stock is equal to h e ratio b etw e en h e numb e r of
-

t
thr eads cut on h e pi e c e in h e lath e and h e actual numbe r of thr eads
p e r inch of h e l ead scr ew
-
.

Compound G e a ri n g

Th e cas es with only two gears in a train r e ferr ed to are t ermed

simpl e ge aring S o m etim es it is not possible to obtain h e correct
.

ratio exc e pting by introducing two mor e ge ars in h e train which as t t , ,

i s W ell known to mec hanics is t erm e d co m pound g earing T his c l a ss

,
.
8 N o 3a—S CR E W TH RE AD C U T TI N G
.

of gear ing i s shown in Fig 4 T he ru les for calculating compound

t
. .

gearing are exactly the same as for simpl e ge aring except that we must
divide bo th h e num erator and denominator into two factors each of
which are multiplied with the same numbe r in order to obtain h e
change gears .
,

t
S uppose a lathe has a lead scr e w with six thr e ads p er inch an d that
t
-
,

the numbers of teeth in h e gears availabl e are 30 35 4 0 and so , , ,

forth incr easing by 5 up to 1 00 Assum e that it is d esired to cut 24

, .

thr eads per inch W e have th en .

,

6
ratio .

24
By dividing the num erator and denominator into factors and multi
t t
plying ea c h p a i r oi fa c o rs by h e s a me n um ber we find h e gears , t ,

6 2 X 3 4 o x 3o

t t
24 4 X 6 80 x 60

T he last four numb ers indicat e h e gears which should b e us ed T h e .

,
,

tt t t tt
upp er two 4 0 and 30 a re driving g ears h e lowe r two with 8 0 and 60
,

te eth are drive n gears D riving g ears are of cours e h e g e ar D

Fig 4 on h e spindl e stud and h e gear P on h e interm ediat e stud
.
,

,
,

, ,

tt t
.
, ,

K meshing with h e lead scr e w g e ar

t
D riven g ears a re h e l e ad scr e w - -
.
,

, ,

t t
gear E and h e gear N on h e intermed iate stud m eshing with h e
spindl e stud g ear I makes no d i fi erence which of h e driving ge ars
.

is plac e d on h e spindle stud or which of the driven is plac ed on the

t
,

l ead scr ew-

.

S uppos e for a final e xampl e that we wish to ou 1 154 thr e ad p er

, ,

t
inch on a lath e with a l ead screw having six thre ads p er inch and that -
,

h e g ears run from 24 up to 1 00 teeth increasing by 4 P roc ee ding as , .

be fore we hav e ,

6 2 x 3 72 x 4 8

t t
1 34 1 X 1% (1 36 ) X ( 1 % X 1 6 ) 36 x 28

T hisis h e case directly illustrate d in F ig 4 T h e g ear with 72

te eth is plac e d on h e spindle stu d J h e one with 4 8 on h e inter
m ediate stud K meshing with h e lead screw ge ar T h es e two ge a rs t t ,

-
. .

.
t
,

( 72 and 4 8 te eth ) a re the d ri v i ng g e ars

-
T h e g e ars with 36 and 28

t
.

teeth a re plac e d on the l e ad scr ew and on the intermediat e stud as -

, ,

shown and are h e d ri v en g ears

r t
.
,

r s i o na l T h e a d

ometim s tl ad of the thr ad is xpr ss d by a fraction of an

F ac

inch instead of by stating t

S e he e e e e e

cas t
a thr ad may
e
e r quir d to
expr ssion
he
t
number of threads per inch For instanc
having a
be inch l ad
e such a
inch lead should first be transformed to num
e -
e
he
b e ou -
e
.

. In
“
e,

be r of thr ads inch aft r which

e can proc d in the sam way
p er e we ee e

ther is when t simply find how many tim s t

,

as has alr ady be n xplain d e find how many thr ads

e inch
e e . To e per
e l ad is stat d he e e , we e he
lead is contain d in inch or in other words
e divid by the
one , , , we e 1
 CH AN GE GE AR S 9

given lead T hus " 1 divided by giv es us 2

.

of threads per inch of a thr e ad having

w hich is h e number
inch lead T o fi nd change -
t
t
.

t
gears to cut such a thread we would proceed as follows
Assum e that h e l e ad screw h as si x thr e ads per inch and that h e
-

change gears run from 24 up to 1 00 teeth incr e asing by 4 P roceeding .

,

.
,

to find the gears as befor e we hav e ,

6 2 X 3 72 x 72
—

t
36 X 6 4

T herul e for finding h e number of threads per inch when the l ead ,

is given may-be expr ess ed by the formula :

,

1
number of thr eads p er inch
l ead of thre ad
which is simply a r e v er s al of t
he formula given on page 4
t
.

l
'

R u l e s fo r S e ec i n g C h a n ge G e a r s

1
t t
W hat h as be en sa i d in the foregoin g in r e gard to the figuring of

tt t
cha nge gears for h e lath e may be summ ed up in h e follow i ng rul es
T o find h e numb er of thr eads p er inch if h e lead of a thr e a d

t
.

t
,

is given d i vi d e 1 by h e lea d

t
, .

2 T o fi nd h e change ge ars used in simpl e ge aring wh en he

t
.
,

t t
numbe r of threads per inch of the l ead scr e w and h e numbe r of -

t t tt t
,

t t
t t t
threads per inch to be ou a re given p la c e h e num ber of h rea d s of

t
h e l ea d s c rew a s n u m era or a nd h e n um ber of h rea d s o be c u a s
-
, ,

tt tt t t t tt t tt
d eno m i na o r i n a fra c i on a n d m u l i p ly n u m er a o r a n d d eno mi na o r

wi h h e s a me number un i l a n ew fra c i o n res u l s rep res en i ng s ui

,

tt t tt t
a bl e n u m bers of ee h fo r h e c h a nge ge a rs I n h e n ew fraction
num erato r r epr es ents h e numb er of t eeth in h e g ear on h e spindl e
stud and the denominator h e numb e r o f t eeth in h e gear on h e
he .
,

, ,

l e ad screw
t
-
.

t
t
3 .

tt t t t t
T o fin d the change ge ars used in compound gea ring p la c e h e

t
n um ber of h rea d s p er i n ch on h e l ea d s crew a s n u mera o r a nd h e -
,

t t t t
,

t t
number of h rea d s p er i n c h o be ou as d en omi na or i n a fra c i o n
‘

t
,

t
d i vi d e bo h n umera o r a nd d eno mi na o r i n o wo fa c o rs ea c h a n d

t t t
mu l i p ly ea c h p a i r of fa c ors ( o n e factor in the numerator and o ne
,

t t t t tt t
"
in h e d enominator making a pair ) by h e s a m e n u mber u n i l n ew “

t
,

fra c i o n s res u l repres en i n g s ui a b le n u m bers of ee h for h e c h a nge

yea rs T h e g e ars r e pr es ent e d by the numbers in h e ne w num e rators
.

are driving g e ars and thos e in the d enominators are driv en g ears

t
t t
.
,

M e t ri c re a d s rew
t
Cu i ng Th wi h an E n gl i s h L e a d -
sc

cording to tmetric syst m

ve y oft n happens that screws or taps having thr ads cut
I r e e ao

r quir d
he l ad of th s scr ws e are e e . T he e e e e

inch it is said that t

is xpr ss d in millim t rs
e e hus inst ad of saying that a scr w has
e e e . T , e e

so many threads scr w has so many milli

p er , he e

m t rs l ad
e e uppos for xampl that
e . hav a lath having
S e, e e, we e e a

l ead screw with 6 threads

-
p er inch and that a scr ew with 3 milli
,
~

meters lead is r equir e d to be cut W e can find the change g ears to

.
10 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E A D C U T TI N G

t
.

be
t
us ed in h e same mann er as has been previously explained for

t
screws ou according to the E nglish system if we only first find out ,

t t
t
out how many threads there will be in one inch if we cut a screw
t
h o w ma ny h rea d s p er i n c h we wi l l h av e i f we cu a s crew wi h a
c er ai n lead gi v en i n mi l li me ers T hus in this cas e we must find .
, ,

with a 3 millimeters l ead T here a re millimeters to one inch

t
.
,

so that if we fi nd out how many times 3 is contained in we

t
,

e vidently ge the number of thr eads in on e inch T o find out how

t t
.

many times 3 is contain ed in we divide by 3 T hen we ge .

as a result h e numbe r of thr eads per inch I is not necessary to

carry out t ta fraction in the form
.

division he ; simply write i as

t
x

3
which implies that is to be divid ed by 3 T his fraction is h e .

number of thr e ads p er inch to be cut We now proceed e xactly as if

t t
.

we had to do with E nglish threads only W e place the number of .

threads on h e lead scr e w in h e lath e as the num erator in a fraction

-
,

and the number of threads to be cut which number is e xpressed by ,

the fraction as the d enominator . T hen we h a ve

3

T hisseems ve ry complicat ed but as the line between the numerator

t
,

and d enominator in a fraction simply means that we are to div i d e

the num erator by h e d enominator we get by carrying out this divi , ,

sion ,

6 X 3

If t
we now proc eed as in h e cas e of figuring change gears for any
numb e r of threads p er inch we multiply numerator and d enominat o r

t
,

by the s a me number until we fi nd suitable numbers of teeth for our

t
,

gears I n the case above we can find by trial that h e first number
.

by which we can multiply so that we get a whol e number as h e

r esult is 5 M ultiplying . by 5 gives us 1 27 T his means that we .

must have one gear with 1 27 teeth wh en ever we cut metric threads
by m eans of an E nglish l ead screw T h e gear to mesh with the 1 27 -
.

tooth gear in this case has 9 0 teeth because 5 tim es 1 8 equals 9 0 ,

.

