Qota Link Layer esp “Phe DLL needa ty pack bit ___into _faawea, Ao that each frame i inguishalote frown __another. = Oux peated AyAlewe paver tices & type of funy ay pele AegatalA ove" ptece of infhanwelln fiom _anothed » the _enve Jetyeh ah the delimiters > Toe = |) Fined - $45 Fpave\ 2) Vtailes bee” ins ohig L V Chaxacter-oriewted Protocal Bit - driewted froty | Gyte_ Stuffirs Rit Stuffing d "o t) Fined Size Frawiveg | — Theyve is no need for definive the boundories of frawe, the aif itsels canbe wel ad de bewnite x 2) Variable Sine Framing = Used mostly tn LANE. In this we need a way to ae the end of the frawe cl the beginii t.> 2 appxoaches aye wed foy this purpose - \) chavactey —_ovientead app. oad, 2) Bt - oxiented approach 1) Chagactey Ostented — Protocall > at from upper Lever [elog | Header |] |] === = || Fooiley T leg | format Came Fawe iy a chayactey Oventel Petovel > bo sepevate one frame from ive next , an & bit (C1_byte) flag i8 added at {ne beginiry ard eral of the frame. a > chayactey - oviented famiry ear popular wher only ‘eek was exchanged bf the DLL. 2 The floy Could be _Aellecteal tobe any chayacley 7 not hed for text communication: 2 Now hawteves we end lhe Sys -af_iifatll 2? \f this happend » the __xeceivey_, when it encounters this pattern in the middle of data, think it had xxeached the endl of fzame. To fn this problem, .a byte Atuffixe is added here.Date:... > By ng 15 the process __of- adding 4 extya__byte Tshenever these is a flog Ox CAcape _chavacley tn __the tech Data from upper Layer fr | Eloy. [esc J : : Stuffed [Flag ] Headey [Esc | eleg Esc] Esc] Toes [ey | Frawe at DLL 2) Bit - Oxiewted Protocal 7% hit Aluftive is the Pyorers of adding on @ w) )_Confecutt tn the dota, to thet _yeeeivey dacs not mistake the _patteyn OLMIIN0 for 4 flay. Data favor Uppey Layty Looott tii ooo jooo] |, Stuffeal Frailes| Ly] ths [Wedey[oool lt ON OOINIIIO0 1000 frome at DLL.Date: xox Detection & Correction > Data aw ed _duatny _trangmission. v1 application xe @ detected and corrected > Some applications an _solestle a _dmall level of __exyor. for en. - fandom efor _br_auclio. ick Langs 10 mas but ahem we transfer teat, we _ercpect_a veay high Jevel of accuyacy. Types of Exvord Single — bit » exsar Ruxst Frio L + Orly 1 bit in data unt Lox more bits in data had Chavged, unit stave changed, J th of burst ; ochuwed oT : Sent emer bt v Ww 000000]0—0000!010 0.\00010001l 00001} Sent Received i [erate bits Olol lio loll deol! Received Reduydlavey 7 2 To detect of correct extowA » ue necol to Jel Some entra Crcdundat) bit with data These vedundant bits ave tcldeol by the Aencley awl _sewmoved dy the yereiwer.— in to blocks , cach of K bits : > We add 4 yeclurdant bits to each block te wake the Senglh n= K+y. ele “Tie scully n-bit blacks ave cabled cedecdows, Extor Detection Method > [> Simple Pasity C Even Rasrty, Od Parity ) b> 2-) Pasty checR b> checkgum L» CRC | Exitos CortecHon Methadl > | = Hale Coded Simple foaity — Check (wle > 1% 4 Auge bt Cy 4x0x Elche code in which pe KEI wWhth dimine7 lt js of 2 type) - UW Even pority Check 2) Odd panty checkDate: : yn even pavity ectya bit ox paxity ity iu__Aet to O if these iS an even no. of be wm data en Lf Ihe mor _of Ié gaxc__odd_ the panity bit is et to “L. (x) Lrotlool | To prety ot het oT ) 4 Baca alartr— Store tree >A Simple poxtty = eck code can detect an add No: of C4707. Too — Dimentional Pagity = Check_code PANO Oo | foil ag Po defy OM diel, ol) loo||o= olotogoi{['3 C5 Osc .0.[ | Column Payities Chee Rum > red at “Twavyhpout Layer. 2 Suppose our data 6 of Sigh of five 4-bit numberh thet we want to Aewl to destination. In addition to Lerwelivg there Nunley , ade Aen the Suu of wuwhe Ys, 2 Foy _en.