Architecture and Engineering Volume 6 Issue 1 (2021)

RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL

MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Olga Pastukh 1*, Timothy Gray 2, Svetlana Golovina 1

1
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Vtoraja Krasnoarmeyskaya st., 4, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2
Ball State University
Muncie, USA, Indiana

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract
Introduction: In addition to recognizing and taking into account the vital need for the maintenance and repair of historical
structures, this study will focus on their inherent design potential at the intersection of the new and the old. Purpose of
the study: The study aims to review the approach to restoring such landmarks as the library in Vyborg and the Arsenal
building in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. We will also focus on the restoration of more mundane structures. In addition to
historical monuments, this study will look at instances when there is no attempt to return the buildings to some idealized
version of the past, but instead, the restoration process is used to celebrate the qualities of the buildings’ age in the
here and now, and to recognize that they are living, evolving, and constantly changing entities. Methods: The study
uses the method of analysis, which we apply to the standard solutions for various purposes and objects, in the form of
structural and technological protection of cultural heritage sites during their restoration and adaptation. The use of modern
restoration materials and protective structures’ construction technologies will help protect the environment while taking
into account LEED, BREEAM, the Energy Star program (the USA), and the GREEN ZOOM standards. Results: We offer
selected examples from contemporary practice in Europe, the United States, and Russia to illustrate these approaches to
restoration, including two student-led architectural installations that explore the creative intersection between the new and
the old. Discussion: Discussing the execution of specific restoration and reconstruction projects reveals the importance
of international cooperation in the development of educational strategies and practices in the field of conserving and
restoring the cultural heritage. The growing volume of conservation and restoration work is putting pressure on the
development of research approaches and methodologies aimed at solving practical problems. At the same time, the
restorer must be mindful of continuity with the past when reconstructing the more mundane and utilitarian structures that
can benefit from less restrictive approaches to the intersection of the old and the new.

Keywords
Architectural heritage, restoration, adaptation, innovation, historical building structures, European experience, Russian
experience, American experience, architectural installations.

Introduction precipitation. That is why the issue of conducting this

The preservation of architectural monuments type of work under the protection of outdoor canopies
periodically involves conservation and restoration, over cultural heritage sites is particularly relevant.
which is provided with a theoretical rationale. The The existing structural and technological solutions
conservation and restoration methods used are for the construction of outdoor canopies over cultural
fluid and require each restorer to take a creative heritage sites during restoration and adaptation can
approach to solving the project-specific issues. be supplemented and improved with the use of new
Conservation of a cultural heritage site is defined technical solutions for geodesic domes made out of
as research, survey, and design and production timber and high-strength polymers (Handel, 2013).
work, including the complex of emergency activities This will not only significantly reduce the strain in the
aimed at protecting a cultural heritage site that faces load-bearing structures, as compared to metal and
rapid destruction, as well as preventing the site’s reinforced concrete, but also provide an opportunity
deterioration (Jurow, 1978). In Russia, monument to take care of the environment in accordance
restoration is currently classified under the protection with European LEED, BREEAM, the Energy Star
of cultural heritage sites, according to Article 41 of program (the USA), and the Russian GREEN ZOOM
Federal Law No. 73-FZ of the Russian Federation of standards (Tuan, 1974).
June 25, 2002. The methods of conservation and restoration
The activities specified in conservation projects used in this case require each restorer to take
are carried out in order to prevent the building’s further a creative approach to resolving the issues
destruction under the influence of atmospheric specific to a given project (Lowenthal, 1985).

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 Olga Pastukh, Timothy Gray, Svetlana Golovina — Pages 40–49
RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-40-49