S ummari z ing what we have just said in rul e s they may be e x ,

press e d as follows
1 .

in millimeters d i v i d e t t
T o fi nd the number of threads per inch when the lead is give n
t
by h e n u mber of mi l li me ers i n h e gi ven
,

find t
l ea d

t t
.

c t
2 chang g ars for cutting metric thr ads with an
To he e e e E ng

t t t t t t
.

t
lish l ad scr w
e -
e , p la c e h e n um ber h rea d s p er i n h
of of h e l ea d s cre
-
w
m u l i p li ed by h e n u m ber o f mi lli me ers i n h e l ea d of he h r ead o
 CH A N GE GE AR S 11

be t t
tt cu to as t t
he t
numera o
t t
o
r of a frac i on , a nd as h e d en mi na r,

a nd

to
d en
o
t
o t o
cto
o
t o
mul i p ly nu mera r a nd
mi na r of h e n ew fra i t t
se same rule expressed in formulas would
be us ed Th e
t o

s
d en mi na
n a re h e n um bers
r by 5 .

o
T h e num era
f ee h in
r

h e gea rs
be
a nd

t
.

n u m b e r o f h re a d s pe r i n c h
l ea d in m i ll i m e te rs

l
t
n u m b e r o f h rea d s p e r
i n c h i n ea d -s c re w X
lea d
o f scre w o
t
t t
i n m i ll i m e
be cu
e rs
ge a r l
o n s p i nd e s u d t
t l ea d
g

x 5 ge a r o n - s c re w
cours e it is so m etimes ne c e ssary to compound h e g ears becaus e
Of ,

the g ear on the spindle stud would oth erwis e ge too many teeth that
is it woul d be too large S uppos e for an exampl e that we wish to cut
t ,

t
.
, , ,

a scr e w having 6 millimeters l e ad on a lathe having a l ead scr e w -

with 8 threads p er inch According to our rule and formula h e g ear

.

t
Fig 5
. . l
t
m a ni p e o f G e a rin g fo r C u i n g
l
M e ri c T h re a d w i h E n g i s h L e a d -s c re w
t
t F ig 6 . E x a mp
l
.

E n g i s h T h re a d
le
tt
f G e a rin g fo r C u i n g
o
wi h M e ri c L e a d -s c re w
t
t
on the spindle stud would th e n have 8 X 6 X 5 or 24 0 teeth As no , .

lathe is provid ed with a change g ear with so many t eeth we must use ,

compound gearing I n this cas e we would proc ee d as follows :

.

8 X 6 X 5

t
25 4 x 5
. 1 27 x 24

t
which is e xactly h e sam e m ethod as has alr eady been e xplain ed un d e r
h e h e ad of compound gearing in conn e ction with h e figuring of t
t
change gears for E nglish scr ews T h e m ethod of mounting th ese gears
is shown in h e diagram Fig 5 , .
.

t t
What should in particular be impr ess e d upon h e mind of h e

t t
read er is that th er e is n o d i fferenc e i n m e h o d of figuring h e g ears t t
t
wh eth er h e thr ead to b e cut is giv en in the E nglish or in h e m etric
system I f giv e n in h e latter syste m simply transform h e l ead in
.
, t
12 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD C U T TI N G
.

t t
millimete rs to number of thr e ads p er inch and proc ee d in exactly
h e sam e way as if h e thr ead had b e en give n according to the E nglish
syst e m .

T h e 1 27 tooth gear is always plac e d on h e l e ad screw wh e n cutting

-

m e tric thre ads with an E nglish l e ad screw

t -

t
t t t
-
.

t
Cu s
ing r e a d w i h a M e ri c L e a d s c r e w
an E n gl i h T h -

T h e m e thod of figuring h e change g e ars wh e n an E nglish scr e w

is to be cut with a metric l ead scr e w is simply h e r everse of h e
o n e alr e ady explained W e mer e ly trans form the millim eter l ead of
-
t t
t
.

t
"
the metric le ad screw into numb er of thr eads per inch
-
“
T his we d o .

in h e same way as e x plain ed b efor e : we divid e ( whi ch is h e

t t
numbe r of millimeters in o ne inch ) by the numb er of millimeters in
h e l ead of h e metric l e ad scr e w A fter having obtain e d h e numb er
-

t t
t t t
.

of thr eads per inch we pr o ce e d as usual putting h e number of thr eads

t
, ,

p er inch of h e l e ad s cr e w in h e num e rator and h e numb er of thr e ads

per inch to be cut in h e d enominator of a fraction simplifying h e
,

t
tt t
,

fraction and multiplying both num erator and denominator by 5 to

,

ge h e numb e r of t e eth in h e change g e ars .

S uppos e for e xampl e that we wish to cut 5 thr e ads p er inch with
, ,

a l e ad scre w having 4 millim eters l e ad T h e numb er of thr eads per

-

tl ad scr w is th n tg ars by writing

.

inch of he e -
e , e , and we find he e
4

T his fraction can be simplified by actually dividing by 5, i n

which cas e we ge t
as a r esult .

5 x 4

M ultiplying both num erator and d enominator by 5 gives us the n ,

X 5 1 27

t
5 X 4 X 5 1 00

which gives us h e number of t eeth in our change gears .

T h e formula e xpr e ssing this calculation would tak e this form

t
t t
x 5 ge a r o n l
s p i nd e s u d

num
per t tl
b e r o f h re a d s
i nc h o b e c u
X
ea d i n m i ll i m e e rs
o f l e a d s c re w
-
X 5 ge a r on l ea d -
s c re w

E
t
xpressed as a rule this formula would r ead

t t tt t
T o find h e change ge ars for cutting E nglish thr e ads with a m e tric

cu t t tto t
-

t
l ead scr ew p la c e

t tt t
as

t
t
,
h e n u m e ra or a n d h e h re a d s p er i nc h o be
m u l i p li ed by h e nu m ber of m i l li m e ers l ea d of h e h rea d of h e
,

t t t t
lea d s crew i n h e d en mi n a or of a fra c i o n a n d m u l i p ly n u mera or ,

t
fra c i
o
t t o
a n d d en m i na or by 5

o n a re
T h e n um era or a n d d en o m i na r of h e n ew
he c h a nge
.

gea rs o be used .
 CH AP TE R II

K I NK S A N D S U G GE S T I ON S IN TH RE AD CU T TIN G

In t following a numb r of kinks and sugg stions in thr ad cut

he
ting have be n coll ct d and pr s nt d h s sugg stions hav be n
e
,

e e
e

e e e . T e e
e

e
e

e e

mad e from tim e to tim e by the read ers of M A CH I N E R Y and the m ethods

t t
,

outlined a re in use e very day in some shop or other in the country

t
.

T h e nam es of h e p e rsons who originally contribut e d h e sugg e stions

t
giv e n and the d escriptions of the d e vic e s shown to h e columns of

t
M A CH I N E R Y hav e b ee n giv en in notes at h e foot of h e page s together
,

with the month and y ear wh en h e articl e app eared

,

t ,

t r tt
.

When cutting a thread in a lath if t number of thr ads to t

Ind ic a or fo r T h ea d Cu ing

inch b ing cut is a multiple of t

e, he e he

the
e

scr w at any time and t

lead scr w the split nut may
-
numb r of thr ads to the inch on

tool will follow t

e thrown into m sh with the l ad
he
be
e e

e e

t
,

case however wh n the numb r of threads to tinch being cut

e first cut his is not he he T

is not a multiple of tnumb r of threads to tinch on the l ad

.
,

he , , e e he
he e he e

scr we ecaus of this lath s

. B g nerally equipp d with a backing
e , e are e e

t carriage is rought back to tstarting point without having

b lt which is thrown in wh n the tool has made the d sir d cut and
e e e e

b n dis ngaged from tlead scr w which of cours necessarily

, ,

he b he

brings t tool into t

ee e he -
e , e,

he right relation with the work his is a good he . T

arrangem nt for short thr ads say two or three inch s in l ngth but
e e , e e ,

when th ey a re long er and esp ecially wh en they are larg e in diameter

t
,

( which m e ans slow e r spe e d ) the backing belt is not a v ery economical
c ontrivance

s tarting point
,

t
becaus e consid erable tim e is wasted whil e h e carriage
is b e ing mov e d by h e l ead screw from the end of h e c u back o the -
tt t
tt
.

