SCHOOL OF INDIANA

AGRICULTURE ASSIGNMENT
Group members
Henon belete
Leykun Berhanu
MAHLET ZEWDU
ZEKARIAS AMDU
SUBMITTED TO: MR tEFERA
 Major poultry diseases
1 new castle disease
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral infection that affects birds, particularly poultry. It
can cause severe illness and death in infected birds, leading to significant economic losses in the
poultry industry. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected birds, contaminated
equipment, or through the air.

Cause of disease
Newcastle disease is caused by a virus known as avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). This
virus primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys
Symptoms
Symptoms of Newcastle disease in poultry can vary depending on the severity of the infection,
but common signs to look out for include:

1. Respiratory signs: Sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing.

2. Digestive issues: Diarrhea, decreased appetite, and weight loss.
3. Nervous system disorders: Paralysis, tremors, twisting of the neck, and circling behavior.
4. Drop in egg production: Decreased egg production or changes in egg quality.
5. Swelling of the tissues around the eyes and neck.
6. Sudden death in some cases
Prevention and transmission
Newcastle disease is primarily spread through direct contact with infected birds, contaminated
equipment, or through the air. Wild birds can also carry and transmit the virus to domestic
poultry. To prevent the spread of Newcastle disease, it is important to implement strict
biosecurity measures on poultry farms. This includes limiting access to the farm, disinfecting
equipment and vehicles, and practicing good hygiene. Vaccination is also a key component in
preventing Newcastle disease in poultry. Regular vaccination of birds can help reduce the risk of
infection and minimize the impact of the disease on the flock. Early detection of Newcastle
disease through regular monitoring and prompt response to any signs of illness is crucial in
controlling the spread of the virus. Working closely with a veterinarian and following
recommended biosecurity and vaccination protocols can help protect poultry from Newcastle
disease.
2 infectious bursal diseases

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious
viral infection that primarily affects young chickens. The disease targets the bursa of
Fabricius, an organ responsible for the development of the chicken's immune system

Cause
IBD is caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),
Symptoms
GPT:Symptoms of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chickens can vary depending on the
severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:

1. Sudden onset of depression and lethargy

2. Decreased feed and water intake
3. Diarrhea
4. Dehydration
5. Ruffled feathers
6. Weight loss
7. Immunosuppression leading to increased susceptibility to other infections
8. Mortality, especially in young chickens
Prevention and transmission
 Prevention of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chickens involves implementing strict
biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of the virus. This includes:

1. Vaccination: Vaccination is a key component in preventing IBD outbreaks. Vaccinate

chicks with live or inactivated vaccines to build immunity against the virus.

2. Biosecurity: Implement biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of the virus

onto the farm. This includes controlling access to the farm, disinfecting equipment, and
limiting contact with wild birds.

3. Sanitation: Maintain clean and hygienic conditions in the poultry house to reduce the
risk of virus transmission. Regularly clean and disinfect equipment, feeders, and
waterers.

4. Quarantine: Quarantine new birds before introducing them to the existing flock to
prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Transmission
IBD in chickens occurs through direct contact with infected birds or their feces. The
virus can also be transmitted indirectly through contaminated equipment, feed, or water
sources. Wild birds can also carry and spread the virus to domestic poultry.
Implementing proper biosecurity measures and vaccination protocols are essential in
preventing the transmission of infectious bursal disease in poultry flocks.

3 Avian coccidiosis
Avian coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease that affects poultry, caused by various species of
the protozoan parasite Eimeria. The disease primarily affects the intestinal tract of birds,

Symptom
1. Bloody diarrhea
2. Weight loss
3. Decreased feed intake
4. Decreased egg production in laying hens
5. Ruffled feathers
6. Lethargy
7. Dehydration
8. Pale comb and wattles
9. Poor growth in young birds
10. Increased mortality rates in severe cases

Prevention and transmission

some key strategies for prevention:

1. Maintain clean and dry litter: Regularly clean and replace litter in poultry houses to reduce
the buildup of oocysts (parasite eggs) that can lead to infection.

2. Practice strict biosecurity measures: Limit the introduction of new birds or equipment from
outside sources to prevent the spread of coccidiosis and other diseases.

3. Use coccidiostats or anticoccidial drugs: Incorporate coccidiostats or anticoccidial drugs in

feed or water as a preventive measure to control coccidiosis in poultry.

4. Monitor and test for coccidiosis: Regularly monitor the health of the flock and conduct
diagnostic tests for coccidiosis to detect and treat infections early.
5. Implement proper hygiene and sanitation practices: Maintain clean feeding and watering
equipment, disinfect poultry houses regularly, and practice good hygiene to prevent the spread
of coccidiosis.

Transmission

avian coccidiosis occurs through the ingestion of oocysts shed in the feces of infected birds.
Oocysts can survive in the environment for extended periods, making it important to control
their spread through proper management practices. Infected birds shed oocysts in their feces,
contaminating the environment and exposing other birds to the parasite. By implementing
preventive measures and maintaining good hygiene practices, the risk of transmission of avian
coccidiosis can be minimized within poultry flocks.

Helminth infestation

Helminth infestation, also known as helminthiasis, refers to an infection caused by parasitic

worms known as helminths. These worms can infect humans and animals, including livestock
and pets. Helminths can be classified into different types, such as roundworms (nematodes),
tapeworms (cestodes), and flukes (trematodes). Symptoms of helminth infestation can vary
depending on the type of worm involved and the severity of the infection.

Symptom

Common symptoms of helminth infestation in poultry may include:

1. Weight loss

2. Poor growth

3. Reduced egg production

4. Diarrhea

5. Pale comb and wattles

6. Weakness or lethargy

7. Anemia

8. Visible worms in droppings or vomit

9. Increased mortality

Prevention and transmission

prevention
1. Maintain clean living conditions: Regularly clean and disinfect poultry housing, nesting areas,
and feeders to reduce the presence of parasites and their eggs.

2. Practice proper waste management: Remove and properly dispose of droppings and litter to
prevent the buildup of parasites in the environment.

3. Control access to contaminated areas: Limit exposure to areas with high parasite
concentrations, such as wet or muddy areas where parasites thrive.

4. Practice rotational grazing: Rotate pastures regularly to prevent the buildup of parasites in
the soil and grass.

5. Provide clean water and feed: Ensure that poultry have access to clean water and feed to
support their overall health and immune system.

6. Monitor flock health: Regularly inspect poultry for signs of infestation, such as weight loss,
poor growth, or abnormal droppings, and consult with a veterinarian if necessary.

Transmission of helminth infestation in poultry can occur through various routes, including:

1. Ingestion of contaminated feed or water: Parasite eggs or larvae can be present in feed,
water, or soil, leading to infection when ingested by poultry.

2. Contact with infected birds or animals: Poultry can become infected by coming into contact
with other infected birds, wild birds, or animals carrying parasites.

3. Environmental contamination: Parasite eggs and larvae shed in droppings can contaminate
the environment and infect poultry through ingestion or skin penetration.

ecto-parasite infestation
Ectoparasites are external parasites that live on the surface of their host's body, such as the skin
or feathers of poultry. Common ectoparasites that can infest poultry include mites, lice, fleas,
and ticks. These parasites can cause irritation, discomfort, and health issues for the birds if left
untreated.

Symptoms
Ectoparasite infestations can manifest in various symptoms depending on the type of parasite
involved. Common symptoms may include itching, redness, irritation, visible bites or marks on
the skin, and in some cases, allergic reactions. It is important to seek medical advice if you
suspect an ectoparasite infestation to receive proper diagnosis and treatment. If you have any
other questions or concerns, feel free to ask for further assistance

Prevention and transmission

Preventing ectoparasite infestations involves taking certain precautions to reduce the risk of
transmission. Some preventive measures include:

1. Regularly inspecting pets and household members for signs of ectoparasites.

2. Keeping living spaces clean and clutter-free to minimize hiding spots for parasites.

3. Using appropriate insect repellents or protective clothing when outdoors in areas known for
ectoparasite activity.

4. Regularly washing and grooming pets to prevent infestations.

5. Avoiding contact with wild animals or stray pets that may carry ectoparasites.

Transmission of ectoparasites can occur through direct contact with infested individuals or
animals, as well as through contaminated bedding, clothing, or shared living spaces. It is
important to practice good hygiene and take preventive .

Campylobacter
Campylobacter is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of animals,
particularly poultry. It can cause foodborne illness in humans when contaminated
food, such as undercooked poultry or unpasteurized milk, is consumed .

Symptom
Campylobacter infection, caused by the Campylobacter bacteria, can lead to
symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and
vomiting. These symptoms typically appear within 2 to 5 days after exposure to
the bacteria and can last for about a week. In severe cases, complications such as
dehydration or Guillain-Barré syndrome may occur.

Transmission and prevention

To prevent Campylobacter infection, it is important to follow these preventive measures:

1. Cook poultry, meat, and eggs thoroughly to kill any bacteria present.

2. Avoid consuming unpasteurized milk or dairy products.

3. Practice good food hygiene, such as washing hands and utensils thoroughly before and after
handling food.

4. Ensure proper storage and handling of food to prevent cross-contamination.

5. Drink safe and clean water from a reliable source.

Transmission
To prevent Campylobacter transmission, it is important to follow proper food safety practices,
such as cooking poultry to the recommended internal temperature, avoiding cross-
contamination between raw and cooked foods, and practicing good hygiene when handling
food. It is also advisable to drink pasteurized milk and treated water to reduce the risk of
infection.

Salmonella
Salmonella is a type of bacteria commonly associated with poultry, such as chicken and turkey.
It can cause foodborne illness in humans if poultry products are not handled or cooked properly.

Symptoms
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting

3. Diarrhea

4. Abdominal cramps

5. Fever

6. Headache

Symptoms typically appear within 6 to 72 hours after exposure to the bacteria and can last for
several days. In severe cases, salmonella infection may require medical attention

Prevention
To prevent Salmonella infection from poultry, it is important to follow these guidelines:

1. Cook poultry thoroughly: Ensure that poultry products are cooked to the recommended
internal temperature to kill any harmful bacteria, including Salmonella.

2. Practice good food hygiene: Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces thoroughly after handling raw
poultry to prevent cross-contamination with other foods.

3. Store poultry properly: Keep raw poultry separate from other foods in the refrigerator to
prevent the spread of bacteria.

4. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked poultry: Cook poultry products thoroughly before
consumption to reduce the risk of Salmonella infection.

Transmission
Transmission of Salmonella from poultry to humans can occur through various means, including:

1. Consuming undercooked poultry or eggs contaminated with Salmonella.

2. Handling raw poultry and then touching your mouth, face, or other surfaces without proper
handwashing.

3. Contact with surfaces or objects contaminated with Salmonella from poultry feces.