When determining the appropriate technique for 2. The microclimate remains favorable for both
restoring a public landmark, it is crucial to assess the cultural heritage site and the restorers throughout
its historical and architectural value. Structures the restoration process.
that have less historical significance can offer the 3. The team can move freely while carrying out
designer a greater license to creatively employ technological operations in the work area.
a broader range of modern building materials. 4. Work can be done at any time of the year 24/7.
A decision on reconstruction can only be made 5. The risk of work deadline disruption is reduced.
when the structure’s architectural value is low or 6. The restoration quality improves.
when the historical structure is in a neglected state Researchers and experts around the world
of disrepair, requiring immediate intervention to continue studying renewable energy from natural
preserve and extend its service life. Reconstruction sources. Using the geodesic dome surface is
is also possible when it is necessary to replace the an excellent solution to this issue (Pastukh and
site’s utility system in accordance with the modern Zhivotov, 2020).
requirements of a constantly developing city. The use of modern building materials in the
To determine the technical condition of a restoration of historical landmarks will not only
building, it is necessary to have information about significantly upgrade and strengthen the supporting
its actual structural strength, stiffness, the presence structures but also provide an opportunity to
and location of its rigid joints, uniformity, material take care of the environment, taking into account
density, etc. (Lysova and Shalygina, 1979). European LEED and BREEAM, the Energy Star
The Russian experience of restoration with program in the USA, as well as the Russian GREEN
modern construction materials and technologies ZOOM standards.
can be exemplified by some of the outstanding Over the recent years, we have been seeing the
monuments in St. Petersburg, many of which are active introduction of innovative technologies. New
under UNESCO protection. methods of restoration and adaptation of cultural
Methods heritage sites are being applied in various Russian
Chapter 7 of Federal Law «On Objects of cities in order to meet the needs of modern society.
Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian We would like to refer to specific historical landmarks
Federation» prescribes a number of concepts that in Nizhny Novgorod and Vyborg to illustrate this
define the possible measures to be taken in order approach.
to preserve a cultural heritage site: conservation We will also consider examples from foreign
(Article 41), repair (Article 42), restoration (Article experience, modest in scale but still important, in
43), adaptation of the site for modern use (Article that they provide a frame of reference for evaluating
44), etc. (Federal Law No. 73-FZ of June 25, 2002). the preservation strategy. These examples include
Restoration and adaptation are currently considered the work on the creative solution that was used to
the most relevant. The concept of «reconstruction» breathe life into the ruins of a Gothic church that had
is not included in the Federal Law, but the Town- been badly damaged in World War II and remained
Planning Code of the Russian Federation (clause so until its restoration in the 1990s, in Müncheberg,
14) allows for certain measures in a situation where Germany. During the Küppersmühle renovation in
there are few protected landmarks on the site Duisburg, Germany, Herzog and de Meuron were
(Town-Planning Code of the Russian Federation asked to convert an iconic industrial facility into a
No. 190-FZ of December 12, 2004). Besides, sub- museum to house postwar German art.
clauses 14.1−14.3 provide the additional necessary We will also offer two student-led projects that
clarifications for the definitions. use an investigation of the ordinary as a catalyst for
The authors of this study suggest using the design, resulting in new architectural installations
geodesic dome design for preserving cultural that both emerge from the existing environment and
heritage sites, both during restoration and adaptation amplify and reveal its aspects.
and during the conversion into a museum. Results
This issue has already been raised by 1. Architectural Heritage Sites in Russia
undergraduates of the Saint Petersburg State 1.1. Building of the City Library Named
University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. In After N. K. Krupskaya, Architect Alvar Aalto
particular, in his final master’s thesis in 2018, Ayat (1933−1935), Vyborg
Alnajar proposed solutions for the construction of The Library is considered a cultural heritage
enclosures over historical buildings and structures, site of federal significance in modern Russia.
using the preservation of cultural heritage in Jordan The renovation of the Library in Vyborg was an
as an example. important process and an interesting example of
This technical solution has a number of restoring and preserving modern architecture. The
advantages when applied to archaeological work aim of the restoration was to restore the building’s
and the restoration of cultural heritage sites: architectural value, as well as to meet the modern
1. There is no precipitation in the work area. needs for functionality and security. The necessary

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funds were allocated from the Russian budget beginning of the restoration and reproducing the
for the restoration of the building in 2010, with lost elements as accurately as possible. At the
the assistance of the federal authorities, former same time, the building still had to remain functional
President of Finland Tarja Halonen, and Russian as a library, so it needed to meet the modern
President Vladimir Putin. The «rescue» of the Library requirements for library technologies, security,
in Vyborg was carried out jointly by Russian and energy conservation, etc. The task was significantly
Finnish experts and supported by the International facilitated by the availability of a complete set of initial
Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and design documentation and a number of models of
the city administration of Vyborg. The great value of individual elements. A detailed photo survey, taken
the Library building is recognized by the authorities immediately after the construction was completed,
in Moscow and St. Petersburg. was also an important tool for restoring the original
The new Library opened on October 13, 1935, appearance of the Library. The on-site survey, started
was designed by young but already famous in 1987 by Vyborg architect Sergey Kravchenko,
architect Alvar Aalto. He used three solutions that was continued by experts from the St. Petersburg
are now regarded as central to his approach. The Scientific Research Institute «Spetsrestavratsiya».
first solution is a revolutionary lighting system in the After the completion of the most urgent work in
reading hall, with fifty-seven individual apertures in 1994, successive sub-projects were launched to
the ceiling. They supply a steady diffused light that restore the building’s individual parts and elements.
is reflected off the walls, which have a matte finish The Finnish Committee’s supervision over the work
and are whitewashed with lime. The second solution process and staff training ensured a high quality of
is the noteworthy design of the reading hall, with a work (Figure 2).
desk for librarians that is as solemn as a church The restoration of the Library in Vyborg, designed
pulpit. The third solution is a lecture hall with a by legendary Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, lasted
wave-shaped ceiling made out of light wood, which for almost 19 years and received the highest award
is a very appealing feature (Figure 1). of a prestigious organization — Europa Nostra
The restoration accounted for the prospect Award 2015. The preservation of the Library was
of Aalto’s Library being potentially added to celebrated during a joint ceremony, the European
the UNESCO World Heritage List. This meant Union’s Cultural Heritage and Arts Awards / Europa
preserving all the existing original elements at the Nostra Awards, at the Oslo City Hall in Norway.

Figure 1. Library building in Vyborg as a vivid example of functionalism and «regional modernism». Photo by O. A. Pastukh, 2020

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RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-40-49

Figure 2. Alvar Aalto Library building, 1933−1935, the city ensemble

1.2. Arsenal building on the territory of the when promoting contemporary art in the Volga region
Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod (Pastukh, 2016). The space’s architectural solution
The Arsenal building (1840−1843), built in the is based on a clear articulation of the old and the
classical style, is located in the heart of Nizhny new. The red brick walls and vaults, as well as the
Novgorod, in the Kremlin. The Kremlin’s territory Kremlin wall that is integrated into the building, have
is mostly occupied by the municipal and regional been carefully restored and have had plaster cleaned
authorities, and culture is represented only by official off them. The cast-iron flooring on the ground floor
academic institutions, such as the Philharmonic has been well preserved. The uneven man-made
Society and the Art Museum. The architectural surfaces of the historical structures contrast with
aspect of the Arsenal building has always been the obvious technological efficiency of the modern
secondary in importance. The functional aspect elements that have been introduced into the interior.
of the Arsenal is secondary as well: while built for The authentic features have not been replaced by
storing weapons and ammunition, it was never used replicas; rather, new designs catch the eye without
in this capacity, as the military significance of the trying to mimic the high antiquity (Kharlamov, 2011).
fortress had already been lost by the middle of the The color scheme is laconic: red brick, black cast-
19th century. After the revolution of 1917, the building iron flooring on the ground floor, and grayish-white
was used as an archive by the Cartographic Service modern additions (Figure 4).
of the Ministry of Defense for many years, until 2. Renovation of American Historical Sites.
being transferred to a branch of the NCCA (National Student-Led Projects
Center of Contemporary Art) in 2003. The ambitious 2.1. RedBARN Installation
idea to create a branch of the NCCA in this building In addition to the above, one of the authors
belongs to architect Evgeny Ass, as well as to A. Gor has contributed to student projects that examine
and L. Saprykina, heading the Center’s Nizhny similar situations. These projects strip away any
Novgorod branch (Farahat and Osman, 2018). The functional agenda and allow for a creative approach,
appearance of the Arsenal has not changed. The which is informed by an examination of the current
facades of the building have been carefully restored. environment. The redBARN installation project began
The roof is painted with verdigris, as was the custom with a detailed analysis of an existing historical barn
in the 19th century (Figure 3). located in central Indiana, USA. The insights from
The quality of the spaces created in the Arsenal this analysis informed a site-conditioned response,
after the reconstruction can be considered almost where the architectural response «draws all of its
perfect. The vaults and walls of the Arsenal cues (reasons for being) from its surroundings»
building date back to the 19th century, but the (Irwin, 1985).
interiors are notably modern. Architect Evgeny Ass In this project, the student team was asked to
has recognized, identified, and emphasized the spend some time exploring the historical barn at a
monument’s advantages and turned the utilitarian leisurely pace. The students were from the central
building into a fully-fledged public space. The Midwestern region of the USA, so they were familiar
architecture quite accurately reflects the strategy with this type of building. They were then asked to
that the NCCA Nizhny Novgorod branch adheres to write about their experience in the barn and their

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Figure 3. Arsenal building in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Photo by O. A. Pastukh, 2016

perception of its space, focusing on their emotional fourth-year architecture student, identified an old
response. Certain themes emerged: the quality of opening in an existing wall as a point of interest
light, the feeling of unease while walking on the at the theater, which was in an advanced state of
aged floorboards in the loft, the touch, the age, dilapidation and decay. Collaborating with a group
the dense smell of dust, and the sensation of time. of contemporary dancers, Reynolds created an
The installation’s centerpiece is four steel boxes installation that provides a platform for creative
suspended within the barn, calibrating the scale movement and amplifies both the potential and the
of the space. Each box contains a series of hand- understanding of the existing environment. The
blown glass vessels filled with items precious to the Reynolds installation treats the existing structure
barn. In the spirit of Carlo Scarpa’s intervention at with the reverence and respect typically reserved for
Museo di Castelvecchio, the final installation remains something precious and is attached through a cleverly
independent of the existing structure. It is integrated designed system of compression joints, which clamp
into the barn very delicately and contrasts with it in to the existing opening when loaded. Leather pads
material and scale (Figure 5). are used as supports where the platform meets the
2.2. Irving Theater Installation existing structures, and no fastenings are needed
In another student project, the Irving Theater to secure it in the existing opening. The platform
Installation, students were asked to propose can be installed and removed without a trace!
installations that would amplify or reveal the resonant Although not dealing strictly with issues related
qualities of the existing space. Paul Reynolds, a to conservation and restoration, these types of
а. b.

Figure 4. Modern interiors of the Arsenal building in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Photo by O. A. Pastukh, 2016

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Olga Pastukh, Timothy Gray, Svetlana
Svetlana Golovina
Golovina —
— Pages
Pages 40–49
30–49
RECONSTRUCTION AND
RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION
RESTORATION OF
OF HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS:
MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-40-49
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-30-39

а. b.

Figure 5. RedBARN Installation, Gray/Williams 2004; Irving Theater Installation, Gray/Reynolds, 2008

projects encourage students to develop a more concept in the Italian aesthetic, where the layers
profound understanding of the inherent potential of different modifications through time and history
that lies in the creative engagement with the are often worn with pride on buildings’ facades
existing environments, in addition to giving them a (Figure 6).
conceptual framework for building upon restoration’s 3.2. Gothic Church in Müncheberg, Germany
rich potential throughout their professional careers. In Müncheberg, Germany, a creative solution
3. Renovation of Historical Sites in Europe: was used to breathe life into the ruins of a Gothic
International Experience church that had been badly damaged in World War II
3.1. Küppersmühle Renovation in Duisburg, and remained in that state until its restoration in the
Germany, Herzog and de Meuron 1990s. To help raise money for the restoration, the
During the Küppersmühle renovation in Duisburg, parish partnered with the municipality to share the
Germany, Herzog and de Meuron were asked to space as both a spiritual and a civic center, creating
convert an iconic industrial facility into a museum to a hybrid structure that breathed a new life into the
house postwar German art. Narrow strips of vertical historical building. Architect Klaus Block inserted a
glazing are crisply incised into the building’s facade, new structure, housing a library, a community office,
overlapping with the existing openings, which have a council chamber, and lavatories, into the shell of
been filled but not erased. The approach reveals the existing cathedral, creating a rich interplay of the
a conviction that the intersection between the new and the old (Figure 7).
new and the old will result in something richer and Discussion
more interesting than what would have emerged if Reconstruction of historical objects using modern
the existing structure had been either demolished, construction materials is a topic that draws the
left unchanged, or recreated. We find the same attention of construction industry professionals and

Figure 6. Building facade, Firenze, Italy; window detail, Küppersmühle, Herzog & de Meuron, 1999

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the general public. Residents, officials, architects, rationally, authorities from the capitals of all eight
representatives of the business community and World Green Building Council member nations (the
investors, as well as large construction companies USA, Australia, Spain, the UK, Japan, the UAE,
must reach a consensus and have their interests Russia, and Canada) launched a special urban
represented as they discuss how to preserve program. This program was designed for the long
historical monuments. This problem should be term. Its objective was not only to upgrade the old
discussed at the international, national, city, housing stock and preserve historical monuments
municipal, and local level, and the discussion can but also to improve the living conditions and promote
be extended to the service life of ordinary residential a greater sense of community among the local
buildings, which are often outdated and inefficient. residents (Pastukh et al., 2019).
Saving energy and improving energy efficiency Green standards are aimed at regulating a
in construction and utilities is a global priority. It is sustainable approach to construction, assessing
known that buildings account for 40% of energy the buildings’ degree of compliance with the basic
consumption in many countries around the world requirements, and speeding up the transition from
(Caird et al., 2012). Old housing stock, as a rule, the traditional design and construction of buildings
suffers from significant heat loss and overheats and structures to sustainable practices. Basic
through the enclosing structures. principles of sustainable construction:
Therefore, the most important measures in 1. creating safe conditions that are favorable
the construction sector include reducing energy to human health;
consumption, using renewable energy sources in 2. limiting the negative impact on the
order to lower energy dependence on oil-producing environment;
countries, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3. considering the interests of future
The building’s microclimate can be negatively generations.
affected by the refusal to use environmentally It is interesting to hear what well-known
friendly natural materials and the use of outdated air practitioners in the field of preserving the historical
purification technologies for climate control. urban environment and individual monuments think
In order to upgrade the housing stock, save about introducing modern construction materials
energy, and use the natural resources more and organizing the reconstruction process,
а. b.

Figure 7. Building of the Gothic church, Müncheberg, Germany

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Olga Pastukh, Timothy Gray, Svetlana
Svetlana Golovina
Golovina —
— Pages
Pages 40–49
30–49
RECONSTRUCTION AND
RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION
RESTORATION OF
OF HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS:
MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-40-49
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-30-39

depending on the specifics of their work experience. domes, made out of timber and composite materials,
Over the recent years, the state of the environment will create favorable conditions for the preservation,
in the world has not changed much for the better. conservation and restoration activities in all weather
The ongoing natural disasters force humanity to conditions.
think about the need to reduce CO2 emissions and The technical solution for creating a geodesic
to create technical solutions that will help use natural dome in the form of a protective shield over cultural
materials with minimal waste during the production heritage sites will slow down the process of their
process. In construction, these include sustainably deterioration, improve restoration quality, reduce the
harvested timber and timber-based materials. risks of performing low-quality work, and allow for
Timber is a constantly renewable resource; it is also the restoration of objects of any complexity in any
easy to process and does not leave any inorganic weather conditions.
substances after use (Pastukh et al., 2020). As for the execution of specific restoration
Polymer materials are of interest as well, due to and reconstruction projects, the importance of
their technical, physical, and mechanical properties. international cooperation in the field of restoring
The wide range of properties of these materials, and protecting cultural heritage is quite clear. The
altered through various manufacturing methods, growing volume of conservation and restoration
opens up a lot of opportunities for scientific and work is contributing to the urgent need to develop
technical solutions in the future. scientific approaches and methodologies that
Solutions for the production of metal geodesic will help solve practical problems. Therefore,
domes and reinforced concrete structures are widely engineering practices relevant to the conservation of
used in modern practice. However, the authors of architectural monuments require close attention and
this paper believe that the combination of timber and cooperation of various experts, primarily architects,
polymer materials in geodesic dome construction restorers, engineers, and archaeologists.
is the most advantageous option from every point Preservation of historical and cultural monuments
of view: that of engineering, funding, economics, is the main task of engineering conservation and
energy, and even environmental issues. restoration. Each monument has inherent individual
Conclusions features, which add special value. Production
By using construction materials and technical methods must be constantly improved, thus reducing
solutions taken from the official catalogs of labor intensity.
construction companies, one can design buildings Much has been done in Russia to preserve
that meet the requirements of international standards the cultural heritage of the past, including
such as LEED, BREEAM in Europe, Energy Star architectural, cultural, and historical monuments.
in the USA, and the Russian standards of green The capabilities of modern construction equipment
construction (GREEN ZOOM). A set of measures for and new construction materials are almost limitless.
the renovation of specific historical monuments sets Currently, one can straighten, restore, lift, move, and
a direction for the improvement and development save any monument, even in a state of disrepair,
of the entire territory and is aimed at creating a without changing its appearance. The use of
comfortable urban environment and improving the modern construction materials in the reconstruction
economic viability and long-term development of of historical monuments will not only extend the
both individual districts and cities as a whole. monuments’ service life but also contribute to
Shielding cultural heritage sites with geodesic preserving the environment on our planet.

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Issue 11 (2021)
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Olga Pastukh, Timothy Gray, Svetlana
Svetlana Golovina
Golovina —
— Pages
Pages 40–49
30–49
RECONSTRUCTION AND
RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION
RESTORATION OF
OF HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS:
MONUMENTS: INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-40-49
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-30-39

РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ

ПАМЯТНИКОВ: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ

Ольга Александровна Пастух 1*, Тимоти Грей 2, Светлана Геннадьевна Головина 1

1
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет
2-ая Красноармейская ул., 4, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
2
Государственный университет Балл
Манси, Индиана, США

* E-mail: [email protected]

Аннотация
Помимо признания и учета важности и необходимости технического обслуживания и ремонта исторических
сооружений, в настоящем документе основное внимание будет уделено присущему им проектному потенциалу
на пересечении нового и старого. Цель исследования: Подход к реставрации таких памятников, как
библиотека в Выборге, здание Арсенала Нижегородского кремля, но также будет сделан акцент на реставрации
обычных. В дополнение к памятникам, в этой статье будут рассмотрены примеры, которые не пытаются вернуть
здания к какой-то идеализированной версии из прошлого, а скорее используют процесс реставрации, чтобы
отпраздновать качества возраста, как они существуют в настоящем, чтобы признать построенную среду живой,
развивающейся и постоянно меняющейся. Были использованы следующие методы: Анализ типовых
решений для различных целей и объектов в виде структурно-технологических приемов охраны объектов
культурного наследия при проведении реставрационных и адаптационных работ. Для того чтобы сохранить
использование современных материалов в реставрации и технологий строительства защитных сооружений, он
будет заботиться об окружающей среде с учетом стандартов LEED, BREEAM, программы Energy Star в США и
GREEN ZOOM. Результаты: Авторы предложили избранные примеры из современной практики в Европе, США
и России, чтобы проиллюстрировать эти подходы к реставрации, включая две студенческие архитектурные
инсталляции, которые исследуют творческое пересечение нового и старого. Обсуждение хода реализации
конкретных проектов реставрации и реконструкции показало важность международного сотрудничества
в разработке образовательных стратегий и практик в области реставрации и охраны культурного наследия.
Растущий объем консервационно-реставрационных работ оказывает давление на развитие научных подходов
и методик решения практических задач. В то же время реставратор должен признать, что преемственность с
прошлым может существовать при реконструкции более приземленных и утилитарных структур, которые могут
извлечь выгоду из менее ограничительных подходов к пересечению старого и нового.

Ключевые слова
Архитектурное наследие, реставрация, адаптация, инновации, исторические строительные конструкции,
европейский, российский и американский опыт, архитектурные инсталляции.

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