Fig 7 shows a simpl e d evice which may be attach ed to any lathe

t
.
,

e ned to t
a n d us e d to good advantage when cutting thr eads

t
I can be fast
h e carriage as shown in h e cut and pr e fe rably on h e side
.

tt
,

n e xt to h e tail stock as v e ry oft e n th ere is not e nough thr e ad on the

-
,

l ead screw to p ermit putting it on h e opposit e side T his indicator

-
.

t
i s us e d in the following manner :

t
S tart h e lath e and when one of
h e three points mark e d A of the triangular pointer ( s e e plan vi ew )
,

t
t t t
, , ,

i s opposit e h e zero mark throw the split nut into m esh with h e

t t t
,

l e ad scr e w
-
A ft er the t o ol has r each e d h e en d of its o u bring h e

t
. ,

c arriag e back by hand to h e starting point Wait until one of h e

t
.

t tt
points mark ed A is again opposite h e z ero mark th en throw h e split
n u into mesh with h e l e ad screw as b efor e I f this is done wi h e ach -
,

t
t
.

s ucc essive cut h e tool will always com e right with h e thread Wh e n .

t
,

the point er is a triangle as shown h e worm whe e l which is in m esh ,

-
,

with h e l ead scr e w should be so proportione d that its numb er of

-
,
 K I N KS AND S U GGE S T I ON S 15

e xampl e t
te eth is three ti l des the threads p er inch of h e l e ad screw I f for
h e l ead scr e w has e ight thr eads p er inch th en the worm
-
t -
.
,

, ,

wh eel should have twenty four te eth T h en when o n e of the points

-
.
,

marked A is op posit e the zero mark the l ead s cr ew and the lath e ,

S pindle will occupy the same relative positions T h e devic e do e s not

"
.

work for fractional thr eads T his devi ce it i s claimed was originate d
.
, ,

in this country thirty or thirty fi v e yea rs ago by William Gl eason of -

,

D e v i c e P e rmi t
t
i n g O p e n in g
b
up t
h e L e a d -n u
a ck b y H an d
t and R un n in g t
h e C a rri a ge

R ochester , N . Y . fact howev er it is much old e r than that hav i ng

In , , ,

originally bee n invent ed in E ngland

t t tt
.

t
A n o h e r T h r e a d c a c h i n g D e v i c e fo r h e L a h e
-

t
T h e d evic e shown in Fig 8 which p e rmits h e l ead nut to be op en e d -
.
, ,

and h e carriage run back wh en cutting thre ads still i n suri n g catch
tt
“
,

"
ing the thr ead was appl ied to s e v eral lath e s in h e Worc est er P oly

t t
,

technic I nstitute som e y e ars ago by M r O S Wa lker of h e same city . .

~

. .

M r Walk er state s that he first saw it in h e shops of h e E W B liss

. . .

C o B rooklyn N Y n e arly thirty y e ars ago

t
. . .
.
, , ,

F ra n k l i n D J o n es B o o k l yn N Y
.
,
r O c o be r 1 9 07
, .
, .
15 N 0 32 .
—S CR E W T H R E AD C U T T I N G

T he lath es to which this d e vic e was applied had the lead s cre w at
t
-

t
the back which explains h e p eculiar engraving A is a casting bolted

t
,

o the back of the carriag e and supporting

h e dotted lin e s at C C A t
h e split nut indicat e d by
t t
h e l e ft of and support e d by A is a v e rtical
t .

t
.

t
spindle carrying on its upp er end h e worm wh ee l E engage d with -
,

t
h e l e ad screw and at h e lower end the disk D
-
, T h e wo rm wh e e l ~

t
.

should have e ither as many te eth as th ere a re thr e ads p er inch in h e

l e ad screw S or a numb er of t eeth which is some multipl e of h e
-

t
,

numb e r of thr eads p er inch .

T h e disk D has equidistant slots milled across its p e riphery

number of slots b e ing as many as h e number of t eeth in h e worm
he
t ttt ,

t
.

wh ee l is tim es the numb er of thr eads per inch of h e lead screw I n -

tt
.

this instanc e h e l ead scr ew has six threads p er inch h e worm wh ee l

- -

t
, ,

h a s thirty six t e eth and th ere a re six slots mill e d in h e p eriph e ry of

-
,

D . F as t en e d to h e low e r sid e of the low er half nut is h e l a tch F -

,

LE AD S CR EW 6 P .

t t tt
t
F ig 8 . . An o h e r D e vi c e o n h e S a m e P ri n c i p l e as ha sho wn in F ig 7 .

t
which engages with o ne of h e slots or notches in D wh e n the split

t
nut is clos ed I is thus evident that when h e split nut has been t
t
.

disengaged from h e l e ad scr ew and the carriage run back for a fr esh -

cut the l ead screw cannot again be engaged until h e wo rm whee l

- -

t
,

turns into po sition for one of the slots to corr espond with the latch F

t
.

T h e latch b e ing engag e d h e worm wh e el c e as e to turn acting th e n

s
-

t
, ,

as a sort of half nut on the scr ew T herefore h e lead scr e w can only .
-

be engaged at e ven inch e s of its length and n e c e ssarily h e thread

cutting tool must engage with the thread already starte d wh en this has
a whol e numb e r of thr e ads p e r inch ; but on fraction a l thr e ads he d e
tt
t
,

vice fails as constructe d H owev er by having thr ee slots in h e disk D .

,

t
,

inste ad of six fractional thr eads having one half for h e fraction could
,
-

be ca ught and with only o n e slot in h e disk fractional thr e ads includ

t t
,

ing one half one third o ne sixth two thirds and fi v e sixths could be
- -
,
-
,
- -

t
,

caught but und er th ese conditions h e tim e r equir ed to bring h e

t
,

notch around so that h e latch F could be engage d would usually be

n early equal to that r e quir e d to revers e and run h e carriage back
"
,

e sp e cially on short work

t
.

H . P . F a i rfi el d , W o rces er, Ma s s , F e b ru a ry, 1 9 01 .

 ‘

KI N KS AN D S U GGE S T I ON S 17

t
(

t
na i o n T h r e a d i n g T o o l
C o mb i

T hr ead t oo l holde rs hav e always b een of considerabl e in er es t to tool

-

t t t
mak ers and others r equir e d to produc e accurate thr ea ds Th is i nt er est

t
is largely d ue to h e d i fii cul y of p roducing a hread to ol hold er whic h
fi lls al l h e r equir e m e nts placed on such a tool .
-
.

t t
Fig 9 shows a combination spring and solid thr eading tool esp ecially

t
u seful for working o n t o ol st eel I is made high enough so as to rest
on the c arriage instead of on he rocker o f h e to ol post ; therefore the
.

'

tool is a l ways pa ra l lel T h e cutt ers a re easily and quickly mad e and
.

ma y be quickl y chang ed the h old er T h ey may be e asil y set by .

S E CT ION O N X- Y
TO P V I E W

S ID E V I E W

B l ade I ncl i ned m f o mV

°
r tl
e r ica

t
t
Gage fo r S e i ng T oo l

RONT V I EW

tl
t t t
F ig . 9 . S p e c i a l S p ri n g T h re a d i n g- oo H o ld e r

t t
bringing h e fac e o f h e hold er at J parallel to h e face plate and
t
-

raising h e cutt er to h e c ente r line with the s e screw D T h e gage -

t t
.

shown at G which consists of a smooth pi ece of round stock c ent ere d

t
,

at the ends and milled out to h e cent er line for a short d istanc e ,

furnish es a c onve nient m eans for l ocating he top of the c utter at h e

prop er height

t
.

T h e constructio n of the tool will be rea dily und ersto od A slot i s .

t
mill ed out in the fro nt end of h o lder H at an angl e of 1 5 d egre es o

t t
r ec eive the blade A T his slot as shown in h e front vi ew also has a n
,

t t
. , ,

inclination of 1 1A d egre e from h e vertical to mak e he cutt er agr ee

t t
with h e av e rage inclination of h e thread in a U S standard scr ew

t t
I n a ho rizontal slot in he end of h e hold e r is fitted h e clamping
yoke C T his h as a n op ening in it through which h e b lad e A pass es
.
. . .

,
18 N o 32 .
—S CR E W T H R E A D C U T TI N G

and is provid ed with a tap ering seat for the tightening scr e w B As .

this is scr ew ed d o wn yok e 0 is drawn in and the blad e A is h eld

t t
, ,

firmly back against its s eat A saw cut at F extends nearly through
t
-
.

th e hold e r thus l e aving the upp e r e n d fl exibl e to giv e it h e efi ec of

,

h e w e ll known goos e neck tool

-
T hrough a slot in
-
h e bottom is t
t
.

pass e d a tie pi ec e which is pinn ed fast to the outer division of the

holder and may be if so d esired connecte d with the shank by h e
, ,

tap er pin E T his allows the tool to be used e ither as a solid or as a

"
.

spring tool holder -

.

A noth e r thread tool hold e r is shown in Fig 1 0 T his was e specially

-
. .

d esign e d for the economical us e of high sp ee d stee l in thread cutting -

.

l h ld tl
t
F ig 10
. . T h re a d T o o -
o er fo r H i gh - s p eed S ee T o o ls

t
On e advantage o f h e hold er is that cutters can be broken ofi from
h e bar and us e d without f urther wor k ing B y grinding the cutt e rs
as indicated at A B and C a variety of pitch es can be cut clos e up to
.

