eeeeeeeeeeees Linear motion of a screw is proportional to the rotation given tO 4, What is Back-lash Error ? @ sometimes there is a loose fitting between the screw and the nut. It may be due to the ee Ans: 3nd tear of nut or due to manufacturing defect. In such a cas f cylindrical cap is poles one direction, the screw moves, but on reversing the direction of the cap, the screw does not start moving in opposite direction immediately, but remains idle for a part of rotation. This is called back-lash error. It can be reduced by rotating the screw in the same direction while making any adjustment. Ans EXPERIMENT NO. 3 To determine the radius of curvature of a spherical surface like watch glass by a Object : spherometer. 7 Apparatus : Spherometer, watch glass, a plane glass sheet or a concave mirror of about 8.0 to 10.0 cm. Formula used for calculation : a diameter 2 rol 6h 2 where, R is the radius of curvature which is to be calculated. Lis the mean distance between the two legs of spherometer. his the difference of curved surface and plane surface readings of the spherometer, i.e., height of the central screw above or below the plane of the outer legs. Experimental procedure : Find the least count of the spherometer exactly explained in article for spherometer in the beginning of the book in section: Measurement of the Length , article (3) Spherometer.isc Practical Physics», ) ~ LULU Raise the screw by turning its hea, so that it TAY . be above the plane containing the tips ofthe three 168 Place the spherometer on a white paper fixed drawing board. Press the spherometer t0 get the impression of the tips of three legs. Mark the position ol ‘small circle roun each of the three points by drawing each point. Measure the length of each side of the triangle formed by joining these points very accurately and find the mean length, let the mean length be / cm. Now place the spherometer on a sheet of plane glass, turn the screw downwards till it just couches the plane surface. It will happen only when the tip of the screw coincides with its image in the glass plate. In-this position, legs of the spherometer become free and can slip on the plane surface. In this position, note down the “Main Scale Reading’ and ‘Circular Scale Reading’. ‘Now turn the head to move the screw sufficiently upwards a curved surface (watch glass). Move the screw tilts tip just touches the screw just coincides with its image in the curved sania nr) ‘Gireu becomes just free to rotate. Note down the ‘Main Scale Reading atin again Ifthe czcular scale is above the zero mark of main scale or below eee a a ic two sets of ol ae repeat the obs®rvations for atleast four readings. From these ag the dfferene of ba surface reading and the plane surface reading, find the value of “t .d then place spherometer on the she curved surface, Le, the end of this position spherometer again lar Scale Reading’ once readings with proper sign, i.e., = ty ~ Ita. ; In this way R can be calculated (because | and h are known) by using formula 2 pel ah 6h 2 Observations : Number of rotations given to the disc = N= Distance moved on main scale X = ai x Pitch (P) =< (mm) = N } Total number of divisions on circular scale = n Least count Lc. =. (mm) Z Ds n Observations with Plane surface : Reading of Circular Scale 8. Main Scale Reading (a) Plane Surface Reading No. (em) No, of Divisions | b=mxL.C. =a+b (in cm) (m) (in cm) 1. 0.00 3 91083 ay 0%2 2, 0,00 as 0.085" D 3. 0100 By HO. O8y 4 Mean Plane Surface Reading = + 9+ OS) (cm)opservations with curved surface : a nl Reading of Cieutar Seale | Gyryad surface Reading ae scale hoe @ | No. of pivisions | b=mx LC. a+ b(in em) | (mn) (nem) | 03 16 0.0, | 0316 ee ~ 5 a o-3 as | oojs | 0+ 395 os | | 6+ 6t OG» Bi | | _ | _| Mean Circular Surface Reading = + 0) 2340 cm — _ —% Calculation for I = Distance between legs A and B, AB = Yo em cance between legs B and C, BC =..... aac) Distance between legs C and A, CA =......h.- Now Calculation of R (Radius of Curvature) + Gs 2s h = (+ Curved Surface Reading) - vores (em) Mean distance between the legs ‘l’=... therefore. ., ~, 16. ; 0 Le § - so, the radius of curved Surface R=.4:2.2.53..em) owe = Pato PRECAUTIONS reget eS ss toetur fb Oleg 1. Great care should be taken in measuring las in the calculation for the radius of curvature we have to use 1? and any error in the measuremel measure | by making use of projecting jaws P an ofa millimetre or with the help of a travelling microscope. 2. Circular disc should always be rotated in the same direction to avoid back-lash error. 3. The readings should be noted when the spherometer just begins to rotate about the central screw. 4. There should be no play between the screw and the nut in which it rotates. nt of | will be doubled. It is recommended to .d Q of a vernier calipers correct to a fraction 5. The size of the spherical surface and plane glass plate should be sufficiently large so that all three legs can rest on it simultaneously.