ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB Synapses – where axon attach to a muscle

gland, organ or other neurons.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Division of Nervous system Neuronal Pathways

o Converging pathways – two or more
1.Central Nervous System - brain and spinal neurons converge on the same
cord neurons.
2. Peripheral Nervous System - nerves ( 12 o Diverging Pathways – Axon from one
cranial nerves, spinal nerves 31 spinal cord) neurons divides and synapse more than
on neuron.
 Somatic Nervous Sytem ( Voluntary) – Neurotransmitter
impulses to skeletal muscles
 Autonomic Nervou system ( Involuntary ) Spinal Cord (pls seeyour modules) – extends
– impulses to smooth muscle , cardiac from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra
muscles. White matter divides into 3 columns
DORSAL, VENTRAL, LATERAL
 Sympathetic Division Gray matter
Posterior Dorsal Horns – contains axons which
synapse with interneurons
 Parasympathetic division Anterior (Ventral) Horns – contains somatic
(motor) neurons.
Enteric Nervous system – chemical changes in
gatrontestinal tract as well as stretching. SPINAL NERVE- Peripheral Nerve exiting from
spinal cord.
Cells of NVS 3 plexus - Cervicalplexus, Brachial plexus,
1. Neurons Lumbosacral Plexus
3 parts of Neurons
 Cell body – has single nucleus Brain
 Dendrites – receive information Branstem consist of
 Axon – action potential AWAY from PONS
CNS MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Types of Neurons MIDBRAIN ( 2 INFERIOR CULLICULI – center
 Multipolar Neuron - many for auditory nere pathways in CNS , 2 SUPERIOR
dendrites ,1 axon CULICULI – Visual reflexes and receive touch
 Bipolar Neuron – 1 dendrite ,1 /auditory input.
axon
 Psedo- unipolar – one single CEREBELLUM – Provide communication
process between cerebellum and other parts of CNS.

2. Glial cells – supportive cells of the CNS and DIENCEPHALON

PNS, cells do not conduct action. 3 Main Components
3. Astrocyte – major supporting cells in CNS o THALAMUS - Relay sensory
3. Ependymal cells – immune cells in CNS. information.
4. Oligodendrocytes – insulating material that o EPITHALAMUS – Penial gland
surrounds axon. influence onset on puberty.
5. Myelin Sheath – wrap around the axon o HYPOTHALAMUS – maintain
6. Nodes of Ranvier – Gaps in myelin sheath. homeostasis.
  Third ventricles
CEREBRUM – largest part.  Fourth ventricles
4 LOBES  Cerebral aqueduct
 FRONTAL LOBE- voluntary motor  Central canal
function, motivation , aggression,
mood and smell. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – providing protective
 PARIETLA LOBE – sensory cushion around CNS.
information such as touch, pain,
temperature and balance. CRANIAL NERVE
 OCIPITAL LOBE – vision CN 1 – Smell
 TEMPORAL LOBE – Hearing, CN 2 – Vision
smell ,memory. CN 3 – M- six extrinsic eye muscle and upper
eyelid
Motor Function CN – 4 ,6 Motor on one extrinsic eye muscle
Involuntary Movements – occurs with CN 3 – P- constrict pupils, thickens lens.
conscious though CN 5 – Sensory to face and teeth , motor to
Voluntary Movement – example walking and muscle of mastification.
typing. CN 7 – S – Motor to muscle muscles of facial
expression, P- salivary and tear glands
Upper motor neurons – cell bodies in cerebral CN 8 – Hearing and Balance
cortex CN 9 – S – Taste and touch to back of tongue .
Primary motor cortex located in posterior M- pharyngeal muscle , P- salivary glands
portion of frontal lobe. CN 10 – S- pharynx,larynx, and viscera , M-
Premotor area- frontal lobe motor function . palate ,pharyx and larynx , P- viscera of thorax
Prefrontal area – initiate movement occur in and abdomen.
anterior portion of frontal lobe. CN 11 – two neck and upper back muscle
CN 12 tongue muscle
BASAL NUCLEI - group of functionaly related
nuclei. DISEASE AND DSORDERS
2 nuclei
 CORPUS STRIATUM – deep within IT IS – means inflammation
cerebrum
 SUBSTANTIA NIGRA - darkly
pigmented cells in the midbrain
CEREBELLUM – involved in maintaining balance
and muscle tone and in coordinating fine motor
movement.

MENINGES – surround and protect the brain

and spinal cord.
 DURA MATER
 EPIDURAL SPACE
 ARACHNOID MATER
 SUBDURAL SPACE
 PIA MATER
 SUBARACHNOID SPACE
VETRICLES – fluid filled cavities
 Lateral ventrcles