"
, , ,

a shoulder .

t
S p ri n g H o l d e r fo r T h re a d i n g T o o l s

T h e thread tool hold e r shown in Fig 1 1 is int e nded for h e blad es or

-

t
.

single point cutters made by the P ratt

-
Whitn ey Co T h e improv e

tt
.

t
m ent in the d esign ov er common hold ers consists in h e provision for
permitting h e tool to spring away from h e work if too heavy a cut
.

t
is taken I n oth er r esp e cts the principle of h e holder is the same as

t t tt t
that of the o n e manufactur e d by h e P ratt Whitney CO its e lf for
th es e tools R eferring to h e engraving A is h e body which is slotte d
.
, ,

t t t
. , ,

at B prop er r esistance b eing given to h e to o l by h e s e scr ew C which " -

has a spring at h e lowe r end acting upon h e front part of h e hold er

tt tt
, ,

t tt
E v e re K n ee n , K ea rn y, N J , A ugu s , 1 9 06 .

S eph en C o u r e r, P a e rs o n. N J , A ugu s , 1 9 08
.

. .
.

.
 KI N KS AN D S UGGE S T I ON S

t fro t
19

which will k p t
thold
A D
he
may be in erted a blad or

A e
e
s

e
art of

gr at many d signs of spring tool hold rs have been tried t

r from bending to sid whil cutt ng
e

o ne
k ey,
e
-
e

e
i .
ee he n p

he on e
,

shown in F ig 1 1 being comparative ly common T h e di fficulty with

. .

hold ers of this kind is that it is almost impossible to adjust the screw

t
for each particular p itch to be thread e d so that h e spring has the t
t
proper tens ion I is evid ent that in cutting a coars e thread there is
.

no need of h e too l being as sensitiv e as when cutting a very fin e

t
thread but th er e is no m eans for judging wh en in each particular cas e
,

h e prop e r springing action has b e en attained Anoth e r obj ection to

t
.

.
, t
the d esign shown b elow is that it pr events a full and clear view of
the thread b e ing cut h e proj ecting part ext ending partly above h e
wo rk Of all spring thr ead tool hold ers hith erto d esign ed however
-
, ,

F i g 11
. . S p rin g H o ld er fo r T h re a di n g T o o ls

t
this o ne is abo ut as good as any A spring tool h o ld e r for threading -

t
.

tools which will overcom e h e obj e ctions m e ntion e d is gr eatly in

a s ye t
d emand and many atte mpts have b een mad e to solve h e pr o bl em but
,

none has be en entir e ly successful

,

t
t
.

t
T o o l fo r C u i n g S q u a re S c re w T h re a d s

In Fig 1 2 is shown a tool of h e chas er type fo r cutting squar e

.

G B
. .T ayl o r
.

B a rtholom ew S
, t
scr e w thr e ads T his tool has been rec ently pate nted by M essrs C
B ir m ingha m E ngl a nd. Ordin a rily , .
. .

t
,

square screw thread tools eve n wh e n th e y h a v e b een us e d v ery littl e

-
,

t
,

are found to hav e worn to such an ext ent that h e r esulting groov e

t t tt
is not as wid e as requir e d I is obvious that it is impossible to
.

r e gr i nd th es e tools afte r h e sid es of h e cutting te eth have worn down

t
be low h e requir e d width
tt
With h e hope of overcoming thi s defect
h e tool shown in h e ou has b een d e sign e d
o f two halv e s A and B
.

As s een the tool consists

each be ing p rovid e d with teeth which gradu
.
,
,

, ,
20 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E A D C U T T I N G

t t
.

t tt
ally cut h e groove to h e r equir e d d epth T h e require d width is
obtain e d by adjusting h e r e lativ e positions of the two tools A and B
.

t
,

so that h e tool B wid e ns h e grooves already cut by A T hes e two .

tools or chas ers a re h e ld in a t ool holder E and h e a djustm ent is -

,

F i g 12
. . A djus t
bl
a e Too l fo r C u t
t in g S q ua re T h re a d s

e ffect e d by m eans of two scr ews F and G h a ving conical ends which

t
,

t
a re forc e d in b etwe e n the tools A and B these in turn be ing clamped
by h e scr ews H and J W h eth e r h e tool will prove to poss ess such
.

practical qualiti es as wi ll insur e for it any exte nsive application is

,

“ (1 t PM . N I
o .

t t
t but t
F ig 13 . . I n e rn a l T h re a d - o ol H o ld er
to
d i fii c u l s a y, id a is ing nious and may
he e e , be a ppli ed in oth er
c s s than that cutting squar scr w thr ads
t
a e of e e e .

t e rn a l T h r e a d i n g o o l H o l d e r
In -

T h e lathe boring and thr e a ding tool hold e r shown in Fig 1 3 has
-
.

be en in u s e in a w e ll known Ohio sho p and has give n ve ry good satis

-
,
22 N o 32 —S CR E I V T H R E AD C U T TI N G

t t
/
.

A plain circular plate Fig 1 5 to bolt on h e face plate of h e lath e i s

, .
,
-
,

mad e and locate d and h e ld in exact position with two small dowe l
,

pins AA T hen a numb er of circl es are scored in this plate T h e

.

t
, .

circl e nearest the center is divided into three parts the n ext one into

t
,

four parts which answers for two divisions as w e ll h e n ext one into

t
, ,

t
.

fi ve parts etc H ol e s are drill e d in h e circl e s larg e enough in diam

, .

e t e r to hold pins for drivin g h e carrier T o u s e h e plate for cutting .

tt t
t t t
t
F i g 15
. . D e vi c e fo r F a c i i l a in g h e C u i ng o f M u l i p l e T h re a d s

multipl e threads h e carrier is move d from one pin to anoth er until

t
,

each thr ead is cut T h e plate mentioned is k ept sp ecially for multipl e
.

thread cutting and can be bolte d on by bolts through the back of h e

face plate "
,

t
.

Fig 1 6 shows anoth er inter esting dev e lopment of fac e plate arrange
.
-

m ent fo r thr ea ding lathes brought out by h e fi rm of Ferdinand P l ess , ,

Fe chenh eim a M Germany and intended for facilitating the cutting

, .
,

Fi g 1 6 . . t t t
t
An o h e r D e v i c e fo r C u i n g M u l i p l e Th re a d s

of multipl e thr eads in the lath e A s se en from the illustration it .

t
,

consists of two parts A and B the part A b eing fr e e to be rotated in

t
, ,

relation to h e part B wh en the bolts 0 are loos ened T he driving pin .

for h e lathe dog is attach e d to the plate A and in cutting multiple

t
threads wh en one thr ead is fi nish e d h e bolts 0 a re simply lo o s en ed
,

and h e plate A turn e d around in r e lation to the spindle of h e machin e

, t ,

t ,

J a mes H Go mersa ll Germa n o wn P a M a rc h 1 9 00

. , t , , , .
 KI N K S AN D S U GGE S T I ONS 23

an amount corr e sponding to the type of thread being cut ; thus for ,

instanc e if a double thr ead is cut the plate A is turned around one

t
, ,

half revolution or 1 8 0 degrees ; for a triple thread 1 20 degrees ; for a

, ,

quadruple thread 9 0 degrees e c T h e p eriphery of plat e A is gr a du

, , .

ated in degr ees and a ze ro line provided on p late B so that the

, ,

r equir e d s etting is v ery easily obtained On lath es which are con .

tt
t t used for thr ad cutting tadvantag of an arrang m nt of
F ig 1 7
. . D ou bl e T o o l -
po s wi h C i rc u la r F o rm ed T h re a d T o o l

this typ is v ry vid nt as it sav s mploying any of t

s an ly e he e e e

e e e emor or , e e he e

Fig 1 8 . . Cu t t t
t
LE AD S C RE W
in g A c i o n o f h e T o ols

l ess cumbersom e methods in vogu e for moving the work in r e lation to

t
the tool wh en cutting multipl e thr eads
t
t t
.

M e h o d fo r C u ing L a h e L ead -
s c re ws
T he method shown in Fig 1 7 may b e us e d fo r cutting lathe l e ad

t
.

screws T wo cutting tools a re us ed one in front right side up and

t
.
, , ,

h e oth er at the back also right sid e up to cut on the r e v e rs e trip

, , .

T h e cutting t ools are round lik e short s ecti o ns o f h e scr e w to be cut

, ,
24 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E A D C U T TI N G

t t
.

t t
but l eft hand to cut a right hand scr e w T h ey a re c u with h e thr ead
- -

t
.

t t t t
on a ta p er and h e o utsid e turne d straight so th a t h e l eading cutter

t t
ooth will cut to h e full d epth fed at e ach trav ers e and h e succe ed ,

tt
ing t eeth wid en h e ou only h e last two usu a lly cutting on h e full

tt t
,

sid e of h e thr e ad as shown in Fig 1 8 T h e limiting e l em e nt in usi n g

,
.

this d evic e is h e torsi o nal str ength of h e screw b eing ou

.

T h e bolts

t t t
.

t
00 and th e ir wash e rs and nuts h e lp to hold h e cutt e rs in pl a c e
D holds h e d e vic e to h e top of e cross slid in plac e o
B olt
tool post "
.

t
h e f h-
e ,
-
.