= rf the het of nitualotah 14 CHM, 12,0,6) we hewl (711, 12, 2,6 56) where 36 ih te bum of osiginal nod. = The receiver _adlly the 5 Mog, and Compa se tie yeault with um: Wf dee bathe are Jame, the veccived aMumed vip et O47» aneok the 5 r& awl discard He Aum.Date....... Mea cARTCPL ele gae ALG eS 0 oe fideewn, b turd’ Words ih the umber of _chfferenees _befween Contr ehpanlivg bit. _ bv) Find the Hammnixg! distance —_b/.y 2. pais of words! U)_ae_Hamraies distawe d (000,0n) jg 2 vecase 00 @ ol] is 0.11 (two Js) 2) Tre Mawwmiry listance d (loJol, iio) i 3 vecause [M101 @ Mio is oll) (three Is) ye Miniwaum Hammire Distance > ip the 24 Awalledt Hammirg stone _bfa o4Aible pass in_a pot 7 af word Ln) Find the minimis Hammlg igtavce of the toding Acheme in given! Ztalole 1 dtawar¢a Codeword 00 QO0000 o | : o| ol) 10. lo \o} 1) wht PLO so) firtly find all the baw cligtanced. Phot ololi)=3 7 d(o0000, Jolol)= 3% d (00000, io) e4 d (olo}l, lolol) =4 Alololl, iio) = 3 dCiolol, Iilo) = 3 Hee, fhe din #6 3.> To quyantee the detection of up to 4A we in all calcd, the — witvimiuyn Hamm distance jn a feck code wudt he a dwin = S-+1+ Hann Coden > These cecled were Se pare chine with, din 23, hich mehn£ “that “they can detect up! tn 2 | evaod 0X covxect oO} iy >We no. of Redundant bith Caw be cobculated wes the fallasaivg formule + 22> mt y+ 42 yeduvdont bit me mcryge bit ox —datawowd bit > Suppose the wo. of dataleit th Fame 7), thew the wo. of ¥dundant lots Caw _be cabeul ated wg : vw dSa+e +) Taw the po. of xealundlant bits = 4- 2 “thedse_redunclancy bi e at the Aiton ich__conxehpond to the power of 2.3) Toe otal | vp. of lots = II Tre__sedundant bila ave placed at: 4) Se ipl a eee Z. t Las =4 awl Le. Wate i'§ Bek CoS. f S22 [dy To, To, | Re [010,10] Ral DLR. TR | fx) Suppose the data to bee txonkmitted 14 Lo l1001, the bits will be placed ab follea: Jo 9 8 7 ¢ § € 3 2 4 [Ts [Vea lle ol tiie a] paaity bits t= Nod determine the 1o t | id R,> bell 3S £9, nd) Now by uty Even. pavity wmethad 2 R= y 0 | 0 1 hit bit (2,3 CF, 19, 11) hy = I oo} ) Rat bis (4,5 6 7 ke =! 0 | \ Ras bits (8,9, Io 1) kg =Ohe +he data trapsfeared Wo gy 8 F 6 5s 4# 3 2 ! filo Titolito lofi ti tito Extor Detection & Cvyectinn Suppose is above _enanople ch tis changed fom o tol, ductive, data tikwisson, then it qe ned pacity yt values tw the bIna Nuwibey. ped Wf 9 & 7 ¢ $ Fan bent ' tlo.l lo tlot titi to] Now of Rereiver’s pile Gllutate pasty bris iain o f 0 I J \ Re bb C13 5,7 3) » =o | 1 tity oO ) Q,: bib (2,3 6 7, lo UW) PR=I Lio tied fas bite (4.5 €7) 5 Re] oj} oO | fo = bie (9,9 Jo N) > Rezo a iol or as hes Be Pies bile give the binay nuvaber ab 0110, which th “decimal -~répserewtation of 6, Tus the it 6 Gntalns an _endors To covrect the ewHox the gh bit is Chawged fiom | too.n \undannty Checle Cenk) > 7 aa [Data+ 900-0) [raf cre] | a _ =ylek CRC (divisor Jens ih Bat CAC avi kos | | emo’ CRE i | fe nate | n bite ie mts be. Lego accept Sewlex won=7c40 Keg | : : Receives { fu) Memoge (Dra) = 100 | ‘ fay Kownial Divisor = 23+ x* + | 1 2 ChoG+ ot 19+ Io) = loti Now civipor if of 4 bit bo we _adlel 30, ot the ere of © dato bits. 1o| ion) loolooo ( Gere 69 xofeD jo ETT oo | 000 Gyo 26} 10. Remainder CCRC) Now data from Aerdler's ero will be loollto = = 6h”; mm lh lleLee ewl } o] lol_)lool lo C Hearth colfalt Ono wel 00000 > Rewaiwley =O « Contect Dyctaword accepted .Date:......0..0... fa Bt Flos Contsol > vefers__to a __ det __of pyoceduyes used to estat the amount: af data tab the fewer con end —_befase doting fox. - cline fedgenert. > Eyroy contyoh 1 da Juin @ { a), hich i the setyav mission’ of data Protocols 1 for Noiseleas Fox Noisy Channes Chanel P Simplest P Stng-and-Haat Ae > Stop -and Wait 1 Go Boch N ARE I> Selertive Repeatt ARS fox Noise besa chou el > i) St C tw OYCOAF |} a protoce! ley unidizecHowall alata tan bynission owt af ideak channed. 7 The _pewlex imply Jers alll its data available on tp ‘he channel ah mon ah dot ig available iw its buffer:Sever Receiver A & T — Frame, I _ SJ [———_ Frome \ | ————_ Frame | \ ors V- Time Time 2) Stop awl. Wait Protocol > 46 preevided unidir ectional dota tyonkmishion — Withaut any eyo it- soa : ve: ve Ovid ed for fod cotyol do that a fabt Sewer does vot drawn a Alowey__vece iver. a The receives hag a finite buffey sige with fi nite psOlerkirny Apeed. 