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Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The document discusses the definition and components of a theoretical framework for research. It explains that a theoretical framework identifies the independent, dependent, and confounding variables in a study. It provides examples of theoretical frameworks and their graphical representations to illustrate how variables relate to each other.

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Jesdyl Rose Bulado
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13 views4 pages

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The document discusses the definition and components of a theoretical framework for research. It explains that a theoretical framework identifies the independent, dependent, and confounding variables in a study. It provides examples of theoretical frameworks and their graphical representations to illustrate how variables relate to each other.

Uploaded by

Jesdyl Rose Bulado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY


RESEARCH 1
PROPOSAL WRITING
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
DEFINITION:
• Is a framework of the many theories that would explain the relationships among various
concepts in the study?
• It is a pool of theories that researcher will choose
The Search for Theory
• Observation - a crude explanation for variation in traffic violation (e.g. male, jeepney
drivers) may be attempted. When the person attempts to explain variation in behavior,
she/he is already theorizing.
Components of Theoretical Framework
In the conduct of a research, the components of theoretical framework are: 1. Independent, Dependent,
and confounding it is essential to identify which variables are independent, dependent, and confounding.

a. The independent variable is the factor that affects the value of the dependent condition that
produces the outcome. In a cause-effect relationship, it is the cause. In an experiment, it is
what the researcher manipulates or varies.
b. The dependent variable is the factor whose value is affected by the independent variable. It
is the outcome of a process; it is the effect in a cause-effect relationship. It is the indicator of
change in the event.

WHAT ARE VARIABLES? WHY SHOULD THEY BE SPECIFIED?


Variables are events, factors or characteristics which vary from person to person, or in
the same person at different times. In research, variables may be the characteristics of the
subjects, the outcome or results of a process, or factors that have some influence on the subject
of inquiry. They are therefore the tools and basis for classification of subjects and indicators used
to measure the event or changes in the event under investigation, hence, the object of
observation or measurement and should be identified and specified early in planning the
research. Several indicators may be required to measure the event of the changes.
Variables are either qualitative or quantitative. A qualitative variable is one that is not express
numerically, e.g., Sex, civil status. A quantitative variable is one that is expressed numerically, e.g., age,
height, weight.
A quantitative variable may either be discrete or continuous. A discrete variable can assume only
integral values or whole numbers, e.g., number of children. While, a continuous variable can assume both
whole numbers and fractions, e.g., height and weight.

Example 1: Readings/professional help, etc - the person may encounter several theories
that may help him/her explain why some drivers violate traffic rules and others don’t. Theories
such as differential association, physical/mental security, anomie, economic security, and
machismo values. Let us express all these theories into a framework and call it THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Example 1)


Independent Variables Dependent Variables

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION

PHYSICAL/MENTAL CONDITION

ANOMIE
PREVALENCE OF TRAFFIC
VIOLATION
ECONOMIC NEEDS/SECURITY

MACHISMO VALUES/ATTITUDE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The next step would be to measure/operationalize or find indicators for differential
association. Let us say that the person will most likely use the things he/she observed,
i.e. Exposure/friendship/relationship with traffic violators, gender, education, age,
experienced in driving, and values of machismo. Then let us express these hypotheses
into a framework and call it THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.
• In the conceptual framework, descriptive categories are systematically placed in a broad
structure of explicit propositions, statements of relationships between two or more
empirical properties, to be accepted or rejected.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK


Independent Variables Dependent Variables

EXPOSURE TO OTHER DRIVER


VIOLATORS

SEX PREVALENCE OF TRAFFIC


VIOLATION

EXPERIENCE IN DRIVING
Example 2: The score (S) of a student in a test can be thought of as the sum of his real ability (A)
and a random component (E) which reflects the fluctuations in his mood, state of mind and
readiness to take the test. Thus, we can model the scores of students in a class as:

We can also graphically represent this model as follows:

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Example 2)


Component of Score Actual Score(s)
(Independent Variables) (Dependent Variables)

True Ability (A)


Score (s)

Random Component (E)

A Graphical Representation of the Score of a Student


The score(s) of a student is dependent upon his true ability (A) and the effects of some
random factors (E). The factors A and E are called independent variables. The diagram also
illustrates what is referred to as a Theoretical Framework of the study. The theoretical framework
of a study has the following essential characteristics:
• It develops the theoretical basis of the study and explain how the factors interplay
or interrelate with one another.
• It clearly shows the variables or factors involved in the study.
• It demonstrates how these variables are to be measured.

In the previous example, the theory states that: “The observed score of a student in a test
is not his true but rather, is the sum of his true ability (A) and the effects of some random
component (E)”.

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