A c c u r a e T h re a d i n g o f T a p s a n d D i e H o b s

t E xp e rienc e in tap and d i e making has taught th a t it is o n e thi n g

o mak e a p e rf ect scr ew and quit e anoth e r to mak e a

t
p erfe ctly corr espond with it I is w ell kn o wn that a tap shortens in
.
a p which will t
hard ening this shrinkage varying som ewhat with differ ent grad e s of
,

i n c ry, N Y.
.

t t
t t
t
F i g 19
. . A rra n gi n g L a h e fo r C u in g T a p s L o n g in h e Lea d

st ee l so that a tap and a scr e w mad e with h e sam e l ead scr ew will -

t t
,

place in the hard ening

t
not corr e spond in pitch T h e r efor e to b e accurate allowan c e must be

.
.
,

mad e in chasing h e thread on h e tap for h e shrinkage that will tak e

,

T o carry out this id e a a littl e furth er : A h o b and a tap may thus

t t ,

t
be mad e to corr espond but aft e r a d i e is hobb e d and hard en e d it will
not exactly match h e hob or h e tap which it is intended to suit S o .

a ge s t t t t
we s ee that h e hob should b e mad e with an allowanc e of two shrink

t
o count eract the short ening that tak e s place wh e n it ( h e hob )

is hardened and again wh en h e d i e is hard en e d Whil e it is not h e

t
.

t
best policy to mak e taps and di e s in h e tool room it ofte n b ecom es

t
~

t t
,

n e cessary to do so for siz es varying fr o m h e standard and h e prob ,

le m th e n pr e s ents i s e lf to cut th em s o a s o make h e prop e r allow

anc e for shrinkage T h e following m ethod sh o ws h o w this is a c com
.

t
p l i s h e d in a v ery satisfactory mann e r :
T h e change g e ars of h e lath e a re first a rr a n g e d a s usual for cutting

. .
, t
E H F i s h W o c es e r M a s s O c o b e r 1 9 06
r , t ,
.
 KI N KS AND S U GGE S T I ONS 25

t
the required number of threads per inch tail stock is then s e T he
t
-

tt t
.

ov er e ith e r way for a short distanc e and the taper attachm ent is s e
to corr espond with h e s eto v er of h e tap T h e thr ead is then cut

t
.

as usual the too l being s e by the fac e of the tap T h e thr e ad cut in
,
.

t
this way will be slightly coars er than would have b een h e cas e if
h e cent ers were in lin e with the axis of the lathe T h e r e ason for .

this will be o bvious from the cut Fig 1 9 and a littl e practic e will

t
,
.
,

t
enable the machinist to judge j ust how much the tail stoc k should be
-

se over to obtain the required r esult For exampl e : I f h e tap is 1 0 .

t t t
t t
t t
F ig 2 0. . A n o h e r Arra n ge m e n fo r C u i n g T a p s L o n g i n h e L ea d

t
inche s long and is set over 175 inch whil e h e tool is moving h e whol e
le ngth o f the a p the movem ent of h e carriage parallel to the ax is
, ,

of the lathe would be through a distance of but inches so that

,

t
t
,

the threa d is l engthened inch ; in other words th er e a re as many ,

threads i n 1 0 inch es on h e tap as would have been cut in inches

"

had the centers be e n in lin e with the shears

t t
.

I f now in cutting this tap we w e re to use an ordinary dog d rive n ,

from h e fac e plate it will be apparent that h e result would be a

-
,

t tt
t
F ig 2 1 . . M i c ro m e e r fo r T e s i ng h e Le a d o f L ead -
s c re ws

drunken thr ead sinc e h e velocity of r evolution of the tap wo uld not
,

be constant throughout its r evolution but would be variabl e ; th e r e ,

for e a dog as shown in Fig 1 9 is r equired to transmit a uniform .

motion from the spindl e to the tap On e could also employ a smal l
,
.

t
gear A F ig 20 mounted upon h e end of the tap and a similar gear B
,

attach ed to h e live center or to h e fac e plate A fixtur e C is us ed for

t
t
.

-
.
,

suppo rting a short shaft on e ach end of which is plac ed a pinion as

t ,

t
shown at F and G T h e s e pinions are of h e sam e size and engage wi th
.

h e gears A and B Wh en they a re prop erly adjusted so as to run freely

.
 N O 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD C U T TI N G
.

with th es e gears th ey impart a p erfectly un ifo rm move m ent to the

,

t
tap b eing ch a s ed .

T e s ing a L e a d - s c re w

A method of testing the p itch of a l ead scr e w at any positi o n of its -

,

l ength consists in procuring a microm eter scr ew and barr e l compl ete
,

t t
,

such as can be purchased from any of the manufactur ers of accurate

measuring instrum ents and bore out a holder so that h e axis of h e
,

microm eter scr ew will be parallel to its body wh e n the scr e w is in

,

tt
plac e as shown in Fig 21 With the lath e gear e d for any selected
.

pitch the nut engaged with h e l ead scr ew and all backlash of screw
,
.

-
,

t
,

gears etc pr o perly tak en up clamp h e micrometer hold er to the lath e

t t
, .
, ,

bed as shown in Fig 22 so that h e body of the hold e r is parallel to

t
, .

t
,

h e carriage A dj ust h e microm et e r to one inch when the point of

.

any numb er of full r e volutions that r e quir e d

t
h e screw b e ars against h e carriage and with a surf ac e gag e scribe a
lin e on the outer edge of h e face pl a te N o w rotate h e lath e spindl e
caus e h e car riage
-
,

. tt

W CRO “ETER
.

tt
t tt
Fig 2 2 . . T e s in g h e L e a d - s c re w

t
to trav e l ov e r h e portion of h e l ead scr e w that is b eing t est ed bring
t
-

t t
,

ing the line on h e fac e plat e to h e surface gage point I f h e distan ce

-

t
.

travel ed by h e carriage is not greate r than one inch h e microm eter ,

will indicate h e error directly For length of carriage trav e l great er

t
.

than one inch an end m easuring rod set to the number of e ven inch es
,

r equir ed can be used b etw een h e microm eter point and h e lath e
,

t
t
,

carriage T h e e rror in the l e ad scr e w is th en e asily d et e rmined by -

t
.

h e adjustment that may b e r e quir e d to mak e a conta ct for the m ea s ur

ing points b etw een h e carriag e and h e micrometer scr ew T h e pitch
can be test ed at as many points as a re consider ed n ec essary by using
t -

e n d m e asuring rods of l engths s el ected set to good verni er calip ers

,

T h e styl e of hold e r shown can with h e microm e te r scr e w be us ed ,

tt ,
.

t
for num erous oth er shop t ests and as h e scr ew is only h eld by friction
caus e d by h e clamping scr ew it can e asily be r e mov ed and placed in
any form of holder that is found n ec essary "
,

tt t
.

Wal l er Ca n e o, B ri d ge p o r . C o nn .
, Jul y , 1 9 03 .
 K I N KS AN D S U GGE S TI ON S 27

t
t t
t
Cu ing a. S m o o h T h re a d
When cutting threads one ofte n m eets with d i fii cul y in obtaining a

t
,

smooth thr ead such as is r equ i red for screw gages and taps One

t
.
,

good way to obtain a smooth thr ead is to turn h e tap n early to siz e

t
"
and hard en it ; th en draw h e temp er to a light blue Wh en turning “

t t
.

to siz e if the tool do es not stand up well draw still lower h e obj ect
, , ,

being to l eav e just enough temp er in the a p to make h e stee l firm .

B y taking light chips with a hard thr e ad tool a glossy smooth thr e ad , ,

will r esult Anoth er advanta ge gain ed by hard ening the tap befor e
.

t
fi nishing is that it will greatly e liminat e the chanc e s of the l e a d chang
ing aft er h e final hard ening A thin lubricant of lard oil and turpen
tine is an e xc ell ent one for thr ead cutting When cutting two or more
.

t t
.

taps it is customary in some shops to rough out both or all the taps

t t
,

l eaving h e dogs on th em and for h e sizing or finishing cut the taps

t
, ,

a re chased without moving the thr e ad tool

c eed i n g taps will not be e xactly the same size "

t
B u if h e thr e ad tool
dulls a trifl e wh en maki n g h e fi n i s h i n g cut on h e fi rst tap ( he suc :
.

.
t ,

R e m o v i n g B ro k e n T a p s

T o r e mov e a broke n tap from cast iron the hole should first be ,

th o ro ughly cl ean e d out by means of a small squirt can fill e d with

t
Ma c hi n ery N Y
, . .

t
F ig 2 3
. . A L i mi S cre w T h re a d Ga ge

k e ros en e A l l small br o k en pi ec es of h e tap can be r emove d with a

t t t
.

pair of tw e ezers T h en the tweez ers which should be as large as

.
,

possibl e should be ins erted b etwe en h e hol e and h e flutes of h e

t
,

tap and by slowly working back and forth and occ a sionally lubricating
with k eros en e h e brok en pi ece is e asily r e l eas ed A through hol e
, .
,

of cours e simplifi es matters som ewhat

,
“ .

