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Dna Recombination Mechanism

The document discusses DNA recombination in prokaryotes, including the three main processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells. Conjugation involves the transfer of genes between cells in physical contact through F factors. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage carries bacterial genes between cells.

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21 views

Dna Recombination Mechanism

The document discusses DNA recombination in prokaryotes, including the three main processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells. Conjugation involves the transfer of genes between cells in physical contact through F factors. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage carries bacterial genes between cells.

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raryanraj44
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Seminar on Molecular Biology

Topic
DNA Recombination in
Prokaryotes
Presented By:
Preety Sweta Hembrom
M.Sc Genomic Science
Central University Of Kerala
DNA Recombination
• Recombination is a type of genetic
recombination in which nucleotide
sequences are exchanged between two
similar or identical molecules of DNA.

• It is used in horizontal gene transfer to


exchange genetic material between
different strains and species of bacteria
and viruses.
Genetic recombination
produces new bacterial
strains
• In addition to mutations, genetic
recombination generates diversity
within bacterial populations.

• Recombination occurs through three


processes:

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
1. TRANSFORMATION
• Transformation involves the uptake of free
DNA molecules released from one
bacterium (the donor cell) by another
bacterium (the recipient cell).

• Discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928 in


S.pneumoniae.

• In this experiment Griffith found out that a


virulent Streptococcus pneumonia
became virulent when exposed to heat
killed virulent cell.
Griffith’s Transformation
Experiment
• Frederick Griffith in 1928 performed
experiment with Streptococcus pneumonia
bacteria in mice.

• This showed that something passed from


dead bacteria into nearby living ones, allowing
them to change their cell surface.

• He called this agent the transforming principle,


but did not know what it was or how it worked.
COMPETENT CELLS &
COMPETENCE
• The ability of a cell to be transformed,
depends on its COMPETENCE.

• COMPETENCE is the ability of a recipient


bacterium to take up DNA from the
environment.

• COMPETENT CELL’S are those cells,


which can be transformed.
Contd.
• The mechanism of transformation involves 2
steps which are as follows:

• Step1: The DNA binding receptor on a


competent bacterium binds double stranded
DNA. As the DNA enters the cell, one strand is
degraded, & the other strand is coated with
single-strand DNA-binding protein.

• Step2: The single strand of donor DNA is


integrated into the chromosome of the recipient
cell producing a DNA heteroduplex with different
alleles in the two strands.
2. Conjugation
 “CONJUGATION is the transfer of genes
between cell’s that are in physical contact
with another”.
 The first demonstration of recombination in
bacteria was achieved by LEDERBERG &
TATUM IN 1946.
 JHOSUA LEDERBERG & EDWARD
TATUM, combined two different strains of E.
Coli and gave them opportunity to mate.
 They found that, genetic traits could be
transferred among them, if physical contact
occurred.
F+ and F- FACTORS
• In 1950,WILLIAM HAYES,FRANCOIS JOCOB
and Eli h. Wolman established that-
Conjugating bacteria are of two mating types:-

1-male types which donates their DNA, these are


called f+ cells.
2-female types which are recipient of DNA
donated by F+ cells and are called F- cells.

• These F+ and F- are called FERTILITY factor


or F- factor or SEX factor.
PROCESS OF CONJUGATION
• The F Pili of the F+ donor cell make
contact with the F- recipient cell & pull the
cell together.

• Rolling circle replication transfer one


strand of the F factor into the recipient
cell.

• Transfer of F factor is completed, yielding


two F+ factor bacteria.
3. TRANSDUCTION
• Transduction occurs when a phage (virus)
carries bacterial genes from one host cell to
another.

• TRANSDUCTION IS A PHENOENON,BY WHICH,


BACTERIAL DNA IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE
CELL TO ANOTHER WITH THE HELP OF
BACTERIOPHAGE.

• Transduction was discovered by Norton


Zinder and Joshua Lederberg at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1952.
BACTERIOPHAGE
• Bacteriophages are viruses (PHAGE)
which infects the bacteria…….
Contd
• Two types:

1.Bacteriophage T4
2.Bacteriophage Lambda
• The life cycle of these two involve:

1.Lytic cycle
2.Lysogenic cycle
PROCESS OF TRANSDUCTION
• First of all, bacteriophage attaches to donor
bacteria.
• They inject their nucleic acid (DNA) into
bacterium.
• This DNA replicates rapidly, and also directs
the synthesis of new phage protein.
• Then, the new DNA combines with new
proteins, to make whole phage particles.
• These are then released by destruction of
cell wall and lysis of the cell.
Contd.
• These phases are composed of its DNA
together with the donors DNA.

• Now Then this phage attacks the another


host and infect it.

• the recipient DNA integrates with this DNA.


• And it results in the transfer of DNA.

• Recipient cell is now called TRANSDUCED


CELL.
TYPES OF TRANSDUCTION

• Mainly there are two types of


transduction:-
i.e.

 GENERALISED or NON-SPECIALISED
TRANSDUCTION

 RESTRICTED or SPECIALIZED
TRANSDUCTION
GENERALISED TRANSDUCTION

• If all fragments of bacterial DNA


have a chance to enter a transducing
phage, the process is called
GENERALISED TRANSDUCTION.

• It mediates the exchange of any


bacterial gene.
SPECIALISED TRANSDUCTION
• “In this phenomenon, certain phages can
transfer only a few restricted genes of the
bacterial chromosomes.”
• Here, the phages transduce only those
bacterial genes adjacent to the phage in the
bacterial chromosomes.
• Thus the process is called restricted
transduction.
• It mediates the exchange of only limited
numbers of specific genes.
• This is mediated by LAMBDA PHAGE
VIRUS.
THANK YOU

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