1. Write the instructions one should follow while installing the new Motherboard.

Ans : Before installing the computer motherboard, make sure all the jumpers or dip switches are
correct. The jumpers and dip switches can be changed when the motherboard is installed. How-
ever, it is easier to verify them while the motherboard is outside of the case.
After checking the jumpers, if pegs or standoffs are not in the chassis, insert these attachments
now. These are required to prevent the motherboard from shorting out and must be inserted before
installing the motherboard.
After the standoffs are attached and the I/O plate is in place, install the motherboard into the case.
When doing so, make certain you align the back of the motherboard with the back of the case. As
the motherboard is being installed, align the holes in the motherboards with the pegs or standoffs.
Once the motherboard is physically installed into the computer, the Fpanel (short for front panel
connectors) must be connected. This panel controls such things as the power button, reset button,
hard drive light, and power light.
Once the motherboard is installed and connected to the computer, connect the keyboard, monitor,
and power to the computer. Do not connect all of the cables yet in case you encounter problems
and need to disconnect all the cables again.

2. How do you to take decision on whether to replace or repair the Motherboard? Explain
The motherboard is Control Central for a computer. Every other component—processor, memory,
drives, expansion cards, and even the power supply—connects to and is controlled by the mother-
board. The motherboard defines the computer.

Replacing the motherboard is the most complicated and time-consuming upgrade you can make to

a computer, simply because so many things connect to it. But there are many good reasons to re-

place a motherboard, including:

▪ The original motherboard has failed.

▪ You want additional features—such as Serial ATA, USB 2.0, FireWire, support for hard

drives larger than 128 GB, or a PCI Express video slot—that your original motherboard

does not provide.

▪ You want to upgrade your processor, but the original motherboard does not support the

type or speed of processor you want to install.

no longer available or is very expensive.

▪ Your motherboard is one of the millions made with defective capacitors, and so may fail

without warning. Figure 4-1 shows a row of six healthy capacitors on an ASUS K8N-E

Deluxe motherboard. If those on your motherboard appear swollen, popped, or are leaking

fluid, that motherboard will soon fail.

3. How do you rectify the BUS errors? List out points one should consider while connecting Bus to
the various components.
Ans: Segmentation fault(SIGSEGV) and Bus error(SIGBUS) are signals generated when serious
program error is detected by the operating system and there is no way the program could continue
to execute because of these errors.

1) Segmentation Fault (also known as SIGSEGV and is usually signal 11) occur when the program

tries to write/read outside the memory allocated for it or when writing memory which can only be

read.In other words when the program tries to access the memory to which it doesn’t have access

to. SIGSEGV is abbreviation for “Segmentation Violation”.

Few cases where SIGSEGV signal generated are as follows,

-> Using uninitialized pointer

-> De-referencing a NULL pointer

-> Trying to access memory that the program doesn’t own (eg. trying to access an array element

out of array bounds).

-> Trying to access memory which is already de-allocated (trying to use dangling pointers).

Please refer this article for examples.

2) Bus Error (also known as SIGBUS and is usually signal 10) occur when a process is trying to

access memory that the CPU cannot physically address.In other words the memory tried to access
by the program is not a valid memory address.It caused due to alignment issues with the CPU (eg.

trying to read a long from an address which isn’t a multiple of 4). SIGBUS is abbrivation for “Bus

Error”.

4. What is POST? What are the various steps performed by the POST to check for resource avail-
ability?
Incident response is a process, not an isolated event. In order for incident response to be success-
ful, teams should take a coordinated and organized approach to any incident. There are five impor-
tant steps that every response program should cover in order to effectively address the wide range
of security incidents that a company could experience.
If the necessary hardware is detected and found to be operating properly, the computer begins
to boot. If the hardware is not detected or is found not to be operating properly, the BIOS issues an
error message which may be text on the display screen and/or a series of coded beeps, depending
on the nature of the problem. Since POST runs before the computer's video card is activated, it
may not be possible to progress to the display screen. The pattern of beeps may be a variable
numbers of short beeps or a mixture of long and short beeps, depending on what type of BIOS is
installed.

The patterns of beeps contain messages about the nature of the problem detected. For example, if
the keyboard is not detected, a particular pattern of beeps will inform you of that fact. An error
found in the POST is usually fatal (that is, it causes current program to stop running) and will halt
the boot process, since the hardware checked is absolutely essential for the computer's functions.

5. Discuss any five guidelines that we need to follow while troubleshooting the hardware problem.
Some things to keep in mind while troubleshooting a hardware problem are:

ANS: 1. Check the cables - If you have trouble with a particular piece of computer hardware like
the monitor or keyboard check if all the cables are connected properly.

2. Restart the computer - Restarting the computer can solve a number of basic computer prob-
lems.

3. Note the error messages - If the computer gives an error message write down all the information
that is given in it. You can use this information to find the remedy from other people who get the
same error message.

4. Write down the steps you take to rectify the problem - Write down all the steps you take while
troubleshooting. This will help you to remember what you have done. You can avoid making the
same mistakes. It will also be useful when you take help from others. They will know exactly what
you have done already.

5. Use the process of elimination - Make a list of things that could be causing the problem. Then
test them one by one and eliminate them. In this way you can identify the source of the problem.

6. How do you solve of problem if you don't hear anything from the sound card?
ANS: Some common sound issues you may encounter with audio not working on your laptop in-
clude audio glitches, problems connecting an external audio device, or the sound just not working
altogether.
It’s possible that you may have accidentally muted the volume on your laptop either by striking the
mute button or clicking the speaker icon on the Windows taskbar.
To resolve this, go to the Windows taskbar and right-click the speaker icon, select Open Sound
Settings and enter audio preferences. In the Output section, click Manage Sound Devices.