A H and y S c re w T h r e a d G a ge

Wh en cutting thr eads on scr ews and bolts whe th e r by thr eading di es
or in a lath e much tim e is wasted by gaging h e thr eads with e ith e r
t
,

t t
t
,

a nut or a ring thread gage o f h e ordinary typ e I n h e cas e of a

piec e h e ld betw een lath e c e nt ers in order to gage h e thr e ad with h e
ring gage it is n ec essary to remov e the piec e from b etween the c enters
, t .

t
, .

T h e D r esdn e r B o h rm as c h i n enfa bri k A G D r e sd e n Ge rmany is mak .

-
, ,

ing a gage for measuring h e thr eads of scr e ws which s erves the same

t t
,

purpos e as a ring gag e but sav es the us er consid erabl e time T his

t
, .

t
gage is shown in Fig 23 T h e end mark ed A fi s o ve r h e threads and
. .

h e e n d m a rked C is suppos e d not to pass ov e r h e thr ead e d scr e w wh en

,

t ttJ
,

F E S h a i l o r, G rea B a rri ng o n , M a s s , M a rch , 1 9 07

J
. . .

H . . B a c h ma nn , N ew Y o rk C i y, a n ua ry, 1 9 06 .
28 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD C U T T I N G

tt t
.

thr ead e d to h e right si z e T hus not only can the size of h e thr e ads
b e tried but at h e sam e time h e gage acts a s a limit gage
.

t ,

t t
t t t
, .

t
M e th o d o f D ri v i n g L a h e W h e n C u i n g S cr e w s o f S e e p P i c h
'

t
W hen cutting scr ews of v ery quick pitch or cutting h e t eeth of

t t
sp i ral gears in a lath e plac e a pull e y on h e l ead scr ew and l ength en
,

h e c o n e b e lt so as o dri v e h e l e a d s cr e w dire ctl y fr o m h e count e r -

t ,

t
t t
shaft and driv e the spindl e back through the change ge ars B y doing
,

this h e carriage may be driv en back and forth much quick er and with
.

t
,

l ess strain on h e lath e Wh e n cutting a quick pitch more po wer is

.

"
,

generally required to operat the carriage than to driv e h e spindl e

e .

C a s e h a r d e n i n g R i n g T h r e a d G a ge s
-

T o harden ring thread gages without distortion ann e al the gage afte r
roughing out and wh en having finish e d the thread fill h e gage with
,

t
tt
, ,

powde red cyanid e and then heat it in a gas furnace b e ing v ery car eful ,

to exclude cold drafts as much as possible W hen h e gage has r each ed .

the right temperature turn the gas almost off and let h e p i ec e r emain
, ,

t
t
F ig 2 4
. . T o o l fo r Cl e a n in g Th re a d s i n Ch u c k s and F a c e -p la es

in the furn ac e for about en minutes T hen dip it in oil and keep it
moving around in a path shap ed like h e fi gure 8 When cool en ough
remove it and clean it with keros en e oil "
.

t .
.
,

T h r e a d C l e a n e r fo r C h u c k s a n d F a c e p l a t e s
t
-

T h e practic e of cleaning out h e threads on chucks and other fac e

plates every tim e they are screwed on the spindle is very nece s sary
for maintaining the accuracy of h e chuck and should th erefore not be
neglected esp ecially by appr entic e s T h e only instrument n ecessary is
t
t
.
,

a piece of inch drill rod bent into the shap e of a safety pin and
-

having its two ends bent outward with h e points fi l e d to 6 0 d e grees as

shown in F ig 24 I ns erting this little tool between h e thread s and
t t ,

t t
. .

moving it around by hand insur e s h e r emoval of all dirt and chips

that have accumulated in h e thr eads I n his conn e ction it is also
well to remember that after removing a chuck or face plate from h e
spindle it should b e laid away face down or with the chuck jaws rest
.

-
t
t t
,

E v eret t
E ugene W 0 a l e z ky T ren o n N J Nov e mb er 1 9 04
ne e n K e a rny N J J u l y 1 9 06
,
,

, .
,

.
.

, , .
,
.
30 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD C U T T I N G

t
t
.

t t
thread e d until the upp er die F com e s down and carri es it pas h e
lower die G I n cutting h e d i e it may be mad e in one pi ece H be ing
.

the circumference of h e thread to be rolled and G the des ired length

,

,
,

t
, 1

for the lower die F is the desired length for the upper die which
,

t t
.
,

mus t be longer than the lower die so that it will roll h e wire past the
die G and permit i to drop out of h e way T h e part K must be c u
out when cutting in two parts T h e proper angle to which to cut h e .
. t
t
d i e d e p ends on the pitch of the thread T h e pitch divid e d b y the cir .

c umference of the screw to be rolled will give the tangent of the angle

t
.

I n cutting the die which must be of good tool steel and hardened afte r
,

making h e shaper is us ed T h e cut is taken with a tool that can be

taken off and put back again without changing its location—such a
t
.
,

tool for instance as a circular thr e ading tool I n cas e h e point should
, , .

t t
Fi g 2 6
. . T h re a d -ro lli n g D e v i c e
,

t
happen to ge dull the tool can hen be removed for grinding
the fe ed screw has not h e d esired graduations on it a brass index
-

plate can be mad e very quickly and us ed on the machine T h e bras s

If
,

.
.

plate should be of a good size and cut accurately in a milling machin e

"t
,

and a pointer clamp ed on the s h aper

t
.

P r o d u c i n g T h re a d s b y a R a p i d l y R e v o l v i n g S e e l D i s k
.

Fig 27 illus trates a m ethod us e d for thr eading studs pins etc of
.
, , .
,

mangan es e st ee l this material being so hard that it cannot be cut

t
,

by any kind of tool steel A plain hard en e d tool steel disk having the

tt
.
, ,

e dg e mad e according to h e angl e of thr e ad is employ e d T his disk , .

is re volv e d at a high sp eed and at the same time forced into h e work
, ,

tt
which is r e volv ed slowly Owing to the friction b etween the edge of h e
,
.

t
disk and h e work and the softening of h e material d ue to the h e at
gene rated by h e friction h e disk w ears away the stock and by m eans
t ,

t
, , ,

S ta c y O l i v e r G rea t B a rri ng o n M a s s Ju l y 1 9 07
, , ,
.
 tt
KI N KS AND S U GGE S TI ON S

t
31

of this crea es h e thr ead T h e stock come s off in a very small hin
, .
,

scal es like chips which to som e extent r e mind one of the s cales of a
,

fish An ordinary lath e may be rigged up for the purpose by r emov

.
,

ing the too l p ost and top rest and substituting for th e m the fixture
- -
,

shown in the cut T h e disk must be driven ind epend ently by an over ‘

t
.

h ead drum or some similar arrangement

, .

T h e peripheral spe e d of h e disk is usually b e tw een 3000 and 4000

feet per minute T h e operation is unavoidably slow and exp ensive
.

t
and the method is used only wh en no oth er way is possible I is v ery
likely how ever th at h e e fficiency can be increased to some extent
. t ,

t
, ,

by increas" ing the peripheral speed of the disk p erhaps to as high as

t t fee per minute—a speed used on friction saws

,

t t
.

I is likely hat high speed ste e l would be preferable to ordi nary tool
-

s ee l as material for
_
h e disks but as the process described is nec es , ,

sari ly slow and is used only when no other wa y of threading is

,

t
t l l t
tt t t
F ig 2 7
. . C u i ng a T h re a d b y a R a p id y R e v o v in g H a rd en e d S e e l D i s k

it has not as ye b een d eve lop ed to h e l i mit of i s ca pacity

T here is a certain point in h e gradual d e ve lopm e nt of h e method
above at which it becomes e conomically pr eferable to emp loy high speed
t -
.

steel for the disk but below this point of d evelopment although high
, ,

speed ste e l may be the best the ordinary tool ste e l disk owing to its, ,

smaller first cost is e conomically the one to be pr eferr ed A pr efer

t
, .

e nc e for the one or the other kind of steel is influ e nced by a number

tt
of factors vi z h e numb er of pi ec es to be thread ed p er unit of time ;
,

t
h e peripheral sp eed of the disk ; the pr essure b etween disk and work ;
and h e efficiency of h e system of cooling

t t
.

T h e qu estion of cooling is in its e lf an int e r esting o n e T h e reason

t
.

why the heat does not draw the temper of h e tool steel in h e disk

t
whil e the h e at is so gr eat that it softens h e m etal of h e work is that t
t ,

the disk is revo lvi ng a a high sp ee d and h e work only revolving very
slowly so that a unit of length of h e p eriph ery of the disk is in con
,

tact with the work but a very short tim e while every point on h e
t t ,
32 .
—
N o 32 S CB E W T H R E AD C U T TI N G

tt
work at the place where it is cut is in contact with the di sk a co m
,

p a ra i v e ly long tim e
tt
Owing to this h e disk has ampl e time to c o ol
,

t t
.

o ff whil e
, h e work accumulat es h e g e n e rat e d h e at T h e high speed
of h e disk also throws h e film of air n ear est to h e disk outward t
.

t
,

owing to the c entrifugal forc e and new cool air com es constantly in ,

at the center a current of air thus at all times tending to cool h e

,

disk .