7 The _dewley Cau a a_ frame. only when it tab yeceivedl Fao _fhe eiPer that itp a’alable for__further cata __ pyocesdirg + fa - Py a Cor 5 = a | Z Nick = 7 Bare Achy a _ atkDates... ecsecceceseeeeeeeeee Noisy channels > \ - owk- Wat > lt is _variah'on of — Stop =amd- wast protocel_ ___Cfor_woiselers chamel), uaith added error _ ee chavnela > Extor _coryectlon in Stop -and - Wart ARa iA_dowe by Keeping a Copy of the sent —— frame and sctonthw-ting of the fvawe when th dimet — enpi aes « | > _\w i, uw Ude_Nyrenrce ve number ‘to | ——unbe(_the _farorme 6 “the _Aepucnnce muna beth — | molul-2 ose. lateol Ow adi thmat'¢ ta k met uml A» announce in moduler arithmati'c the Aeguent yuubet of the nent faame expected, > Sender window Aige awl Received Window Jie _botin ace_f,2) Go - Gack NAKA — ‘To _impyove _the efficienc of -Lsaus mi sor, vattiple fanmes must be iw tyanhition ———sahile —nitivg for —acknowddedge sere, __ 7 IE wes the concent of Abycing dirdowo dois also called Abiiyg eledowd pxatacel. => Fe frames ave Acguertially numbeyed and a finite Yumber of feameA axe Set - 2 \f Vthe. acknourled maeyit of a fyame iA vet yeceived hin — the time period , all frames Matty from that forame axe xetvonhwmi ‘ > tere Sevlets Window) Sue = 2” wheye w iA the no. of bitx —ubecl to seprerent the Aeyuence NO. 2 Receivers Windau) Sge = 1.Dates... .ssesseccsecsseeenees 3) SeSectye Repeat ARG - > a what also peer 2 sae: here me the etfoneaus oO j— while te good frame’ age fereived and e by yeceivex» => Heve Sendeg’s Window Sige = uae 2 => Receives’s Window Siz Se ia 2 ie Window Adige of hothe Sendey and Receivery ave Ame,Multiple Acceas Protocols Cmac) > Data tink faye divéded into two_fanctionalrt,. _oviented _ sublayets - Data Link. Layert wredforr dedicate Dota Link Cntyal Channel ( Sink) Multiple-acceas resolution wed for aed Channel fink) > 4 @ (oes t 7 flea and ettor ‘tovtval is called the logical fink contyal (tic) layer. 2 Tre _lnwses tublayer ier -sesponsible for multi, ue t € media access contin! CMAC) layer. DLL = LLC | MAG el Mudtinte -Ace T aL de. —hopdom Accs tecls —Gautled-tecas —channtga i Protocols ptatocals maa ALOHA i > csi _P Resexvation L-EDMA b> CSMA /CD [> falling TDMA Ly csma/ca — Taken” Bing COMA= \n__thi4_metivnd no Matton 1h Aupe stor to another Station and none _14 uy nd the _contyal over another. > Theve ik vo dehedulled time for _a _Afation to__tyanfmit, tramimispion 16 fandom amen the stations» No ules specify —vohwch dation Mra Aen rent. : ALOWA> — was developed atthe University, of Hasoil tm early 1970. = In tt, the medium 1& —_thaveol between the tection g « | > When a Atalon Sid late, anotiney Sertion ray attempt fo do to at the Aame sine | 2 Fe data fom the two Mattos —calllile and betame garbled. ( = 2 Wp = I D) Puye ALOWA 7 { 2? In this protocal ; the idea in tht each Motion Aends _a_frame _Shenevey it teas ! a_ frome to Aen . 'Date:... > However, siwe these iB ovlly one channel to Share, thexe is the possibility of calbision between frames fiom Afferent Station’ | (Raweht) pe \ Tint. totiowl | \ L | Frame 2. I Frame 224 igure Y —Stakion Fshwe 31 | Frawe3.d) Ti | aie Station 3 { | i - {—_(Srorle 41] (Flawed Fs Time y Sota clision Collision duration duyation 2 Nn above Adageann oly 24 planes Auyvive : Frame lt av — Fyawe 3,2 =4 even | 1 any oa_the channel with one _ bit frov quothey. frame, iheve ip a callixton and both will be Ach tyoyed » > Hip obvious dint we need to resend the frames thet have been Koved duxivy franimipsion: the puye ALOHA pyotorel xebles On ackwodledaments from the yeceiver.LOHA dictates that__when the time aut —_ptsiod _pansed, each lation watts a _vawdaw amount of time before ve senclivy (ta faame “We awlomness cs fl help avoid 2noxe_tallisions We all nis time tre backoff time (Tg) ee ee ee ee ee