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DSP-1 Mid

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17 views

DSP-1 Mid

Uploaded by

Lover Boy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE 1

(Book: Digital Signal Processing, 4th Edition by John G. Proakis)


Chapter 1
SIGNALS

Prepared by: Tahia Fahrin Karim


SIGNALS EXAMPLE

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MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION

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TYPES OF SIGNAL

Signal

Analog Discrete

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SYSTEMS

• A system can be defined as a physical


arrangement that performs an operation on a
signal.
• For examples:

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SIGNAL PROCESSING
• When signal is passed through a system then the system is basically
processed.
• In other words, the operations which are performed by system are
usually referred to as signal processing.
• Processing means operating in some fashion on a signal to extract
some useful information e.g. we use our ears as input device and then
auditory pathways in the brain to extract the information.

Prepared by: Tahia Fahrin Karim


TYPES OF SIGNAL PROCESSING
The signal processing operations involved in many applications like
communication systems, control systems, instrumentation, biomedical signal
processing etc. can be implemented in two different ways

• Analog or continuous time method


• Digital or discrete time method..

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ADVANTAGES OF DSP OVER
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• Allow development with the use of PC, e.g MATLAB
• Allow flexibility in reconfiguring the DSP operations
simply by changing the programs
• More Reliable: Processing of 0 and 1 is almost immune to
noise and data are easily stored without deterioration
• Lower cost due to advancement of VLSI technology
• Security can be introduced by encrypting.
• Digital processing is insensitive to component tolerances,
aging, environmental conditions, electromagnetic
interference Prepared by: Tahia Fahrin Karim
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTINUOUS
TIME SIGNALS
• Multichannel Signal:
Signal generation is usually associated with a system that responds to
a stimulus or force. The stimulus in combination with the system is
called a signal source. Example: speech source, image source, etc.
Signals can be generated by multiple sources or multiple sensors.
Such signals can be represented in vector form.
Example: Let Sₓ(t) is a signal, where x = 1,2,3 which indicates that
signals from the ‘x’ sources/sensors are the function of time and can
be represented as follows,

𝑆1 (𝑡)
𝑆𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑆2 (𝑡)
𝑆3 (𝑡)
This type of signals are called multichannel signals.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTINUOUS
TIME SIGNALS
• Multidimensional Signal:
If the signal is a function of a single independent variable, signal is said
to be one-dimensional signal. Similarly, If the signal is a function of
multiple independent variables, signal is said to be multi-dimensional
signal.

Example: A three channel, three dimensional signal can be represented


by the vector,

𝐼1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
𝐼 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝐼2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
Prepared by: Tahia Fahrin Karim 𝐼3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)
DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
• Discrete time signals are defined only at certain specific values of time. For
practice the time instants are usually taken at equally spaced intervals.
0.8𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0
• Example: 𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

• For continuous time signal the independent variable was ‘t’ but in case of discrete
time signal t=nT where T is a fixed positive real number and n ranges over the set
of integers (i.e. n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3…..)

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PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE TIME
SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS

• A discrete time sinusoid is periodic only if its


frequency is a rational number.
• Discrete time sinusoids whose frequencies are
separated by an integer multiple of 2π are
identical.
• The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete time
sinusoid is attained when ω = π (or ω = -π), or
equivalently f = ½ (or f = -1/2)
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DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

• Recall
Digital Digital
signal signal
input output

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WHAT IS INSIDE A DIGITAL
SIGNAL PROCESSOR

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CONVERSION OF A CONTINUOUS
TIME SIGNAL TO DISCRETE
SIGNAL
• 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝐹𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡
where, A = Amplitude

Ω= angular frequency = 2𝜋𝐹


• 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑥 𝑛𝑇 ≡ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝐹. 𝑛𝑇
1
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝐹. 𝑛
𝐹𝑠
𝐹
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 .𝑛
𝐹𝑠
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓0 𝑛
where, 𝐹𝑠 = Sampling rate
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𝑓0 = Discrete frequency
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Rounding

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION

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SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION

Prepared by: Tahia Fahrin Karim

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