T h e cooling thus obtain e d is found to be satisfactory at the pres e nt

sp ee d at which the disk is run but at a high e r spe ed a syste m of c ool ,

i ng by an air jet or still better perhaps by wat e r could b e employe d

, , , ,

l d e r fo r W i re s t t
t
F ig 2 8
. . H o w h e n M e a s u rin g T a p s b y h e T h re e -w ire S ys e m

to advantage T his would also incr e as e h e limits within which

t t
.

t
ordi nary tool stee l disk could be used to advantage For increasing

t t
h e periph eral sp ee d of h e disk as pr eviously m e ntioned undoubtedly
.

t t
h e b e st way would b e to incr e as e h e diam e t e r of h e disk permitting

t
h e number of r e volutions to r e main h e sam e as b e fore ; but at h e
,

t
t
t t
present stage of h e d eve lopm ent of this d evic e th er e a re som e limita

t
tions to h e siz e of h e disk inasmuch as it is us e d in an ordinary ,

t
lath e and h e spac e possible to utiliz e for h e disk is not very great
A noth e r di fficulty in incr e asing h e dia m e t e r rath e r than the numb e r
.

t
,

of r e volutions i s that fo r a large diam ete r disk it is n ec essary to ar

,

range the disk o n an incline d angl e in r e lation to h e work in ord e r to

 K I N KS AN D S U GGE S T I ON S 33

ge t
a p rf ct thr
e e ea d a nd this n ec ess a rily m ean s a more e xp e nsive rig

t
,

ki ng

tt t
.

T he principle involved in this m ethod o f cutting threads is h e sam e

as that involved in the friction saw B u h e principle of h e latter t
t
.

machin e cannot be carri ed out to its full extent in h e pr esent cas e be ,

ca us e h e st eel to be thr ead e d must not be heate d more than to a

tt t
certain d egr e e A bove this limit incr eas e d h e ating would mean i n
.

j ury to h e quality of h e steel

that it burns h e thr ead "
T h e h e at also m ust not be so high
.
,

t t
.

To M e a s ure a T h re a d wi h M i c ro m e r
e a nd T h re e W i re s

A U nit e d S tat es
t
standard or S e ll ers thr e ad may be accurately m e as
ure d with a microm e t e r by h e aid of thr e e wires pr e fe rably S tubbs

t t
,

stee l S e l ect a diam et er of wire that will li e in the thr ead nic e ly and

t
.

p rojec a bo v e h e tops of the thr e ad U s e two wires on o ne sid e in

'

"
adjac ent V s and one wir e on the opposite side so as to be in h e middle ,

plane b etwee n them For conv eni enc e th es e wires may be sharpen ed

t
.

and stuck into a block of soft wood two on one sid e of the scr ew an d

t t t
one on h e oth er as shown in Fig 28 T hen having gotten h e diam
, .
,

.
, t
t t
e t e r as m e asur e d ov e r

t
h e top of h e wir es h e thr e ad diam et e r may be
obtain e d by h e following rul e : From the diam eter as m e as ur e d over
t
t
h e wir e s subtract thr e e tim e s h e diam e t e r of the wir e s
,

ma i n d er a d d h e quoti ent obtain e d by dividing

T o h e re
by the numb e r
.

of thre ads per inch S uppos e that a scr ew with 1 4 thr eads p er inch
is m easur e d in this mann er using
diam eter ov er wir es is
.

inch diameter wir e and h e

,

inch S ubtract i ng 3 x or
t
,

tr maind r add
.

from l eave s To he giv

tdiamet r as
e e

ing he e or inch .
“

Os ka
t
K yl i n H i gh B ri d ge ,
r ,

E rnes K ro fi , Ci nci n na i t ,
N J J n u a ry 1 9 08
.

,
a
O h i o J a n ua y 1 906 r ,
,

.
.
 CH AP T E R I I I

TA B LE S A N D F OR M U L A S F OR M A K I N G
T H R E A D T O OL S

T he pr es ent chapter contains som e information regarding h e mak i ng t

of special thr eading tools squar e thr eading tools and s ev eral tabl es

t
which will prov e us eful wh en making thr e ad tools I is not a com
.
,

t
t
.

p l e e tr e atis e on the making of thr e ad tools but contains such ge neral ,

information as h e tool mak er is most lik e ly to r equir e-

.

F or m u l a fo r P l a ni n g T h re a d T o o l s "

Fig 29 shows a diagr a m of and b e low will b e found formulas for

.
, ,

thread tools with sp ecial r e fer ence to thos e us ed in a P ratt Whitn ey

,

thr ead tool hold er which holder is the o ne consid er e d the b est and
,

most us e d by l eading firms As the planing of thr ead tools us ed in

t
.

tt
this h older is rath er particular and quite confusing to thos e not i a
miliar with h e proc ess formulas are giv en by m eans of which h e
,

t
t
,

angl es to which h e plan er or shap er h ead should b e s e can e asily be -

t t
,

figur ed T h e formulas will b e re adily understood from h e diagram

t t
.
,

"
but a word may be n eeded in explanation of h e l eading and h e “ “

t
following sid e of h e thr ead tool the form er b e ing that sid e of h e
tool first ente ring h e work wh en a thr e ad is cut
,

t
.

1 . Tool wi h S id e C l e a ra n c e
a

t
d epth of thr ea d
b = wi d h of flat on o ffs e t tool
0 a ctu a l w idth o f fl a
,

t ,

d outsid e diam eter o f scre w ,

1) clearance angl e ,

w 75 angl e of thr e ad
: 1
,

y
a:

sid e )
angl e of h elix ,

t
normal angl e ( o wh i ch to s e pl a n e r head wh en planing tool on t ,

L ead

—
t sin
(d a ) 3 l 4l 6 .

cos yi ( co w o sin y )
cot w x cos 1)
U se for l eading sid e and for following sid e
For A cm e ( 29 d eg ) thr ead and 1 5 d e gr ee cl earanc e angl e
mula can for all practical purp o s es be written :
.
-
.

, tfor
he

t
,

t
,

c os y sin y
an w

M ACH I N E R Y, May , 1 9 05 .
 T A BL E S AN D F OR M UL AS F OR T H R E A D T OOLS 35

T he w i dth ttoffs t tool is figur d from tformula

of fla on he e e he : I)
c X co s y

tt
.

tto l has sid cl ar nc tangl of h li cant

2 . T o ol wi h ou S i d e C l e a ra n c e

I f he o no be consid r d
e e a e, he e e x e e

and ab v formula r duc s its lf t

an w
0 d eg , o tan
e for e e e o: a: 60

scr w thr ad nit d tat s standard t

.

cos 1)

d eg . e e , formula has this app ar

U e S e , he e

tan
a nc e : tan cc ar = 30 d eg 52 min
t
. .

cos 1 5 °

t
I n this latt er cas e h e width of flat of to o l ( 0 ) r e mains unchang e d
I will b e n otic ed that formulas a re giv e n first for tools wi th sid e
“
.

t
" "
cl e aranc e and s econd for t oo ls without sid e cl e aranc e ; of course “

t
a n y thr e ad to o l ought to b e giv e n a sid e cl e aranc e h e amount of
which d epends o n h e angl e o f h e lix of h e thr ead to b e cut but on a o t ,

ttt
N ac h mery, N Y, .

t
F ig 2 9
. . D i a gra m I l lu s ra i n g h e P l a n i n g o f T h re a d T o o s l
c ount of h e s m all angl e of h e lix o n fi ne pitch thr e ads the n ec essity of ,

using a to o l with sid e cl earanc e in such cas es is r educ e d to a minimum ,

a n d can for practical r easons be disp e ns e d with

t t
t
.

W i d h s o f T o o l s fo r C u i n g S q u a re T h r e a d s "

t
Wh en cutting squar e thr eads it is customary to make h e scr ews
t t
e xactly according to

t t
h e th eor e tical standard of h e squar e thr ead
T h e width of h e point of h e tool for cutting s crews with squ a r e
threads is th er efor e exactly one half of the pitch but h e width of h e -
t t
.

t
,

point of the tool for cutting taps which afterwards a re us ed for tap

t
,

t
ping nu s is slightly l ess than on e half the pitch so that the groove -
,

t
,

i n h e tap b ecom e s narrow er and h e land or cutting point wid er

than h e th eor etical squar e thr e ad th er eby cutting a gr o ov e in h e
,

,
t
nut which will be slightly wider than the thread in the scr ew so as -

t
,

e vid ently must b e of t

to provid e fo r cl earance An insid e threading tool for thr eading nuts
.

h e same width as the lan d on h e tap would be

t
t
.
,

o r in other words slightly wid er than one half h e pitch T his pro -

t
.

t t
,

vid es then h e required cl earance T h e accompanying tabl e gives

, , .

the width of h e point o f h e tool for all ordinary pitch es from one o
M AC H I N E R Y, A p ri l , 1 9 08 .
36 N o gz —S CR E W T H R E AD C U T T I N G

t
.

twenty four threads p er inch T h e s econd column gives h e width o f

-
.

t t
the point for cutti n g taps to b e us ed fo r producing squar e thr ead nuts
T h e third column giv e s h e width o f h e point of h e tool for cutting t t
.

t t
scre ws which as we have said equals o ne half the pitch and h e -
, ,

t
,

fourth column gives h e width of h e point for insid e thr eading tools
for nuts Wh il e h e tabl e has b ee n carri e d to as fi ne pitch es as thos e
.

having twenty four threads per inch squar e thr ead ed scr ews having
-
,

so fi ne a p itch a re very s eldom us ed S om e manufactur e rs of squar e .

thr eading tools howe ve r mak e squar e thr eading t o o ls for pitch e s as
, ,

fine as th es e and for this r e ason th e y h a ve be e n includ e d

, .

t
C l e a ra n c e A n gl e s o f S q u a r e T h re a d T o o l s

giv n for tuse of tdi gram pr s nt d

In hart Fig
he C r produc d fr m . 30, e e o "
M A C H I N E R Y S D ata S h e et N o .

