Chapter 1

Module-3:Quantum Computing

1.1 Linear Operators and Matix Operations

1. A Linar Operator ’𝑋’ operates such that 𝑋 |0⟩ = |1⟩ and 𝑋 |1⟩ = |0⟩. Find the matrix
representation of" ’𝑋’. # ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥12 1 0
Solution : 𝑋 = , |0⟩ = , |1⟩ =
𝑥 21 𝑥22 0 1
Given" 𝑋 |0⟩ = #|1⟩ ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥 12 1 0
𝑋= =
𝑥 21 𝑥 22 0 1
Multiplying the Matrices on LHS and equating with the Matrix on the RHS we get
𝑥 11 = 0 & 𝑥 21 = 1
Given" 𝑋 |1⟩ = #|0⟩ ! !
𝑥 11 𝑥 12 1 0
𝑋= =
𝑥 21 𝑥 22 0 1
Multiplying the Matrices on LHS and equating with the Matrix on the RHS we get
𝑥 12 = 1 & 𝑥 22 =" 0 #
0 1
Therefore 𝑋 =
1 0
" #
0 −𝑖
2. Given 𝐴 = , Prove that 𝐴† = 𝐴.
𝑖 0
" #
0 −𝑖
Soution : Given 𝐴 =
𝑖 0
We Know That 𝐴 = ( 𝐴∗ )𝑇
†
" #
0 𝑖
The Conjugate of Matrix A is Given by 𝐴∗ =
−𝑖 0
" #
0 −𝑖
Thus ( 𝐴∗ )𝑇 = =𝐴
𝑖 0

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 √1 1 
 (2) √ (2) 
3. Show that the Matrix 𝑈 =  𝑖 −𝑖 
 is Unitary.
√
 (2) √
(2) 


Solution : A Matrix is Unitary if 𝑈 †𝑈 = 𝐼
 √1 √−𝑖 
 (2) (2) 
Therefore 𝑈 † =  1
 √ (2) √ (2) 
𝑖 
 
=⇒
 √1 √−𝑖   √1 √1 
" #
 (2) (2)   (2) (2)  1 0
𝑈 †𝑈 =  1 −𝑖 
= =𝐼
√
 (2) √ 𝑖   √𝑖 √ 0 1
(2)   (2) (2) 
  

Here I is identity Matrix.

4. Find the inner product of states |1⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |0⟩ and draw conclusions on the result.
Solution : The inner product is given by ⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ here ⟨𝜓| is conjugate-transpose of |𝜓⟩ .
We know! that !
1 0
|0⟩ = , |1⟩ =
0 1
 
⟨1| = 0 1
!
  1
Therefore ⟨1|0⟩ = 0 1 =0
0
Thus the states |1⟩ and |0⟩ are Orthogonal.
! !
𝛼1 𝛽1
5. Given |𝜓⟩ = and |𝜙⟩ = Prove that ⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ ∗
𝛼2 𝛽2
!
  𝛼
1
Solution : ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛽2∗ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛼1 + 𝛽2∗ 𝛼2 ..........(1)
𝛼2
!
  𝛽
1
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = 𝛼1∗ 𝛼2∗ = 𝛽1 𝛼1∗ + 𝛽2 𝛼2∗
𝛽2
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ ∗ = (𝛽1 𝛼1∗ + 𝛽2 𝛼2∗ ) ∗ = 𝛽1∗ 𝛼1 + 𝛽2∗ 𝛼2 ..........(2)
Thus from (1) and (2)
⟨𝜓|𝜙⟩ = ⟨𝜙|𝜓⟩ ∗

1.2 Quantum Gates

1. Using Matrix multiplication show that on applying Hadamard gate twice to a |0⟩ results in
its original state.
Solution : To show that 𝐻𝐻 |0⟩ = |0⟩
" # " # " #
1 1 1 1 2 0
𝐻𝐻 = √1 √1 = 1
2 2 2
1 −1 1 −1 0 2

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 4 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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" #
1 0
=⇒ =𝐼
0 1

Since 𝐼 |0⟩ = |0⟩

Thus applying two Hadamard gates result in the original state of |0⟩.

2. Using two X-gates in series show that two not gates in serries are equivalent to a quantum
wire.
Solution : To show that 𝑋 𝑋 |0⟩ = |0⟩
" #" # " #
0 1 0 1 1 0
= =𝐼
1 0 1 0 0 1

Since 𝐼 |0⟩ = |0⟩

Hence two Not gates in series result in Quantum Wire.

3. Show the Hadamard Gate is Unitary.

Solution : To Show that 𝐻 † 𝐻 = 𝐼

" #
1 1
We Know That 𝐻 = √1
2 1 −1
" #
1 1
𝐻 † = (𝐻 ∗ )𝑇 = √1 =𝐻
2
1 −1
Thus using the solution in problem number 1
𝐻 † 𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻 = 𝐼
Thus the Hadamard Gate is Unitary.

4. Two Qbits are passed through CNOT gate.If the first qubit is the control qubit then what is
the output for the following initial states 1. |00⟩, 2. |01⟩, and 3.|11⟩.
Solution : The Operation of the CNOT gate could be represented as
|𝑥, 𝑦⟩ → |𝑥, 𝑥 ⊕ 𝑦⟩
⊕ is analogous to Classical XOR gate. XOR gate out put is high when both the inputs are
dissimilar.
|00⟩ → |0, 0 ⊕ 0⟩ = |00⟩
|01⟩ → |0, 0 ⊕ 1⟩ = |01⟩
|11⟩ → |1, 1 ⊕ 1⟩ = |10⟩

5. Show that S gate can be formed by connecting two T gates in Series.

𝜋
Solution : The T gate is is also called 8 gate and is given by

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APPLIED PPHYSICS CSE STREAM

" # 
1 0 

1 0
𝑇= =  √(1+𝑖) 
0
𝑖𝜋
0 𝑒4 (2) 
 
To Prove that 𝑇 2 = 𝑆

 " #
1 0  1 0 
 
 1 0
𝑇 2 = 𝑇𝑇 =  √ (1+𝑖)   (1+𝑖)  = =𝑆
0 0 √ 0 𝑖
(2)   (2) 
      2 
1+𝑖 1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)
∵ √ √ = 2 =𝑖
2 2

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 6 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING