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Nguyễn Đăng Quang Faculty for High Quality Training

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It describes the name hierarchy, server hierarchy, name resolution process, caching, and common DNS record types.

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12 views

Nguyễn Đăng Quang Faculty for High Quality Training

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It describes the name hierarchy, server hierarchy, name resolution process, caching, and common DNS record types.

Uploaded by

21110754
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNS

Nguyễn Đăng Quang


Faculty for High Quality Training
CONTENTS
• Name hierarchy
• Server hierarchy
• Name resolution
• Other information in name servers
Why name ?
• Humans cannot remember IP addresses à Need
names
• Example,
Liberia for 164.107.51.28
• Simplest Solution: Each computer has a unique
name and has a built in table of name to address
translation
• Problem: Not scalable
• Solution: DNS (Adopted in 1983)
• Hierarchical Names: Liberia.cis.ohio-state.edu
Before DNS
• Hosts file in C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc

# For example:
#
# 102.54.94.97 rhino.acme.com # source server
# 38.25.63.10 x.acme.com # x client host

# localhost name resolution is handled within DNS itself.


# 127.0.0.1 localhost
# ::1 localhost
Domain Name System
Name Hierarchy
Name Hierarchy
• Unique domain suffix is assigned by Internet
Authority
• No limit on number of subdomains or number of
levels
Examples:
computer.site.division.company.com
computer.site.subdivision.division.company.com
Name Hierarchy
• Name space is not related to physical
interconnection,
e.g., math.ohio-state and cis.ohio-state could
be on the same floor or in different cities
• Geographical hierarchy is also allowed
rmit.edu.au, rmit.edu.vn
• A name could be a subdomain or an individual
object
www.microsoft.com, sales.microsoft.com
Top Level Domains
Domain name Assignment
com Commercial
edu education
gov goverment
mil millitary
net network
org organization
arpa Advanced Research Project Agency
Country code us, au, cn, de …
Server Hierachy
• The DNS is the world’s largest distributed
database. It is made up of many DNS servers,
called name servers, continuously exchanging
information and answering queries.
• Servers are organized in a hierarchy
• Each server has an authority over a part of the
naming hierarchy
• The server does not need to keep all names.
• It needs to know other servers who are
responsible for other subdomains
Server Hierarchy
• A single server can serve multiple domains,
• e.g., purdue.edu and laf.in.us
• Root server knows about servers for top-level
domains, e.g., com, org, net…
• Each server knows the root server
Root Servers
Name resolution
• The major components of the DNS:
• Name servers,
• Resolvers (clients) and
• Messages and queries that pass between these nodes.
Resolver
• The task of communicating with several different
name servers is often complicated, this task is
performed by a separate component called a
resolver.
• A resolver is essentially a DNS client. It performs
all the necessary DNS functions so that users
(applications) do not need to understand the DNS
system.
• Resolver Cache provides a shared cache to
reduce the number of name lookups required.
Queries
Iterative Queries Recursive Queries
Steps involve in a query
1. User sends request to resolver
2. Resolver asks for root name server (NS)
3. Resolver sends query to root NS but receives
referral to a TLD NS
4. Resolver sends a query to TLD NS but receives
referral to another NS
...
Resolver finally gets an answer
Caching
• To relieve the burden of DNS queries on internets
and reduce the response time of DNS queries
name servers maintain a cache of recently
requested records.
• Name servers often have a limited cache size,
DNS records are given a time to live (TTL) which
specifies how long the record should be kept.
Master files and Authoritative answers
• Name servers are responsible for a part of
the domain name space (zone of authority).
• When a name server receives a query it
may answer the query from either
database: Master files or Cache.
• Authoritative answers: the data is retrieved
from the Master files.
• Non-authoritative answers: the data is
retrieved from cache.
DNS Records

Record Type Host Address


A Host Address
NS Name Server
CNAME Canonical Name for Alias
SOA Start of Zone of Authority
PTR Pointer to other domain
MX Mail exchange record
TXT Comment or other textual data
DNS Utilities
1. Nslookup, dig (linux)
2. ipconfig /flushdns
3. ipconfig /displaydns

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