9 7, dir ctions
e a re e he he a e e e ,
by
T O OL S F OR S " UARE T H R E AD

W id h t of P o in t of T oo l
No . of
F o r I n sid e T h re a d s
F or T h re a d F or T aps
pe r I n c h
S c re w s
Nu t
T o o l s fo r
s

m eans of which h e cl earanc e angl e s

tools may be d etermin e d at a glanc e
t .
on

T he
txampl
sid s
he
e
e of
e
squar e thr eadi n g
given in the chart
will fully e xplain its us e .

T ab le s G i v in g An gl e s o f T h re a d i n g T o o ls "
T hetabl e s on pages 38 a nd 39 will be of inte r est and use to tool mak
t
-

ers T h e first tabl e in qu e stion d eals with h e circular thr e ading too l
.

T his kind of tool most g en erally has its cutting fac e b e low i s c e nt e r
lin e which o f cours e chang es h e angl es ; it not only change s h e t tt .

, , ,

angl e s but as we lowe r the cutting edge the sam e becom es a convex

t
, ,

line On large diam eters this s econd error is not noticeabl e to any
.

e xtent although it e xists from h e v e ry mom ent we lower h e cutting t t

t
,

face of such a tool T his o ne ite m mak e s it v ery d i fli c u l to accurately

.

t
give h e angl e to make such a to o l which sho uld cut an accurate 6 0
degre e thr e ad wh en h e too l is cut a c ertain amount und er its c ent e r
line .
,
,

M A C H I NE R Y J ul y 1 905 , , .
38 N o 32—S CRE W T H R E AD C U T T I N G

t
.

t angle s in the a ble be low w ere computed by ta ki ng diameter d

T he ‘

o be 175 inch small e r than 0 ; this di fference was us e d throughout he t

t
t tt
ta bl es T h e fi rst column give s the largest diamete r o f tool while h e
'

.
,

s econd gives h e diameter from which h e following angl es were

obtained T he eight columns following give h e angle of one sid e of
.

C I R C UL A R T H RE A D I N G TOOLS

c
b — more wm-u ends o r v oo u .

mc woeo m o mo n 2 x ANGLE a
c

d —
w
c
e "ou n c e roa n
m (w as :
.

YAB LE B wees COMPUT ED m u n os t) -

unno

t
tool and also h e included angl e for such tools which hav e th eir cutting
face and inch b e low the cente r line S hould o n e .

d esir e to construct such a too l for v e ry coars e threads say for instanc e

t t
, , ,

for 2 or 3 pitch it can r eadily be don e with v ery accurate results by

,

simply manipulating h e figures in h e tabl e .

E x a mp l e : A circular tool is to b e mad e of which h e extr e me diam

,

e t er is to b e 2 inch es and which is to b e us e d for cutting 2 pitch

t -

thr eads ; its cutting fac e is to be inch be low the c ente r lin e and ,
 i
4
t
0

3
i t J
J
J
J J
J

" a

T A BLE S A N D FOR M UL A S F OR T HRE AD T OOLS "

‘

t
it must cut to h e d epth of inch when the 0p width of cut t
equals inch No w the table gives us for a 2 inch diameter
t
-
.

6 0d egree tool cut inch be low c enter h e half angl e 31 deg 23 min
, .

or 6 2 d eg 4 6 min included angle T hese angles would be accurate for

. . .

making a tool that was to be us e d on thr eads that have an a pprox i

mate depth of about inch but for the tool in question we would
,

come nearer right if we reckon e d our two diameters namely 2 inch es , ,

for the one and inch for second diameter since 2 X

t t
,

"
which is nearly inch and 2 inches, 9g inch would eq ual 1 9g inch
for the second diameter Now if we consid er h e intermedia e diam
—
.

e ter 1 inch which is found as follows : 2 1 5g inc h ; 56 z -

S T R A I G H T T H R E A D I N G T O O LS

2 inch ; 1 95
; 1 inch —we find upo n refe rring to
the tabl es that a inch diam et er is not given ; so we divid e the
-

d i fi e renc e betwe e n a 1 % inch and 1 % inch diameter ; this d i fi erence is

- -

27 minutes half of which would b e about 1 4 minutes

, T his add ed to

t
.

the angle given in the 1 % inch line would equal 32 d eg 27 min which
-
. .
,

would be the proper angle to make h e tool

t
.

t
W e will now turn to the straight threading tool which is a mor e ,

accurate tool han the circular because we hav e not h e conve x sid e to
,

contend with T h e cutting edge of a straight tool is always a straight

t
.

line ( provided it is mad e accurately ) regardl ess of what the cl earance

angle is W e have however h e same probl e m to solve in relation to

t
.
, ,

this styl e of tool as in the circular nam e ly : Wh en the cutting angle

,

equals 6 0 d egree s for e xampl e wh at i s h e angle on forward sid e of

"
, ,

tool
 t
T he table above gives this angle As will be s een in this tabl e the
.
,

first column gives the clearanc e angl e s whic h rang e from 8 o 20

degrees inclusive I n the second and third columns a re the respectiv e
, .

single and included angles which wh en m ea s ured o n h e forward sid e

,

of the tool will coincid e with a p erfect 6 0 degr ee angl e on the cutting
-
t
face.

T h ere is still anoth e r it e m which is of no l ess importanc e than any

previously mentioned and which conc e rns both the straight and c i rc u
,

lar threading tools and that is the s etting of such tools in the machine

t
,

so that th ey may stand in alignment with the angle of the thr ead that

t
is b e ing cut M any threads a re ou which are smooth on o ne side and
.

rough on the other ; h e cause is not havi ng an e qual amount of clear

anc e on each side of the threading tool T h e old style of lathe tool
.

t
which was us ed for threading purposes had a little advantage over
h e circular and straight tools in this respect b ecause it had clearanc e
both ways but with such tools that can be ground without changing
,

t
,

their form we must obtain front cl earance only T his mak e s it more
, .

e ssential to have th e se tools stand as near in lin e with h e angle of

the thread as possible ; but wh en we sp eak of s etting such tools per

t
fe atly in alignment with the angle of a thr ead we have an i mp os s i
,

b i l i y to contend with b e cause the root of a thr e ad is always small e r

,

in diameter than the ap ex and as the l ead on both root and ape x
,

remains the same the angle must of course change when going from

t
, ,

one diameter to another I n oth er words the angl e of the spiral at

. ,

the root diameter is always greater than at h e ap ex of thr ead T h e .

most corr ect diamete r to select would be about midway b etwe en the
root and ap ex of thr e ad but as the chang es of angl es a re very slight
, ,

p t
and really too slight for practical importanc e th ey are g en erally com
u e d from the diamet e r ov e r the ape x of the thr ea d
,

.
 t t No 1 S c re w T h rea d s U ni ed S a es , t
t t
t
t t ll
-

t
. . .

W hi wo r h , S h a rp V a n d B ri i s h A s s o c i a
ion S a n d a rd T h re a d s ; B ri g g s P ipe e c

t t
.

T h re a d ; O i l W e C a s i n g G a g e s ; F i re H o s e No 11. M i l li n g Ma c hi n e I nde
C l a m p i n g D ev i c e s a n d
.

C o n ne c i o n s ; Acme T h re a d ; W o rm P l an er J a c
“

T h re a d s ; M e ri c T h re a d s ; M a c h i n e , W o o d ,
t T a b l es fo r M i l l i n g M a ch i n e I nd e
‘

t l
t
t
C h a n ge G e a rs fo r M i l l i n g S p i ra l s ; A )
.

L a g S c re w T h re a d s ; C a rri a ge B o

t t
a nd
T h re a d s , e c

t S c re w s , B o s a n d N u s
.

—F i l l
fo r s e
ti ng I n d e m n g H ea d w h e n M i
C l u c h e s ; J i g C l a m p i n g D ev i c e s ; S

t t
No 2

t
'

J
. .

l S q u a re h e a d , H ea d e s s , l
Col a nd C la m p s ; P la n er

lt
is e r h ea d , a cks

t tt t t
- -
.

la r h e a d a n d H e x a g o n h e a d S c re w s ; S a n d -

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T h e I nd us ri a l P re s s , P u b li s h e rs of M AC H I N E R Y ,

N e w Y o rk mm